Abstract This paper documents the rise and fall of the First Bank of the UnitedStates created in 1791. It describes the major criticism of the bank, how it interfered with the development of the banking system and economic growth. It explains how the Second Bank of the UnitedStates rose from the demise of the First Bank, and what caused the closure of the Second Bank.
Tags: Central bank, first bank of the unitedstates, second bank of the unitedstates, implied powers, constitutional law, madison, hamilton, washington, fiscal policy, inflation, veto
Abstract This paper describes the central monetary system of the UnitedStates government in the form of the Federal Reserve Bank. The paper examines the function of the bank and it's governing members and committees. The paper details the concepts and economic responsibilities of the bank and highlights its historic policies.
From the Paper "The major institution of centralized monetary policy in the United States is the Federal Reserve Bank ? which has been much in the news lately as it has continued to drop the discount rate. To understand why it has taken the actions that it has during this calendar year and to understand the relationship between the Federal Reserve Bank, a centralized monetary policy and fluctuations in interest we must in fact focus on the central bank ? or the Fed, as it is nearly universally called, even by those who never even think about investing in the world of high finance."
Tags:united, states, federal, reserve, bank, centralized, monetary, policy, ecomony, central, inflation, Clinton, Bush
Abstract This paper examines the terrible disease of tuberculosis and its spread in the 18th and 19th century In Europe. It details the disease's symptoms and their treatment as well as the discovery of anti-tuberculous drugs. Furthermore, it gives a valid comparison of the prevalence of tuberculosis amongst the populations of the UnitedStates and South Korea and studies the statistical data of these two very different countries. It concludes that better living conditions can bring down the amount of people sick with TB.
From the Paper "Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that usually affects the respiratory system but can infect any other system of the body. It is transmitted by droplet infection in the air from a person with the active disease. The pathogens are bacteria known commonly as Mycobacterium Tuberculi. Tuberculosis was a fatal disease in the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent all over Europe even in the well off classes. With the discovery of Streptomycin and other anti-tuberculous drugs, along with strict health regimens and isolation procedures the more developed nations managed to control this epidemic by the 20th century. Underdeveloped countries however were still a source of the infection and it was endemic in many third world nations."
Tags: Tuberculosis, United, States, South, Korea, HIV, disease, air, living, conditions, underdeveloped, countries
Abstract This paper looks at the underlying trends of each population growth factor separately, particularly the immigration factor. It includes several graphs and in-depth data of the population in the UnitedStates as a whole as well as divided into sectors. It gives an historical overview of the Hispanic immigration from its origin until the present day. Finally, it concludes that the Hispanic population will continue to grow rapidly into the largest minority group due to their immigration and birth rate.
From the Paper "Researchers in demographics have persistently foretold that the rapidly growing Hispanic population would inevitably develop into the leading minority group in the United States. Updated data released from the 2000 census reveal that this belief is fast approaching actualisation. The data indicates that America's Hispanic population grew by 58% during the 1990s, putting Hispanics practically equal with African Americans as the country's biggest minority group. Most demographers predicted that the Hispanic population would equal or exceed African Americans by 2005. But that may occur sooner than initially anticipated. (Travierso, Maria. 2001, 1) How has this approaching dominance among minorities occurred and what does this mean to the U.S. population at large?"
Tags: Hispanic, United, States, census, 2000, population, minority, demographics
Abstract This paper examines 20th century developments pertaining to the UnitedStates and China. The paper discusses how the philosophical position of each nation acts as a guiding principle when domestic agendas are decided upon and how these in turn reflect on international relations.
From the Paper "The United States and China have long eyed one another from across an ideological chasm that has at times appeared unbridgeable. Throughout the 20th century, domestic trends within each nation have diverged such that little common ground appeared to exist between them. Indeed for much of the 20th century, Chinese isolationism reinforced a communist agenda that did not recognize key properties intrinsic to Western society, among them religious freedom, capitalist business practices and a generally individualistic disposition."
Abstract This paper pays special attention to the division of wealth among the different segments of the population in the UnitedStates. The author presents data to support his supposition that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. The middle class, according to this author, has suffered the greatest losses over the last generation. Some of the topics discussed in this paper include how corporate greed has impacted on the distribution of wealth, what has caused the rate of poverty in America to grow at an unparalleled rate and how the tax structure affects the huge gap between 'haves and have-nots'. The author offers some suggestions to the problem and points out what economic changes need to be made in order to correct this growing problem.
From the Paper "America today houses more rich people than ever before and the gap between the rich and poor is rising. But is it fair to resent the rich because of this? In the United States, advancement is supposedly based on merit and everyone has an equal opportunity. (Reiman) Bill Gates is so far up on the financial ladder because he seized opportunities and used his brains to get ahead. Michael Jordon developed an extraordinary skill that enabled him to make millions playing sports. These are the cases that the rich might want to showcase. But the fact remains that in the United States, opportunities are not genuinely equal. Governments need to work harder to improve public education and ensure that it is open to all. However, researchers believe that even if the government did provide equal opportunities for everyone, the inequality of power would still maintain the inequality of wealth distribution. Power is often abused to raise prices and exclude competitors. This abuse of power gave rise to antitrust laws in America, as governments sought to restrain monopolies and cartels."
Abstract The UnitedStates Patriot Act was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives soon after the attacks of 9/11 and was initially designed as one of the governmental measures taken in the fight against terrorism. The author contends that the measures stipulated in the act generated massive debates over whether or not the Patriot Act abridges essential freedom. The paper examines the measures and powers given to authorities by the act. The writer discusses the effects of these measures on the UnitedStates as a democratic nation.
From the Paper "Through the Patriot Act the US government can constantly monitor any terrorism suspect and the people that he interacts with. For example, any phone that might at one point be used by a terrorism suspect can be legally supervised indefinitely and so even those that have no relation with a terrorist suspect and simply use a public phone or accidentally come in contact with a terrorist suspect can be supervised and their phone can be monitored. The biggest concern is that the government will have easier access to personal information of any citizen and that there is no guarantee that that personal information will not be used against individuals. There is a great risk of allowing governmental agencies easy and hidden access to private information as this would permit a great amount of unwanted control of governmental agencies over private life."
Tags: power security police spy snoop investigate, civil liberties, free speech, freedom totalitarian state government
Abstract Homelessness remains one of America's most complicated and important social issues and is a devastating experience for families. It disrupts virtually every aspect of family life, damaging the physical and emotional health of family members interfering with children's education and development and frequently resulting in the separation of family members. This paper provides an overview of causes and consequences of homelessness among three of the largest homeless population in the UnitedStates; families with children, the mentally ill and veterans.
From the Paper "In the last 15 years, the United States has seen a tremendous growth in the percentage of the homeless population. One of the fastest growing segments of the homeless population is families with children. Families with children constitute approximately 40% of people who become homeless. A survey of 30 U.S. cities found that in 1998, children accounted for 25% of the homeless population. Families have become much more diverse than the conventional nuclear family. The make up of homeless people has also become more diverse and now includes a larger proportion of homeless families. Families have changed due to the decline in marriages, increased births outside marriage, lower birth rates, and higher rates of divorce and relationship breakdown. Homeless families include single parent families, headed mainly by women, couples with children and couples without children. The U.S. Census indicates that families, single mothers, and children make up the largest group of people who are homeless in rural areas."
Tags: causes, families, homeless, homelessness, states, united, veterans
Abstract The paper gives a brief explanation of the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the UnitedStates. The paper discusses its history, related court interpretations and legislation. The following issues are addressed in the paper: The National Rifle Association's view on the second amendment, the rule of adherence to precedent, whether the Second Amendment applies to the federal or state level and if it protects only state militias or individual rights. The paper also looks at gun ownership and homicide rates from 1970 to1990.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "There have been numerous cases involving the Second Amendment but not too many have made it to the law of the land, the Supreme Court of the United States. Busch (2003) discusses the major Supreme Court cases involving the Second Amendment, while focusing on the impact the United States v Emerson (as cited in Busch, 2003) case had on the right to bear arms. Busch (2003) notes that after the Supreme Court case of United States v Miller (as cited in Busch, 2003), a large part of lower federal courts interpret the protection of the Second Amendment as a collective right and not an individual right. Busch (2003) also notes that the Supreme Court has yet to clearly state whether the Second Amendment is collective or individual. A collective right means that it applies only to the federal government. An individual right means that it only applies to state government."
Tags: well regulated militia, state militias, individual rights, supreme court cases
Abstract The end of the nineteenth century is seen as an era of trust busting under President Roosevelt and the Progressives. This was an era in which industry was subject to increasingly strict regulation in an effort to preserve the competitive marketplace. The following discussion will explore this issue: In what way and to what extent was business regulated in the UnitedStates during the nineteenth century? An issue of secondary importance will also be considered: In what way did nineteenth century regulation of business foreshadow the manner in which business is currently regulated at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Abstract This paper describes the lobbying process in the UnitedStates Congress. It looks at the origins of lobbying, the purpose of lobby groups, what kinds of institutions and organizations compose a lobby group, and how lobbying efforts and the lobbying process has changed over time. The paper also looks at global lobby groups and the influence that lobbyists exert on the U.S. Congress in general.
From the Paper "Lobbying is the practice and profession of influencing governmental decisions, and is carried out by agents who represent the concerns of special interests to legislators and administrators.1 The term first originated in the 1830's, when representatives of interest groups tended to congregate in the lobbies of Congress and state legislatures, however, the term is now used in a broader sense to include attempt to influence any governmental actions.2 Lobbying in the United States today has become an accepted an ubiquitous part of the political system. Although federal and state legislators are technically representatives of geographical areas, they spend a great deal of their time with lobbyists, and at times are responding to interest groups rather than to their constituents, to the degree that legislation drafted by lobbyists is sometimes introduced."
Abstract This paper analyzes the issues of race and class status of the poor within the UnitedStates. It describes the marginalization of race within the UnitedStates and shows how there is a construct that denies a livable wage for those of "minority" status. The paper specifically examines how race and class are important factors in defining who is poor and who is not within the UnitedStates.
From the Paper "These statistics provide an imbalanced ratio of poor minorities in relation to the larger white population's percentage of working poor within their racial constructs. This provides a general outlook as to the way that many minorities are receiving low wage jobs, especially those jobs (mostly agrarian) that are part of the current illegal alien debate. The construct of race in American accepts the white consensus that minorities should partake in service jobs, reflecting a racist social apparatus that drives down wages for people with differing skin colors that the white milieu. This is the racial construct of poverty within America, which defines why skin color is a factor in determining the poor in this type of economy."
This paper completes the discussion section of a dissertation on the evolving elements of school readiness for children entering early education in the UnitedStates.
Abstract This paper completes the discussion section of a dissertation on what it means to be "school ready" in the UnitedStates' educational system. Specifically, the paper states that while education has always been stressed as an important factor historically, in recent years, the actual "learning" process has emerged as a significant causal factor. The poorstate of the current educational system in the UnitedStates has resulted in much criticism and reform. These criticisms and reforms have led to widespread psychological studies and research regarding best methods and learning processes. This paper gives a review of the literature in this area, indicating that the family background and social experiences of children entering early education in the current decade are very different from those entering kindergarten in prior decades. As a result, the elements of school readiness, parent training and efficacy have new definitions requiring additional research and implementation of new processes.
From the Paper "The researchers found that children asked different and more interesting questions at home than they asked at school. Critics of the study stated that the data may have been biased, because the researchers chose to record home conversations starting with the lunch hour, because that was when mothers and daughters did the most talking. No effort was made to select the best time for recording school conversations. In addition, the fact that the intrusiveness of an observer is more likely to change the behavior of mothers than that of teachers, who are accustomed to classroom visitors, was also cited (Chance, 1985). Even with that limitation, the researcher's study results had a negative view of preschool and nursery school. This study compared two teaching methods: tutoring and group instruction. Formal education relies almost exclusively upon group instruction. Even in nursery school, children usually are taught as part of a group of five or more children (Chance, 1985). The mothers in this study, however, taught their daughters one-on-one. Critics of the study note that research has time and time again proved that the average tutored child learns more than almost all children receiving traditional group instruction. This theory even applies to the different categories of learning patterns reflected by young children."
Tags:unitedstates, implementation experience family children, learning processes
Abstract This paper examines the problem of homelessness in the UnitedStates. Several aspects of homelessness are considered, such as the extent of homelessness, the causes and solutions. The author proposes that that the disparity between the poor and rich is at the root of this problem. Other contributing factors, including policy shifts, social problems and health issues, are considered as well.
From the Paper "Another central cause has been the failure of various urban housing projects to provide affordable housing for poor people. The number of people who were homeless increased dramatically in the 1980s, when federal funds were withdrawn from low-income housing and social assistance programs. (Homelessness in the United States)
According to reports there is at present a lack of affordable housing in the country. This is exacerbated by the "...growing gap between wage earnings and the cost of housing in the United States which leaves millions of families and individuals unable to make ends meet." (Homelessness in the United States) Low Incomes and minimum wage workers also add to the problem. A further cause of the high levels of homelessness is the cuts in programs like Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). "
Abstract The UnitedStates sends Israel about $3 billion in financial and military aid every year. Most Americans--60 to 70 percent--approve of U.S. support of Israel. Others argue that this foreign aid intensifies the tension between the UnitedStates and Arab countries, who believe that Israel should withdraw from territories that rightfully belong to Palestinians. This paper debates to what extent the UnitedStates should get involved with problems in the Middle East, including whether or not U.S. aid to Israel should continue.
Outline
The UnitedStates Must Wage a War Against Middle Eastern Terrorism
The UnitedStates Should Continue to Support Israel
The UnitedStates Should Go to War with Iraq
The UnitedStates Should Promote Democracy in the Middle East
The U.S. War on Terrorism is Unethical
The UnitedStates Should Stop Supporting Israel
The UnitedStates Should Not Go to War with Iraq
From the Paper "According to Zunes, since its inception in 1948, Israel has proven a useful ally to the United States, especially during the Cold War. For instance, Israel's powerful military, the strongest in the region, keeps potential enemies of the United States--such as Syria, a Soviet ally during the Cold War--under control. In addition, Israel's numerous wars provided battlefield testing of American arms, often against Soviet weapons. Furthermore, Israel's intelligence department has helped U.S. intelligence agencies gather information and plan covert operations in the Middle East. Finally, Israel possesses an enormous nuclear arsenal and has collaborated with the United States on weapons research and manufacture. Zunes states that "U.S. foreign policy is motivated primarily to advance its own perceived strategic interests." "
