Abstract
This fourth year paper addresses the politics of language in a Caribbean region transformed since U.S. Policies of the 1980s and those of globalization. The paper explains that countries are more dependent on tourism as they fail to develop their economies according to previous models that also featured social spending. NB growth in criminality and how it interferes with tourism, the language of politics in assuring Stability, as needed to maintain U.S. agreements and draw tourism revenues.

From the Paper
"This paper refers to the propaganda model of Chomsky & Herman that explains American patterns of shaping public support for policies often little understood in their foreign contexts. (2002) For example, Chomsky & Herman referred to the Grenada crisis of the 1980s and the "triumph of U.S. arms" in keeping with other U.S. propaganda leading the public to believe that policies in unstable, non-Western societies were forever ethical reinforcements of Democracy. (2002:237) Haiti and the Dominican Republic were described similarly, using old motifs of Caribbean ..."

Tags:Ling, liberalism, island, Chomsky, Herman

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses American patterns of shaping public support for policies that are often little understood in their foreign contexts. The writer looks at developments in the Caribbean region influenced by U.S. policies upon which most economies and governments depend. The writer maintains that the politics of language in the Caribbean reflect marketing features familiar to most North Americans and that the politics of language also involve a strong American role in shaping all matters of economic planning and development and diplomatic relations. The writer concludes that most Caribbean countries have dual economies of growing gaps and no solution in sight for enlarging under-classes apart from the symbols of the stability orientation in more enforcement development and security, more incarceration or other punishment, all factors manipulated in different ways by American interests.

Outline:
Introduction
Selling to the Caribbean
The Caribbean as Sold
The Political Language of Stability
The Politics of Language and Caribbean Criminality
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is a growing media role in all processes of tourism in the 21st century led by the imperative of selling a particular rendition of The Caribbean as tropical paradise that is in competition with various other paradises of the kind that are in development. Air distances between North America and the Caribbean no longer guarantee simple equations of choosing Nevis over Florida or Antigua over Arizona for air-miles and other incentives make South America, the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia more accessible. Obviously, the way in which Caribbean countries are marketed to North Americans and Europeans obscures often severe socioeconomic troubles borne by the poorest classes. Tourism depends on an impression of local happiness and especially indications of the stability that visitors expect when buying what is often a vacation package. Consumers ask about present crime levels in Jamaica in particular aware that the economic slump of the later 1990s has escalated violent drug-related crime."

Tags:neo-liberal, propaganda, instability, economic, vulnerability

Abstract
The paper looks at three important examples of cultural retention in the Caribbean region. The paper addresses religion in the Caribbean region, dance in the Caribbean region and calypso music.

From the Paper
"The Caribbean is a unique region in the world. It is comprised of a wide range of populations and cultures. For example, M. Craton states, "Africans were enslaved in all the English Colonies of the Caribbean region virtually from the beginning"(Craton 1997: 149). From this statement you can see that the Caribbean as a region involved various interactions between different groups of people. There were White Europeans that dominated and enslaved the other groups and slaves that were predominately(but not exclusively black Africans). Although the Africans were the slaves of the Europeans they did find ways..."

Tags:cultural, retention, caribbean

Abstract
The paper looks at the economies of Cuba and Barbados in the 16th and 17th centuries to provide a comparison of British and Spanish policies in the Caribbean region. This paper focuses on the economy of these two colonies, particularly as it relates to the trade policies of these colonial powers and the social and economic systems which developed on each island as a result.

From the Paper
"Spain and Britain were two of the most important colonial powers to own colonies in the Caribbean during the 16th to 18th centuries. Both would own several colonies. This report will compare the economy of two of those colonies, Cuba and Barbados. These two were selected because the two islands both became important sources of agricultural products for their respective colonial powers, both became sources of similar agricultural products and both developed a plantation system, which included the use of African slaves."

Tags:barbados, cuba, mercantilism

Abstract
This essay in Caribbean thought is in two parts. The first part is a critical discussion of the "disappearance" of the caste system and the peaceful relations between Muslim and Hindu in Caribbean contexts. The second part of this paper is a critical analysis of the "invisibility" of Indian and south Asian identity in Caribbean theory and discourse

Abstract
This paper is about the drug trafficking problems of the Caribbean. The author examines the Caribbean region as a long standing area where illegal substances have been grown and sold. The people are poverty stricken and sell drugs as a means to make money. The author looks into the Caribbean's climate and location which make it an ideal place to grow and sell drugs. The people are able to transport drugs to other countries through the use of planes, boats, etc. The paper goes on to discuss how this poses as a threat to all countries because it makes drugs available which leads to drug problems for their citizens.

From the paper:

"The Caribbean is known for its agriculturally equipped weather conditions, which makes for most islands to be very fertile. Many farmers in the Caribbean grow drugs as part of their produce to earn more money. They can then sell the illegal substances to islanders, tourists, and then ship the rest off to be sold to other countries' citizens. This poses as a threat to the health of all people who are able to buy drugs as a result of drug trafficking in the Caribbean. It also poses a threat to governments because they have to use their funding on programs to educate citizens about the dangers of drugs as well as rehabilitate those citizens that are addicted to drugs and suffer from drug abuse."

Tags:abuse, caribbean, drug, trafficking, crime, health, risk, violence

Abstract
This paper looks at three instances of cultural retention in the modern-day Caribbean - the region's cuisine, its faithful adherence to non-Christian religions even now, and its vigorous local music tradition - and outlines how each one may be understood as a form of resistance to both European imperialism and to the homogenizing forces of globalization. The paper concludes that to the extent that the Caribbean still has a culture to call its own, long-standing efforts in the areas highlighted above would seem to be the reason why.

From the Paper
"Oppressed peoples, despite the obstacles, have always found ways of retaining their culture heritage and passing it on to succeeding generations. The following paper will look at three instances of cultural retention in the modern-day Caribbean - the region's cuisine, its faithful adherence to non-Christian religions even now, and its vigorous local music tradition - and outline how each one may be understood as a form of resistance to both European imperialism and to the homogenizing forces of globalization. In the end, to the extent that the Caribbean still has a culture to call its own, long-standing efforts in the areas highlighted..."

Tags:cultural, retention, caribbean

From the Paper
"Thiong'o goes into great detail in describing his oversimplified view of the correlation between language and culture. He claims that language is a carrier of culture, and uses the example that in Sweden and Denmark, English is only used to communicate with those who cannot speak their language. However, in Britain, the English language is not only a means of communication, but also a carrier of its culture and history. For Africans, there is no relationship between their acquired language "English, and their African culture. Thiong'o defines culture as a product and a reflection of human beings communicating with one another in the very struggle to create wealth and control it" a product of the history which it in turn reflects. "

Tags:african, literature, politics, nguii

Abstract
This paper looks at three instances of cultural retention in the modern-day Caribbean. It discusses the region's cuisine, its faithful adherence to non-Christian religions and its vigorous local music tradition. The paper then outlines how each culture may be understood as a form of resistance to both European imperialism and to the homogenizing forces of globalization.

From the Paper
"Music is the third and final item on our agenda and, like the two preceding it, a review of music offers some valuable insight into how the oppressed peoples of the Caribbean/West Indies were able to retain at least some of their cultural traditions in the face of European hostility. First of all, "mento" music emerged as a distinct kind of Jamaican folk music in the early part of the 1900s, although its actual roots - like so much Caribbean music - are founded in African rhythms, Latin rhythms and Anglo folksongs. From roughly the midway point of the twentieth century onward, Mento was muscled aside by Rocksteady and by Reggae (Romer, 2007). Nonetheless, what is important about this music is that, even while slaves might have been compelled prior to independence to sing Christian church hymns, there was always time - albeit perhaps not much of it, and perhaps the singing itself was done in secret - to sing indigenous songs that recalled a long-ago African world."

Tags:heritage, cuisine, oppression, songs

Abstract
This paper explains that the Aceh region of Indonesia has a separate identity from the state as a whole, which dates back to pre-colonial times, and has been in a state of rebellion for the past 50 years. The author points out that Aceh's desire for independence is not based entirely on religion, although the Acehnese separatists are labeled "Islamic Fundamentalists"; a more accurate explanation, while not discounting religion, takes into account other important political and economic factors. The paper states that the Acehnese Independence Movement and the current situation developed from the New Order regime's policies, from 1949-1998, under Suharto, which exploited Aceh's natural resources and used excessive military force, resulting in perpetuating and strengthening the Acehnese desire for separation from Indonesia.

Table of Contents
Introduction
A Brief History of Aceh's Independence Movement
Religion as a Factor
Exploitation of Natural Resources
Military Operations
Suharto's Precedent
Current Concerns

From the Paper
"Suharto's New Order regime came to an end in 1998 but it did not bring an end to problems in Aceh. Also, Suharto left behind a precedent for dealing with the Aceh conflict that, in many ways, remains very influential with successive and current leaders of the country. Suharto's policies of economic centralization, resulting in resource-rich regions being exploited for the benefit of Jakarta and at the expense of the local population, a policy which resulted in the underdevelopment of resource-rich Aceh, have changed little despite changes in governments in Indonesia. The legacy of deep mistrust and hatred of the central government produced by Suharto's New Order regime and President Habibe's inclination to follow the same policies made unrest worse and made the prospects of a permanent peace almost impossible."

Tags:independence, islam, military, suharto, resource-rich