Abstract
This paper discusses the conservatism of stereotyping Canadian- Caribbean women who are single parents. The writer notes that this can be done frequently by 'concerned' politically correct scholars and activists to assert they are attacking unwanted attitudes regarding 'women of colour' or 'Jamaican single mothers'. The writer expresses some of what is noticeable in educated circles in central Canada referring to single mothers of Caribbean backgrounds, in quite negative, distorting stereotypes that often miss practical or philosophical realities, notably those of religion and orientations other than the material. This paper's topic reinforces a simple reality that one is influenced by mass media materials if one is not alert to their influence as a danger.


Outline:
Introduction
Racism and 'Oppression'
School Failure and Gangs
The Impact of Slavery Reexamined
Class Struggle and Consumerism
'Fieldwork' - Speaking with People
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The rest of the article refers to women of Caribbean origin having children when young, leaving school, living thereafter on social assistance or menial jobs. A stereotype of single mothers of Caribbean heritage in hopeless situations is now usual in a construction irritating single mothers who are achievers and sometimes excellent parents, able to provide constructive homes for their children on modest incomes. A strong bias in Philp's article is one of poverty always meaning severe disadvantage in contrast with a practicality and sense of priority found in Caribbean cultures as developed in ex-colonies of very limited resources till quite recently. Single mothers can be strongly aware of what is needed in life, and as stressed elsewhere in this paper, how to maintain their family's dignity, poverty not shameful when approached soundly, aware of how much worse off others are, trying one's best, valuing kin and conducting oneself well with others.
"Many contemporary Caribbean single mothers have had good role models in women raising children by themselves in more than one country."

Tags:attitudes, public, opinion, black, discrimination

Abstract
This paper examines political correctness in relation to campus speech codes. It also looks at the media enforcement of PC on writers and gives an example of the "Los Angeles Times" guidelines. It discusses the issue of whether college campus speech codes violate free speech.

From the Paper
"One of the important issues today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups, primarily those on the left, to enforce a form of speech code so as to regulate speech to ban any term ..."

From the Paper
" "Political Correctness," frequently abbreviated to PC, refers to a movement, particularly associated with university campuses and the social community of academia, that in the view of its supporters seeks to actively resist cultural tendencies toward racism, sexism, and the domination of traditional elite attitudes and in the view of its critics seeks to impose a new totalitarianism of words that cannot be said and ideas that cannot be expressed.


The most familiar form that the PC debate has taken relates to campus "speech codes" that seek to bar or restrict language felt to be racist or to be demeaning and stereotyping of other groups. Thus, "one school requires that short people be called the "vertically challenged" (Beckwith & Bauman, 1993, p. 12 n. 3). However, the PC speech debate is only one aspect of a much..."

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses which way of defining political economy and which school of political thought is the most relevant to an understanding of contemporary trends and challenges. The writer discusses that international political economy is a field of political economy that is primarily focused on international trade (including monetary fiscal policy) and finance issues, including the individual state changes that affect this international flow.

From the Paper
"The field has increasing importance in today's political and economic outlook owing to the mass globalization that has occurred in recent years, and looks set to increasingly occur. Today's business, political, financial, science, technology, media and other communications sectors are all becoming world-wide in scope. Peoples and companies of various cultures are now coming into frequent contact with one another, creating a growing demand for international unity."

Tags:international, political, economy

Abstract
The paper discusses how political attitudes are not genetically predetermined, but they are shaped and developed through the influence of various political socialization agents. The paper looks at how family, schools, peers and mass media all influence this process in varying degrees at different times throughout one's life. The paper explains how political views and ideas are internalized by the members of each generation so they can be implemented and passed on to future generations.

Outline:
The Argument
The Early Years
Agents of Political Socialization
Conclusion

From the Paper
"We may wish political orientation were that simple, but, fortunately, political attitudes are not genetically predetermined. However, they are shaped and developed throughout one's life. Political socialization is a learning process in which an individual internalizes the norms of a society - norms with which they eventually act in congruence. It is also the gradual learning of the norms, attitudes, and behavior accepted and practiced by the ongoing political system. The goal of political socialization is to conform an individual to the political standards of a society such that they transmit them to future generations. This transmission perpetuates the political ideas of a culture. The process of political socialization begins in a child's early years and spans throughout adulthood."

Tags:parents, schools, peers, mass, media, conformity, opinions

Abstract
The paper discusses how in the last decade, the issue of privatization of New York schools has been heavily weighed in the political, educational and public arena. The paper points out that many proposals have been discussed about privatization that have not been implemented, nevertheless, there is the belief among community leaders that privatization related to the management of the New York Public School System is the only method of changing the failing status of students. The paper notes that Merrifield and Salisbury (2005) contend that in New York there are some schools that have become privatized because of citizen activism and local mandates (p. 181; Scherer, 2005, p. 901). The paper discusses how privatization of school management is now being considered statewide for the school system and it must be considered if this is the appropriate action for the future of New York schools.

From the Paper
"In the last decade, the issue of privatization of New York schools has been heavily weighed in the political, educational and public arena. Many proposals have been discussed about privatization that have not been implemented. Nevertheless there is the belief among community leaders that privatization related to the management of the New York Public School System is the only method of changing the failing status of students. Merrifield and Salisbury (2005) contend that in New York there are some schools that have become privatized because of citizen activism and local..."

Tags:edu, schools, choice

Abstract
This paper looks at charter schools, in general, and charter schools in New Jersey, in particular. The paper looks at the laws governing charter schools and how charter schools compare with regular public schools. Also included is an interview with a charter school administrator and a charter school teacher in New Jersey.

From the Paper
"The definition of a charter school is a school established by contract with a district Board of Education or the State Board for Charter that will improve pupil achievement. Charter schools are established to provide a teaching environment that is designed to improve student achievement. They provide an additional academic choice for parents and students and may consist of new schools or be all or part of an existing school. Charter schools are an alternative to traditional public schools but are themselves public schools, although they may not..."

Tags:charter, schools

Abstract
The paper defines and discusses school vouchers, magnet schools and charter schools and examines their benefits and their drawbacks.

From the Paper
"School vouchers, magnet schools and charter schools all serve various functions in the educational system. These schools are found largely in urban areas with dense populations. Briefly, school vouchers allow students to choose a school, magnet schools attract gifted minority students and charter schools provide education outside of the traditional public school system. School vouchers allow families to select the public or private schools of their choice by redirecting the funding that usually goes to school districts directly to the family instead..."

Tags:School Vouchers, Magnet Schools, and Charter Schools, benefits, drawbacks, minorities, desegregation

Abstract
This paper examines the difference in depression levels among female adolescents attending rural schools versus female adolescents attending urban schools. The paper looks at the rationale for the study; presents a review of related literature; methodology and implications of the study. The focus is on urban versus rural schools.

Tags:depression, Adolescents, Schools, females, adolescents, rural, schools, urban, schools

Abstract
This paper examines "Lies My Teacher Told Me" and shows it as an expose' on high school history books and the tremendous amount of misinformation they contain. The author studied the contents of twelve published high school history textbooks, debunks many of the myths contained in them, and in the process, transforms history from a bland recounting of two-dimensional people into an exciting exploration of the good and bad humankind has done in its history.

From the Paper
"In twelve chapters, Loewen demonstrates how the authors of high school textbooks distort history to the point that much of what the books contain is essentially untruthful. He has chapters on how writers make boring heroes out of interesting historical people; what roles Christopher Columbus actually did and did not play in history; the real truth about how the United States has treated its native indigenous peoples; the subtle forms racism has taken in history books; the ways efforts to foster racial equality have been left out; how completely the textbooks ignore social class no matter how important its impact on history; systematically-taught misinformation about the Federal government; how incompletely recent American history is covered or even left out; the facts about American history left out in order to present the history of the United States in an unreal but positive way; how history textbooks came to be so incomplete, inaccurate and distorted; and the harm that comes from teaching sanitized, politically-correct versions of history to students who have no way of intelligently questioning what they read. He argues that the sanitization of history means that students cannot see any relationship between cause and effect in history."

Tags:political, correct, native, america, christopher, columbus