Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Polish language which like other Slavic languages, represents an inflecting, or fusion type of language, in which single grammatical morphemes combine several functions: case, gender, and number in noun forms; person and number in verb forms. The writer claims that the Polish grammatical system closely parallels that of Russian.

Contents:
Introduction
Syntax in Polish Literature
Consider the Following Polish Examples (Giejgo 1981)
The Study and Results
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Because Polish retains a rich inflectional system, morphology is the main device for expressing syntactic distinctions. Word order has grammatical functions only to a limited extent, and hence it can serve other purposes, namely, it performs pragmatic functions. Deviations from the standard (unmarked) SVO order serve the purposes of topicalization; and combined with focal stress, word order expresses special emphasis on certain elements, in a way independent from discourse structure. Furthermore, the rich inflectional system makes it possible to apply ellipsis to a much larger extent than in English. Passive participles are used in passive voice constructions. In spoken language, however, these have a limited range of use, as word order flexibility is sufficient for expressing focus, and a number of subjectless active constructions can be used for subject downgrading. Those occurring in spoken language typically involve perfective participles, used in order to refer to a resulting end state of some action, performed by an unspecified agent which is either unknown or evident or simply irrelevant. These cannot be called truncated passives, as full passives are practically never used. They are rather a subclass of attributive sentences making statements about objects."

Tags:grammar, oral, written, construction

Abstract
The paper explains how, after the third partition of Poland in 1795, the Poles needed a fearless leader, who was powerful enough to rise up and take back Poland and regain Polish independence. The paper discusses the roles of Prince Adam Czartoryski and Alexander and how the Poles put their fate in the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte I of France. The paper shows how the mistake of the Polish people was not that they orginally supported Napoleon but that they continued to support Napoleon throughout all the disappointments and casualties.

Outline:
The Polish Legions
Napoleon, Alexander, and Czartoryski
Victory to the Poles
Napoleon Was Not the Answer

From the Paper
"In the year 1795, during the American and French Revolutions, the kingdom known as Poland was wiped off the map after the Third Partition. The territory once known as Poland was then divided amongst the Russians, the Prussians, and the Austrians. After the Third Partition the Polish population didn't know how to function. They became a Nationality that had no state in which to claim their own. They lost their sense of self, and worthiness within society. Quickly the Polish elite known as the Szlachta scrambled for a way in which they could regain their State. The term now referred to as the Polish Question came to be in which they asked whether Poland will regain Independence and if so how? The Poles needed a fearless leader, one who was powerful enough to rise up and take back Poland and Polish Independence."

Tags:Czartoryski, Alexander, Frederick-August, Duchy, of, Warsaw, Polish, Legions

Abstract
The paper analyses whether a computer's syntax is actually equal to that of semantics. In addition to that,it analyzes whether a computer processes are close or exactly like that of humans.

From the Paper
"As much as we want the benefits of our brains being able to process information like computers, we are limited in this capacity for a number of reasons. One main reason is that there is much more involved in the thought processes of a human being than that of a computer. It is arguable that life's decisions would be less aggravating if we started to process information like that of a logical program but this is not an ideal world we exist in and neither are our thought processes. However the debate continues as to whether computers are beginning to think like humans and processing information, semantically, or are they just relying on syntax alone? After considering the facts it is easy to assume why computers process information the way they do. "

Tags:syntax, computer, processing

Abstract
This paper looks at the social, economic and political histories of Polish-Americans and Native-Americans. It discusses some of the organizations that assist the two groups, and how they fare compared to each other.

From the Paper
"The top ten states with the most Polish Americans are New York, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Wisconsin, California, Ohio, Florida and Massachusetts in descending order. However, the states with the highest percentage of Polish Americans are Wisconsin, Michigan, Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, Massachusetts and Minnesota in descending order. Analysis of this data shows..."

Tags:Polish Ameircan Congress, AIM

Abstract
This paper explains the circumstances that led to the Polish-Soviet War of 1920. It describes how the Treaty of Versailles left Poland vulnerable on her eastern border and explores how the conflicting agendas of Poland's Head of State and Commander in Chief, Josef Pilsudski, and Soviet Russia's Bolshevik revolutionary leader, Vladimir Lenin, set the stage for an inevitable military and social conflict. It also describes how the climate within each nation shaped the ultimate decision to engage in military combat.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Polish Context and Divergent Agenda
The Russian Context and Lenin's Agenda
German Troops Left in the Ober-Ost Region
Polish Victory

From the Paper
"Trouble in 1919 began with the German withdrawal of Ober-Ost troops from the Poznania Both Pilsudski and Lenin had designs on this territory as each had their own agenda, that was in the best interest of their nationalistic causes. The Soviets viewing Poland's cause as imperialistic, as well as her dependence on the Allies used the actions of the Polish to build their case against not Poland but the Bolsheviks, who for the most part were still detained in Russia. While Pilsudski - was inspired to create a federation of states to Poland's east (of course led by Poland) the perfect border defense to protect Poland's eastern border, his agenda - bringing his beloved Poland back to it's historical "magnificence." Genuine love of country and commitment to development of "political significance in Europe" was his motivation. Lenin was determined to push his movement through Poland to meet Germany (already with KPD communist party established) a much more imperialistic ideal than that of Poland, by most accounts Poland needed to act immediately on the eastern border issue the rejected the "Curzon Line" and lacked allied support in doing so."

Tags:border, revolution, agenda, nationalistic

Abstract
Helping English as a Second Language (ESL) learners develop syntax and vocabulary acquisition is frequently impeded in public education: pedagogical and language-comprehension theories suggest that there are effective mechanisms for best communicating data to the student in a manner that ensures the student can acquire this data and assimilate it into a functional language structure, but there are challenges to the curriculum structure that preclude the use of effective delivery systems. This paper explores these issues and demonstrates that ESL students are frequently impeded in learning advanced syntax and vocabulary by non-educational motives that impact the classroom environment.

From the Paper
"Language acquisition is a complex process regardless of the age or the background of the learner (Fotos, 2004). Acquiring even the most rudimentary of language skills involves exposure to the language in question and repeated engagement in both the written and formal and informal conversational processes."

Tags:esl, english, language

Abstract
Polish immigrants have always been an integral part of the melting pot of America. This paper discusses the settlement of Poles in the Chicago area, showing that their numbers grew to such huge amounts that the areas in which they settled became known as the 'Polish Triangle'. The paper looks at the Polish immigrants' link to Roman Catholicism, the parishes which developed because of this link and the internal fighting between parishes. The paper also discusses how the immigrants identified with Poland during WWI and WWII and how the culture of this ethnic group has been affected by twentieth century developments in America.

From the Paper
"One such conflict revolved around the Polish National Alliance. This particular group believed that the Polish Catholic Parish system was not using its money effectively. They wished to see more money sent towards liberation efforts in the homeland. Their primary goal in America was to prepare Poles on American Soil to "return to the homeland to be useful citizens." The group utilized the editorial pages of the Polish newspapers to attack the clergy and to blame them for numerous forms of fiscal mismanagement. The face of the clergy targeted was personified by Reverend Vincent Barzynski, pastor of St. Stanislaus Kostka. In order to defend the community-parish movement, Barzynski created the Polish Roman Catholic Union (PRCU). This new "union" was focused on parish development on American soil. They believed that the best way to help Poland was by helping her immigrants."

Tags:Casimir, Pulaski, Paul, Rhode, Polonia, Gangsters

Abstract
This paper explains that, in analyzing Polish-centered Holocaust literature and films, it becomes clear that certain themes are recurrent: Imagination vs. reality, exposure vs. nakedness, the inversion of Biblical meaning and of human order in general, pre-destined catastrophe and the appropriateness of humor. The author states that the Polish-centered themes are more vivid and their representation more graphically intense than the general writing about the Holocaust because of the concentration of death camps and the density of its tragedy; Poland is often perceived as the "ground zero" and the pivotal point by which Holocaust writers come to grips with the slaughter of the Jews and others. The paper analyzes many examples of Polish Holocaust literature: Alfred Andersch' "Efraim's Book", Arnold Wesker's " Sophie's Choice", Pierre Gascar's "Seasons of the Dead", Claude Lanzmann's film/ quasi-documentary "Shoah", Aaron Appelfeld's novella "Badenheim 1939", K. Tsetnik's "Salamandra", Henri Raczymow's "Un Cris sans Voix", Emanuel Ringelbaum's "Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto" and the Academy Award winning movie "Life is Beautiful".

From the Paper
"In Shoah literature, certain questions present themselves again and again: Do these themes - which often reflect a universal character of sort - diminish the particular suffering and injustice of the event? Can any writing truly capture the enormous moral crimes of the Holocaust? Sparking a hotly-discussed debate, Theodor Adorno wrote that poetic treatments of the Shoah were a form of "barbarism." In light of this criticism, it has often been asked by both writers and critics alike, what justification does a writer have for treating the subject matter at all? This charge has seldom been directed at any other subject of fiction, but it might be argued that such outrageous criticism is simply evidence of the subject's moral and tragic dimensions."

Tags:concentration, mystification, documentary, humor, scene

Abstract
This paper looks at how international labour migration from Poland to Western Europe has proved to be an effective strategy in overcoming some of the multiple problems of transformation after the communist system collapsed. It argues that Poles generally have access only to the secondary sector of labour economy. It also examines how bilateral intergovernmental agreements, official statistical data and survey results suggest that the labour flows to the primary labour markets are limited due to the structural constraints of European economies as well as migration policies and regulations of receiving societies.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework
Segmented Labour Market Theory of International Migration
Some Empirical Applications of Segmented Labour Market Theory
Chapter 2 Historical Roots Of Migration From Poland
Basic Migration Features Before the Communist Period (Up To 1945)
Basic Migration Features During the Communist Regime (1945-1979)Liberalization of the 1980s
Changes Caused by the Transition Period. Migrations After the 1990s
Chapter 3 Analysis of Polish Access to the Economic Sectors of the Western European Labour Markets
Structure of the Analysis and Methodological Considerations
Migration Policy
Bilateral Agreements on Foreign Employment of Poles
Seasonal Work in Germany
Project-Tied Employment by Polish Companies in Germany
Polish Labour Presence In Other Countries Of Western Europe (Employment In Western Europe Beyond the Framework of Bilateral Agreements)
Push Factors Responsible For Current Migration Flows-Migrants Characteristics
Summary of the Results
Conclusions
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The complexity and diversification of international migration has resulted in the fact that there is no single theory or model which would be able to explain the phenomenon of migration satisfactorily and to capture dynamics of the process and conditions related to its various phases. However, different models were adopted in the attempt to reveal and predict various specific aspects associated with it. Among the most important theories which aim to explain causes of international migration, its development, and why it tends to sustain, are the neo-classical economics, the new economics of migration, segmented labour market theory, world system theory, social capital theory, and cumulative causation. The latter models accentuate different aspects of this phenomenon."

Tags:communism, eastern, europe, germany, liberalization

Abstract
In this paper the author starts with the humble beginnings of the Polish film industry in 1902, examining its roots and highlighting how the first movies were made. The paper then examines the cultural aspects of the Polish nation and how they are incorporated into its film and television industries through arts and education.In conclusion the paper identifies how Poland is recovering from the 40 year censorship that was applied to this industry.

From the Paper
"Polish cinema continued to thrive, with fine works by Roman Polanski and Jerzy Skolimowski, despite the threats of censorship, until the late 1960's, when general turmoil and student revolts prompted a crackdown on filmmakers. These cultural purges caused "many leading figures in the industry (to be) replaced or demoted" (1094). Jewish directors were especially adversely affected by the purges, which smacked of antisemitism. Several of these Jewish directors, including Aleksander Ford, were forced to leave Poland. "

Tags:world, war, movie, camera, silent, era, directors, theater, foreign