Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the Polish language which like other Slavic languages, represents an inflecting, or fusion type of language, in which single grammatical morphemes combine several functions: case, gender, and number in noun forms; person and number in verb forms. The writer claims that the Polish grammatical system closely parallels that of Russian.
Contents:
Introduction
Syntax in Polish Literature
Consider the Following Polish Examples (Giejgo 1981)
The Study and Results
Works Cited
From the Paper "Because Polish retains a rich inflectional system, morphology is the main device for expressing syntactic distinctions. Word order has grammatical functions only to a limited extent, and hence it can serve other purposes, namely, it performs pragmatic functions. Deviations from the standard (unmarked) SVO order serve the purposes of topicalization; and combined with focal stress, word order expresses special emphasis on certain elements, in a way independent from discourse structure. Furthermore, the rich inflectional system makes it possible to apply ellipsis to a much larger extent than in English. Passive participles are used in passive voice constructions. In spoken language, however, these have a limited range of use, as word order flexibility is sufficient for expressing focus, and a number of subjectless active constructions can be used for subject downgrading. Those occurring in spoken language typically involve perfective participles, used in order to refer to a resulting end state of some action, performed by an unspecified agent which is either unknown or evident or simply irrelevant. These cannot be called truncated passives, as full passives are practically never used. They are rather a subclass of attributive sentences making statements about objects."
Abstract The paper explains how, after the third partition of Poland in 1795, the Poles needed a fearless leader, who was powerful enough to rise up and take back Poland and regain Polish independence. The paper discusses the roles of Prince Adam Czartoryski and Alexander and how the Poles put their fate in the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte I of France. The paper shows how the mistake of the Polish people was not that they orginally supported Napoleon but that they continued to support Napoleon throughout all the disappointments and casualties.
Outline:
The Polish Legions
Napoleon, Alexander, and Czartoryski
Victory to the Poles
Napoleon Was Not the Answer
From the Paper "In the year 1795, during the American and French Revolutions, the kingdom known as Poland was wiped off the map after the Third Partition. The territory once known as Poland was then divided amongst the Russians, the Prussians, and the Austrians. After the Third Partition the Polish population didn't know how to function. They became a Nationality that had no state in which to claim their own. They lost their sense of self, and worthiness within society. Quickly the Polish elite known as the Szlachta scrambled for a way in which they could regain their State. The term now referred to as the Polish Question came to be in which they asked whether Poland will regain Independence and if so how? The Poles needed a fearless leader, one who was powerful enough to rise up and take back Poland and Polish Independence."
Abstract The paper analyses whether a computer's syntax is actually equal to that of semantics. In addition to that,it analyzes whether a computer processes are close or exactly like that of humans.
From the Paper "As much as we want the benefits of our brains being able to process information like computers, we are limited in this capacity for a number of reasons. One main reason is that there is much more involved in the thought processes of a human being than that of a computer. It is arguable that life's decisions would be less aggravating if we started to process information like that of a logical program but this is not an ideal world we exist in and neither are our thought processes. However the debate continues as to whether computers are beginning to think like humans and processing information, semantically, or are they just relying on syntax alone? After considering the facts it is easy to assume why computers process information the way they do. "
Abstract This paper looks at the social, economic and political histories of Polish-Americans and Native-Americans. It discusses some of the organizations that assist the two groups, and how they fare compared to each other.
From the Paper "The top ten states with the most Polish Americans are New York, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Wisconsin, California, Ohio, Florida and Massachusetts in descending order. However, the states with the highest percentage of Polish Americans are Wisconsin, Michigan, Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, Massachusetts and Minnesota in descending order. Analysis of this data shows..."
Abstract This paper discusses how Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization and how chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interest. It examines the effects of different factors including the slurry, polishing pads and down force etc. on the quality of planarized copper layer in CMP Cu. It also presents, a new CMP copper technique with the name of ?Abrasive-free polishing (AFP)?.
Outline
Introduction to CMP and CMP Copper(Cu)
Techniques of CMP copper
Removal Mechanism
Slurry-- Chemistry
Slurry?Abrasives Particles
Processing Factors
Polishing Pads
Abrasive-Free Polishing of Copper-a New Technique
Conclusions
From the Paper "Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of using copper (Cu) for low resistivity electrical connections in microelectronic devices.1,2 In fact, copper is one of most commonly used pure metals in the electrical industry because of its low conduct resistivity of about 6?10-8W-m and excellent mechanical properties as well. There are various methods to deposit Cu thin films, for example, electroplating, electroless plating, sputtering and thermal evaporation can be used.3.4 The copper thin films achieved by these techniques, especially those from the electrochemical techniques, are not planar enough to promise a successful multilevel interconnection. However, in fabrication of a logic device with five or more layers, at least one layer should be perfectly planar. Lack of layer planarity may lead to severe problems for photo-lithography (such as insufficient focus depth) and dry etching in sub 0.5 mm 5. Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization.6 Therefore, chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interests in recent years."
Abstract Polish immigrants have always been an integral part of the melting pot of America. This paper discusses the settlement of Poles in the Chicago area, showing that their numbers grew to such huge amounts that the areas in which they settled became known as the 'Polish Triangle'. The paper looks at the Polish immigrants' link to Roman Catholicism, the parishes which developed because of this link and the internal fighting between parishes. The paper also discusses how the immigrants identified with Poland during WWI and WWII and how the culture of this ethnic group has been affected by twentieth century developments in America.
From the Paper "One such conflict revolved around the Polish National Alliance. This particular group believed that the Polish Catholic Parish system was not using its money effectively. They wished to see more money sent towards liberation efforts in the homeland. Their primary goal in America was to prepare Poles on American Soil to ?return to the homeland to be useful citizens.? The group utilized the editorial pages of the Polish newspapers to attack the clergy and to blame them for numerous forms of fiscal mismanagement. The face of the clergy targeted was personified by Reverend Vincent Barzynski, pastor of St. Stanislaus Kostka. In order to defend the community-parish movement, Barzynski created the Polish Roman Catholic Union (PRCU). This new "union" was focused on parish development on American soil. They believed that the best way to help Poland was by helping her immigrants."
Abstract This paper looks at how international labour migration from Poland to Western Europe has proved to be an effective strategy in overcoming some of the multiple problems of transformation after the communist system collapsed. It argues that Poles generally have access only to the secondary sector of labour economy. It also examines how bilateral intergovernmental agreements, official statistical data and survey results suggest that the labour flows to the primary labour markets are limited due to the structural constraints of European economies as well as migration policies and regulations of receiving societies.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework
Segmented Labour Market Theory of International Migration
Some Empirical Applications of Segmented Labour Market Theory
Chapter 2 Historical Roots Of Migration From Poland
Basic Migration Features Before the Communist Period (Up To 1945)
Basic Migration Features During the Communist Regime (1945-1979)Liberalization of the 1980s
Changes Caused by the Transition Period. Migrations After the 1990s
Chapter 3 Analysis of Polish Access to the Economic Sectors of the Western European Labour Markets
Structure of the Analysis and Methodological Considerations
Migration Policy
Bilateral Agreements on Foreign Employment of Poles
Seasonal Work in Germany
Project-Tied Employment by Polish Companies in Germany
Polish Labour Presence In Other Countries Of Western Europe (Employment In Western Europe Beyond the Framework of Bilateral Agreements)
Push Factors Responsible For Current Migration Flows-Migrants Characteristics
Summary of the Results
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper "The complexity and diversification of international migration has resulted in the fact that there is no single theory or model which would be able to explain the phenomenon of migration satisfactorily and to capture dynamics of the process and conditions related to its various phases. However, different models were adopted in the attempt to reveal and predict various specific aspects associated with it. Among the most important theories which aim to explain causes of international migration, its development, and why it tends to sustain, are the neo-classical economics, the new economics of migration, segmented labour market theory, world system theory, social capital theory, and cumulative causation. The latter models accentuate different aspects of this phenomenon."
Abstract This paper explains that, in analyzing Polish-centered Holocaust literature and films, it becomes clear that certain themes are recurrent: Imagination vs. reality, exposure vs. nakedness, the inversion of Biblical meaning and of human order in general, pre-destined catastrophe and the appropriateness of humor. The author states that the Polish-centered themes are more vivid and their representation more graphically intense than the general writing about the Holocaust because of the concentration of death camps and the density of its tragedy; Poland is often perceived as the "ground zero" and the pivotal point by which Holocaust writers come to grips with the slaughter of the Jews and others. The paper analyzes many examples of Polish Holocaust literature: Alfred Andersch' "Efraim's Book", Arnold Wesker's " Sophie's Choice", Pierre Gascar's "Seasons of the Dead", Claude Lanzmann's film/ quasi-documentary "Shoah", Aaron Appelfeld's novella "Badenheim 1939", K. Tsetnik's "Salamandra", Henri Raczymow's "Un Cris sans Voix", Emanuel Ringelbaum's "Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto" and the Academy Award winning movie "Life is Beautiful".
From the Paper "In Shoah literature, certain questions present themselves again and again: Do these themes - which often reflect a universal character of sort - diminish the particular suffering and injustice of the event? Can any writing truly capture the enormous moral crimes of the Holocaust? Sparking a hotly-discussed debate, Theodor Adorno wrote that poetic treatments of the Shoah were a form of "barbarism." In light of this criticism, it has often been asked by both writers and critics alike, what justification does a writer have for treating the subject matter at all? This charge has seldom been directed at any other subject of fiction, but it might be argued that such outrageous criticism is simply evidence of the subject's moral and tragic dimensions."
Tags: concentration, mystification, documentary, humor, scene
Abstract This paper explains the circumstances that led to the Polish-Soviet War of 1920. It describes how the Treaty of Versailles left Poland vulnerable on her eastern border and explores how the conflicting agendas of Poland's Head of State and Commander in Chief, Josef Pilsudski, and Soviet Russia's Bolshevik revolutionary leader, Vladimir Lenin, set the stage for an inevitable military and social conflict. It also describes how the climate within each nation shaped the ultimate decision to engage in military combat.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Polish Context and Divergent Agenda
The Russian Context and Lenin's Agenda
German Troops Left in the Ober-Ost Region
Polish Victory
From the Paper "Trouble in 1919 began with the German withdrawal of Ober-Ost troops from the Poznania Both Pilsudski and Lenin had designs on this territory as each had their own agenda, that was in the best interest of their nationalistic causes. The Soviets viewing Poland's cause as imperialistic, as well as her dependence on the Allies used the actions of the Polish to build their case against not Poland but the Bolsheviks, who for the most part were still detained in Russia. While Pilsudski - was inspired to create a federation of states to Poland's east (of course led by Poland) the perfect border defense to protect Poland's eastern border, his agenda - bringing his beloved Poland back to it's historical "magnificence." Genuine love of country and commitment to development of "political significance in Europe" was his motivation. Lenin was determined to push his movement through Poland to meet Germany (already with KPD communist party established) a much more imperialistic ideal than that of Poland, by most accounts Poland needed to act immediately on the eastern border issue the rejected the "Curzon Line" and lacked allied support in doing so."
A look at how the public school environment frequently impedes the rate at which English as a Second Language learners acquire English syntax and vocabulary.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 2 sources, 2006, $ 89.95
Abstract Helping English as a Second Language (ESL) learners develop syntax and vocabulary acquisition is frequently impeded in public education: pedagogical and language-comprehension theories suggest that there are effective mechanisms for best communicating data to the student in a manner that ensures the student can acquire this data and assimilate it into a functional language structure, but there are challenges to the curriculum structure that preclude the use of effective delivery systems. This paper explores these issues and demonstrates that ESL students are frequently impeded in learning advanced syntax and vocabulary by non-educational motives that impact the classroom environment.
From the Paper "Language acquisition is a complex process regardless of the age or the background of the learner (Fotos, 2004). Acquiring even the most rudimentary of language skills involves exposure to the language in question and repeated engagement in both the written and formal and informal conversational processes."
Abstract In this paper the author starts with the humble beginnings of the Polish film industry in 1902, examining its roots and highlighting how the first movies were made. The paper then examines the cultural aspects of the Polish nation and how they are incorporated into its film and television industries through arts and education.In conclusion the paper identifies how Poland is recovering from the 40 year censorship that was applied to this industry.
From the Paper "Polish cinema continued to thrive, with fine works by Roman Polanski and Jerzy Skolimowski, despite the threats of censorship, until the late 1960's, when general turmoil and student revolts prompted a crackdown on filmmakers. These cultural purges caused "many leading figures in the industry (to be) replaced or demoted" (1094). Jewish directors were especially adversely affected by the purges, which smacked of antisemitism. Several of these Jewish directors, including Aleksander Ford, were forced to leave Poland. "
Tags: world, war, movie, camera, silent, era, directors, theater, foreign
Abstract Since the end of the Cold War, Polish organized crime has taken advantage of their country's geographical location to produce and smuggle illegal narcotics. These illegal activities are increasing in scope and impacting not only in Europe but South America and the United States as well.
Abstract This paper surveys political developments but focuses on economic change of the Polish economy. It concludes that Poland leads amongst transition economies in terms of development. It also concludes that it will successfully enter the European Union by 2005.
Abstract The dissertation looks at the history of communism in Poland and its fall. The dissertation then looks at the economy of Poland, the main natural resources, the economy under Communism, the centrally planned economy, and the economy after the fall of Communism. The dissertation then moves on to looking at the processes of marketization and stabilization in Poland and the macroeconomic indicators for the crucial 1990-1991 period. The privatization process in Poland follows, and the subsequent structure of the economy is analyzed. The main markets supporting the economy, i.e., fuels and energy, industry, agriculture, fishing and forestry, banking and finance, and foreign trade are examined. Once the economic history of Poland has been discussed and analyzed, the dissertation then moves to looking at how Polish companies have reacted to ethical issues and changes in business standards since the fall of communism in 1989. This takes the form of looking, principally, at what constitutes ethical business in Poland, how ethical business is regulated and monitored in Poland, how changes have been made so far in business ethics in Poland since the fall of Communism, and how these changes relate to changes over the same period at an international level. A discussion of the merits of entering into the EU, in terms of business ethics, is also provided.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Poland's Economy Pre-Communism's Fall
Section 1.1. Poland's Natural Resources
Section 1.1.1. Minerals and Fuels
Section 1.1.2. Agricultural Resources
Section 1.1.3. Labor Force
Section 1.2. The Polish Economy Under Communism
Section 1.2.1. System Structure
Section 1.2.2. Development Strategy
Section 1.3. The Centrally-Planned Economy
Section 1.3.1. Establishing the Planning Formula
Section 1.3.2. Retrenchment and Adjustment in the 1960s
Section 1.3.3. Reliance on Technology in the 1970s
Section 1.3.4. Reform Failure in the 1980s
Chapter 2: Poland's Economy After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.1. Poland After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.2. Fall of Communism
Section 2.3. Marketization and Stabilization
Section 2.3.1. Required Short-Term Changes
Section 2.3.2. The Shock Strategy
Section 2.3.3. Initial Results
Section 2.3.4. Long-Term Requirements
Section 2.4. Macroeconomic Indicators for 1990-91
Section 2.4.1. Price Increases
Section 2.4.2. Impact on Productivity and Wages
Section 2.4.3. Statistical Distortions
Section 2.4.4. Agricultural Imbalances
Section 2.4.5. Causes of Decline
Section 2.5.The Polish Post-Communism Privatization Process
Section 2.6. Structure of Poland's Economy: Post-Communism
Section 2.6.1. Fuels and Energy
Section 2.6.2. Coal
Section 2.6.3. Oil and Gas
Section 2.6.4. Power Generation
Section 2.6.5. Industry
Section 2.6.6. Light Industry
Section 2.6.7. Automotive Industry
Section 2.6.8. Construction Machinery
Section 2.6.9. Banking and Finance
Section 2.7. The State Banking System
Section 2.8. Banking Reform, 1990-92
Section 2.8.1. Insurance and Securities Reform
Section 2.8.2. New Financial Institutions
Section 2.8.3. Foreign Loans and Money Supply
Section 2.8.4. Foreign Trade
Section 2.8.5. The Foreign Trade Mechanism
Section 2.9. Post-communist Policy Adjustments
Section 2.10. The Role of Currency Exchange
Section 2.11. Foreign Investment
Chapter 3: Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.1. Introduction
Section 3.2. What is Meant (and Understood) by the Term "Business Ethics" in Poland?
Section 3.3. Developing Standards of Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.3.1. The Polish Transition
Section 3.3.2. Difficulties in Adjusting
Section 3.3.3. Identifying the Problem: Polish Chamber Survey Results
Section 3.3.4. Setting Ethical Standards
Section 3.3.5. Letting Market Forces Work
Section 3.3.6. The Highlights from the Polish Chamber's Sample Code of Ethics
Section 3.3.7. Western Aid In Fighting Corruption
Chapter 4: Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper "Poland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm)."
Abstract The paper discusses the origins and history of Chinese-Americans, Irish-Americans and Polish-Americans. The paper then provides additional information and statistics about these ethnic groups.
Outline:
Chinese-Americans: Origins and History
Additional Information on Chinese-Americans
Irish-Americans: Origins and History
Additional Information on Irish-Americans
Polish-Americans: Origins and History
Additional Information on Polish-Americans
From the Paper "The Chinese probably were persecuted as an ethnic culture arriving in America far more than were the Irish and Polish; this is not to say the Polish and Irish avoided discrimination and social bias, but neither of the latter two were actually banned from immigrating to the U.S. as were the Chinese at one point. In fact, the Chinese were officially excluded from entering America (Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882), but they also had earned respect when they served as hard-working low-paid laborers who helped build the first transcontinental railroad in the middle of the 19th Century. But "once the railroads connected the frontier, Westerners had little use for the Chinese" (De Leon 42), and hence the exclusion act."
