Abstract The paper explores Pokemon as being a nostalgic escape from, and a training ground in, capitalisticdevelopment. In order to understand this apparent inherent paradox in Pokemon, the paper considers its origins in Japanese cultural traditions and how these traditions have shaped its interrelationship with capitalism in ways that are subtly distinct from Western conceptions of capitalism and popular culture. The paper shows how this paradox is not unique to the Pokemon game but is actually deeply rooted in postwar Japanese popular culture as a response to, and a collaboration with, the market capitalism that defined much of postwar Japanese society.
Outline:
Introduction
Pokemon and its Context
Pokemon and its Paradoxes
Conclusion
From the Paper "Pokemon originated in the late 1990s as part of a strategy by the Japanese gaming company, Nintendo, to revive interest in its Game Boy portable gaming platform. Designed by the famous Japanese game designer Tajiri Satoshi, the game was intended to be open and modular to further development across media. In its basic form, it consists of a highly interactive play between players who seek to collect all 150 imaginary creatures or "pocket monsters"; hence the term "Pokemon". The marketing potential of the game lies in the fact that it is impossible to catch or buy all of the monsters (Tobin Introduction 3-5). By the early 2000s the number of pocket monsters had expanded to 300, and over US$15 billion in Pokemon merchandise had been sold around the world (Allison Millennial 4-5)."
Tags: popular, culture, society, adults, children, games
Abstract This paper discusses capitalist economies. It specifically analyses the current global economic inequalities that exist. It then probes two explanations for these inequalities - one given by neo-classical theory and the other by Marxism. Finally, the paper gives some suggestions as to how the capitalist economy can be made more equitable in a globalised world.
From the Paper "The other crucial component that must be addressed if truly aiming for distributional equity in the capitalist economy is broadening ownership of capital. This means not only broadening ownership of wealth but giving workers a more direct stake in economic management. Self (Self 2000:209) proposes the promotion of producers' and consumers' cooperatives to achieve this goal, which would act as an effective to competition. To counter any lack of interest on the part of workers to ensure cooperatives' success, Self suggests that workers own individual shares which must be sold back to the cooperative on an agreed formula when the worker leaves or dies. This effectively gives workers a stake in increasing profits and a bonus for any increase in market value. Hence, promoting cooperatives is a valuable means of addressing class conflict, a factor which entrenches inequality and poverty, since it necessarily causes the convergence of capitalist and worker interests."
Abstract The paper compares and contrasts the modernization and dependency theories, which explain third-world under-development. The paper assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each. The paper determines that the dependency theory is more effective at illustrating why so much of the world continues to lag behind North America and Europe.
From the Paper "Before proceeding too far, it is necessary to understand what each of the theories means and where each is both strong and weak. To start with, modernization theory holds that economic development and progress is intimately connected to the socio-political institutions and general attitudes of a society. As a result, developing countries which seek to "modernize" and accrue the trappings of western nations must eschew "antiquated" values and traditions in favor of modern sensibilities which disdain "traditionalism," fatalism, and unbending kinship relationships. To elaborate more fully, "modern" societies are merit-based in their dispensation of "spoils", emphasize social mobility (both up and down), emphasize also entrepreneurship and ambition, and emphasize participation by individuals in the shaping of society. Finally, modern societies privilege and "make way for" capital accumulation - the sort of accumulation which makes development possible (Webster, 49-53)."
Abstract This paper examines how economic development of any country promotes the trade and business and how free trade and liberalization in trade policies, on behalf of the governments, help the businesses to flourish and effectively compete in the world market. The writer covers the issues related to the economic development of the developing nations and discusses the aspects that have caused hindrance in the economic development of these countries. Finally the paper cites the example of a developing country (India) and discusses how liberalization in trade has helped it in making remarkable achievements with respect to economic growth and to bring improvements in its industry and trade.
From the Paper "In an era of increased globalization and advancements in technology, it has become increasingly important for all of the nations of the world to keep bringing improvements in their economic infrastructure and to expand their businesses on the global scale. It has been observed that without a reasonable level of economic development any country cannot gain a competitive position in the world market. This is the dilemma faced by most of the developed nations of the world."
Abstract The aim of employment development is to assist certain groups and individuals to cope with job markets and changing economic development. This paper explains community economic development and small business development--two contemporary approaches to employment development.
Abstract In this paper, the writer describes the importance of the function of market research. The writer then considers differences in conducting market research in developing or emerging economies and developed economies.
From the Paper "Market research is an increasingly important function in many organizations. Companies are seeking ways to find out about the needs desires and demand characteristics of their markets, as well as how to identify new markets for products and services. Traditionally, market research has been conducted in the home market of organizations or in those markets that are similar to the home markets. This is due to the overwhelming emphasis on domestic sales historically and the difficulties inherent in moving into the ... "
Tags: marketing research, market research, globalization, developing/developed countries
This essay examines the part that the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) plays
in the assistance and development of under-developed countries.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, 2005, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper discusses the role that the Canadian International Development Agency plays in the development of under-developed countries. CIDA's involvement includes measures to reduce poverty, decrease infant mortality rates, and increase political and economic development. CIDA signed an agreement with other donor nations that emphasizes international involvement in the pursuit of global equality, access to health and education, and improving basic living standards.
From the Paper " Although the triumph of democracy post cold war helped trigger the global economic boom, developing democracies have benefited least from trade and investment. It is crucial for the international donor community to address potential problems of new policies for promoting democratization of developing countries, otherwise risk losing financial and strategic investments between donors and under-developed countries. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) values social justice, peace and humanitarianism."
Abstract This paper discusses the issues and the relationship between HIV, AIDS, development and gender. According to this paper, due to the huge gap in development between the developed and the developing countries there is also a great difference between the consequences of the disease for the people in these countries. AIDS is rapidly spreading in the developed world particularly in Africa, and South Africa has been hit the hardest. This paper examines how development impacts the spread of AIDS and how gender inequality place women at a higher risk.
From the Paper "AIDS is an international disease. It feeds on social, gender, and race inequalities; race; and prejudices and misconceptions about sexuality. A huge gap exists between developing and developed countries not only in terms of the quality of life but also in terms of experience with and consequences of HIV. Women in particular are not only valuable to the disease but also face greater consequences. Hence women in developing countries are at greatest risk of dying fro the disease. "
Abstract This paper discusses project management and several causes of project failure. At the core of these reasons for project failure are communication issues within the project. These issues are related to software development methodologies and how Agile Development is becoming more effective for software and program development than tradition project management structures. Finally, Microsoft is noted as well-known adoptee of Agile Development methodologies with its use of the Scrum method as well as a host of other Agile Development techniques.
From the Paper "Projects and project management are of singular importance to any business enterprise because they form the nexus of the primary activity of the business. Without projects and project management, no work would be completed or, at best, limited work of questionable quality would be the result. Researchers have observed that one of the most basic causes of project failure is a lack of real-time updates and poor visibility into ongoing tasks (Oates, 2006, para.2). While traditional project management has always recognized the need for periodic updates to both executive management as well as line employees regarding a project's status, contemporary project management recognizes these periodic updates as outdated and not suited to the technological environment within which most organizations operated today."
Abstract In this article, the writer maintains that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a cornerstone of our understanding of moral development. The writer notes that in the tradition of Piaget, Kohlberg proposed that children form their ways of thinking--including their moral reasoning--through their experiences during development. Thus, the writer relates that moral development and reasoning is a function of the usual childhood development and lies well within the realm of psychology. The writer concludes that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a strong extension of work already conducted by Jean Piaget on the developmental process. However, the writer claims that it is severely limited in its applicability as Kohlberg imagines incorrectly it can function as a universal guide for moral reasoning.
From the Paper "Kohlberg's theory of moral development is built on a foundation of Jean Piaget's own work on the question of moral judgment and development. Piaget's work on the subject divided moral judgment into two stages of development, with a stark division in ways of thinking between children aged more or less than ten or eleven. Younger children, Piaget argued, view morality and rules as fixed and absolute, while older children treat moral issues in more relativistic terms based on individual circumstances. Piaget found that a number of related changes occur at about the same time, when children are roughly ten or eleven. In addition to above mentioned change, when children pass this milestone they also shift from a focus on consequences to a focus on intentions. For a young child, the end result of a decision is the basis for the child's evaluation of the decision as moral or not. An older child will consider the intention of the act before making any strict judgments. Piaget's two stages of moral development are, however, quite limited and do not consider potential changes in moral reasoning that might occur as individuals pass other developmental milestones. Kohlberg recognized this deficiency and extended Piaget's work to develop a greater number of stages in moral reasoning. He argued for a more gradual, longer process of moral development that involved six distinct stages divided into three discrete levels of development. This extension of Piaget's work has been one of Kohlberg's greatest contributions to the study of moral development."
Abstract This paper discusses James Midgley's book, "Social Development: The Development Perspective in Social Welfare." The paper discusses Midgley's arguments and concludes that his means do not seem to justify his ends, as he fall short in comprehensively expounding and discussing the framework and conceptual dynamics of how exactly social development and policies in social welfare development can be integrated to have a mutually reinforcing effect and role with economic development.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Overview and Structure of the Book
Discussion and Review
Conclusion
From the Paper "The term "development" has been widely used in the last couple of decades. Its meaning for most people, involves a general idea of progress and change accompanied by industrialization and improvement in social wellbeing, and in effect, an enhancement in people's income, educational levels, housing, and health care. Mostly though, regard development as economic development. And in the decades following World War II, there have been significant levels of economic development with adoption of economic development prescriptions as in the Martial Plan, and subsequent application of principles to the third world. With this, levels of social welfare have also improved significantly compared to the situation at the end of the nineteenth century. But the social achievements of the recent decades have been mixed with grinding poverty, and homelessness, and lack of education, characterizing the lives of billions of people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This is what James Midgley terms distorted development; pointing to the need for social development to counteract this phenomenon."
Tags: social development, social welfare, social philanthropy, economic development, public administration
Abstract The paper explains Jean Piaget's and Lev Vygotsky's stages of development and identifies the differences in their approaches. Additionally, the paper provides specific examples of how teachers can incorporate each of these theories in the classroom. The paper concludes that both Vygotsky and Piaget acknowledge the importance of social learning, however, Vygotsky places greater importance on language development and the role it plays in the development of individual cognition.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Piaget: Stages of Development Vygotsky: Stages of Development Differences Between Piaget and Vygotsky
Application of Piaget and Vygotsky in the Classroom
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "To Jean Piaget, the most vital element in the individual development of cognition of a child was based on interacting among his own peers and that this interaction results in conflict on the cognitive level. Piaget held that children were not as challenged in their interactions with those considered their peers, as they would be when among adults. Vygotsky's assertion was that a child learns best among peers who are more skilled which provides the child with a scaffold comprised of intellect and experience and through this; the child is able to complete tasks much more complex than they would be capable of on their own. DeVries (nd) writes in the work entitled: "Vygotsky, Piaget, and Education: A Reciprocal Assimilation of Theories and Educational Practices" which incidentally is a comparison of Vygotsky and Piaget, that she was for quite a long time "unable to see Vygotsky as a constructivist.""
A look at the challenges, issues and demands of career managment and development in the new world of work for both individuals and organisations in the South African context.
3,705 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 11 sources, 2001, $ 102.95
Abstract This essay identifies and explains the issues, challenges and demands of career management and development in the new world of work, for both individuals and organizations. It then recommends some practical ways to address the most important of these. In doing this, it first defines what is meant by career management and career development. It then places the essay in the context of the new world of work. This is done through a short explanation of the impact of e-commerce and globalization. It then looks at how this has impacted on the world of work in general, before looking at how it has effected career management and development for individuals and organizations.
From the Paper "E-commerce has radically changed organizational structure, co-ordination systems and task specification, and thus the world of work. Job designs have become increasingly flexible, and a whole range of new issues are being raised. In fact, Furnham (2000) believes that, due to e-commerce, the world of work has changed. He looks at what he calls "alternative work arrangements". These include part-time employment (defined as varied work, taking up less than 30 hours per week), contingent employment (defined as when an individual is working for an organization, but is not considered a regular employee), flextime (defined as when employees vary their starting and quitting times, but are required to work a standard number of hours within a specific time period), compressed work weeks (defined as re-allocating the work time by condensing the total hours in the traditional five-day week into fewer days), and teleworking (defined as working at a location away from the traditional place of work, and involving the use of telecommunications and the electronic processing of information) ( Furnham, 2000)."
Tags: african, career, context, development, managment, new, south, work, world
Abstract This paper compares Piaget's theory of cognitive development to the social learning theory. This paper examines Piaget's child development theory that mains that children have ability to construct meaningful concepts and representations all through a series of various stages. In addition, it analyzes Bandura's theory which contends that children learn new behaviors by observing other people and model their own behavior and develop their own beliefs and standards that eventually impact their progress in the educational system. The author concludes that these do not contradict each but rather complement each other.
From the Paper "In recent years, the field of education has been transformed by intensive theoretical and practical research into the ways that children develop the cognitive capacity for handling complex learning tasks. Some researchers have focused more upon the natural, or biological, aspects of cognitive development, which can be generalized across all human cultures; others, more upon the social aspects, which are culturally conditioned. The challenge for educators in the UK is now to integrate this vast body of theory and research into curriculum and classroom practice. Most researchers in the field agree that a Piaget-derived developmental learning theory must be augmented by some appreciation of the way that concrete social interaction guides and shapes children's acquisition of skills. A pedagogical approach drawing at once upon developmental and social learning theory may be the best way to achieve society's educational aims, while at the same time encouraging creativity and exploration on the part of children. While it would not be possible to exhaust this topic in a short paper, I propose to briefly consider the theories of Piaget and Bandura in the context of children's development of the ability to handle language (in particular, in the area of literacy)."
Abstract This paper is a guide to companies when executing the training of a new work force. The author shows how job training is crucial for the workers as well as for the corporations. He indicates that companies are paying more attention to the training and development then to recruiting. There are many changes that are being made to the process of training and developing a new work force mainly towards developing existing skills and acquiring new ones. The paper examines several factors that affect this process such as: government intervention, wages, diversity, globalization...and much more.
From the Paper "When a company or enterprise consider workforce development it is not merely to polish existing skills or image standards. Job training is crucial for the workers as well as for the corporations. On the job it means reaping profits and for the nation it means creating human resources. Thus for this reason enterprise are paying more attention in training and development then in recruitment. The focus therefore is to "change" and the trend is towards developing existing skills, acquiring new ones.
In the recent years this has been treated as part of human resources training where individuals were recruited and "TRAINED" to the organization. Those who have skills would benefit less from the training and those who don?t learn to acquire some. The overall outcome is not what the skills the employee has but rather what skills the individuals have instilled those are congruent to the environment in which they work. Hence, the training process has been morel like an educational process, where individuals were given lectures on development of skills instead of acquiring the true skills required."
