Abstract
This paper discusses a financial plan for the city of Charlotte. Various terms are defined in the paper, such as an encumbrance and expenditures.

From the Paper
"An encumbrance is another party's right to property that affects the value of the property, such as a lien or loan. Expenditures are the payments that an organization makes to obtain items or services in support of the business. Expenses are the funds that are owed by the business and have..."

Tags:financial, planning, city

Abstract
This paper examines the financial planning and related public policy for the city of Charlotte, North Carolina. It provides a general outline of the city's budget, including expenditures, projects, funds, revenues and future spending plans.

Outline:
Expenditures, Encumbrances and Expenses
Capital Project, General, and Proprietary Funds
Analysis of Budget
Main Revenue Sources
Budgetary Levels
Long-range and Short-range Spending Plans
Largest Appropriations
Public policy: Short-range and Long-range

From the Paper
"The main revenue sources for the city include taxes paid by business, taxes collected for property, licenses, transportation and tourism. Charlotte is one of the largest banking cities in the nation and is a central "hub" for many companies within the trucking industry. Additionally, Charlotte is home to three major professional sporting franchises and has a large manufacturing and construction base. Because Charlotte continues to grow significant with each passing year, the revenues from the growth associated with business are extensive. However, the growth of the city due to population also impacts the budget of the city and the funds that are required to operate many of the programs required to address the needs of the population."

Tags:budget, city, expenditures, encumbrances, expenses, policy

Abstract
This paper discusses issues related to urban planning. It looks at the reasons why urban planning may be needed in a city and issues related to zoning. It discusses concerns that may be of issue in city planning on a local, state and federal level and how these are addressed. It also briefly discusses business, environmental and transportation needs. The paper contains a sample zoning map for Staten Island, New York.

From the Paper
"City planning must also focus on the environment that the city wishes to create for the community. Within the scope of environment factors that are important for planners include the contentment of residents, the safety of families and the ability to attract tourists in the area. Most residential areas desire an atmosphere that is conducive to raising children and in which schools are close in proximity to residential units. On the other hand, most business sectors desire that the area be pleasing to tourism in order to draw in the multi-billion dollar tourist industry and increase profits. Business areas that are filled with waste and that are not well maintained, therefore, will be detrimental to business over time. However, those business areas that are cased for by the city and that are inviting to the tourist trade will draw in tourists and maintain their business throughout the years. Some municipalities believe that signs, banners and billboards are unattractive and that they depredate the beauty of a city. However, in cities such as New York, it is evident that signs, billboards and banners are part of the tourist experience that people believe is important to allowing tourists to comprehend all that is occurring within the city."

Tags:urban, zoning, residents, environment, transportation

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the issue of urban planning in the city of Toronto. The writer first presents a city profile creating context for the assignment. The writer then takes a look at planning in the city.

From the Paper
"For urban areas to be successful a great deal of planning is required. This paper will look at planning in two broad steps. The first step is the creation of a profile. The second broad step is to actually create a plan based on this profile. In order to understand how this process works it is necessary to look at an example. The example that will be used is the city of Toronto."

Tags:profile, planning

Abstract
This paper discusses how cities, like human beings, tend to be more than the sum of their component parts. In order to examine planning and its integration with the social paradigm, this paper focuses on the topic of social diversity. It discusses how a mixture of cultures means a mixture of architectural preferences, as well as the transmission of such preferences among the different cultures within a location. The paper contends that a planner therefore has to use the physical means of his or her profession to cater to a widely diverse society and equally diverse values. At the same time, the planner can also use his or her profession towards social sustainability by creating an environment in which diversity can flourish.

From the Paper
"In a January 8 presentation, Laura C. Johnson (2009) explores social sustainability, which closely connects to the ideal of open discussion between citizens and planners. It has been noted above that, in their professional capacity, planners are to connect the physical instruments of planning with the requirements of the society in which they function. Johnson also notes that social sustainability connects the physical environment with the social dynamic of the population functioning in that environment. In this way, social sustainability is defined as an environment that promotes a citizens' quality of life. The planner's task is to create a physical environment that correlates with the social requirements of citizens. This is particularly important in planning projects that might cause negativity or conflict within society."

Tags:population, citizens, culture

Abstract
The paper states that the rational planning of cities has been shown not to realise the practical nature of urban life. The paper describes that plans are not focused on bettering the lives of actual people but instead attempt to change their lives to suit the comprehensive plans of the planners. The paper argues that planning a conflict free environment is not only impossible but is actually detrimental. If disorder is not experienced, then individuals cannot fully develop as they will remain with the adolescent desire for purity and will reject the unknown. The paper calls for planning which realises the specific needs of communities .

From the Paper
"To replace these lost informal controls Wirth saw it as necessary to implement formal moral order which would maintain control in cities. These formal controls could not be left to develop spontaneously in the same way as the informal controls of rural communities but must be a result of rational planning and execution. However, he did not argue that individuals should be coerced into accepting this new moral order. Instead, he saw it as necessary for these new values to be internally appropriated by the individual so that they would voluntarily act in accordance with society without the need for negative sanctions. These ideas have often been criticised as being functionalist. Although this may be true of Wirth's practical proposals, his theoretical work showed an awareness of these issues which he did not included in his more substantive writings. The architect Le Corbusier was one of the most famous and influential people associated with the real development of rational urban planning. He saw it as necessary to remove the dark and dank streets of old irrational cities and replace them with new, rationally planned environments which would enhance the lives of residents."

Tags:ecological, determinism, traditional, communities, planning, execution

Abstract
This paper summarizes the February 28th city of Gardena council meeting and goes through issues pertinent to city growth, urban policy and city planning. These issues include planning, construction, finance, etc. This paper shows the parallels between actual policy and meeting issues to the theoretical views of a city council meeting, and goes through Gardena's successes and concerns as a budding city.

From the Paper
The February 26^th, 2008 City of Gardena Council Meeting: A Summary and Assessment Council meetings are important for many reasons. They help facilitate democracy and community knowledge of public policy on many levels, also giving the population of the city a platform on which to participate in civics and voice their views. On February 26^th, I had the privilege of witnessing a council meeting and its workings, firsthand. In my attendance at the City of Gardena Council meeting on February 26^th, I learned that, in relation to our class, there were both pertinent and inconsequential parts of the council meeting. I found this meeting via the

Tags:planning, city, gardena

Abstract
This paper describes the importance and role of urban planning, showing that it focuses on a city's plan for land use and how the land can benefit the city over time. The paper further states that urban planning begins with the desired functions of the land use that are effective for the citizens and the growth of the location. Most city planners present a proposal for land use, which is then considered by citizens and business that provide input on the proposals. In this manner the people within the city are capable of playing a major role in determining how their city will exist and how it will grow into the future.

From the Paper
"Urban planning focuses on a city's plan for land use and how the land can benefit the city over time. Initially, urban planning begins with the desired functions of the land use that are effective for the citizens and the growth of the location. As demonstrated in the diagram below, most city planners present a proposal for land use, which is then considered by citizens and business that provide input on the proposals. In this manner the people within the city are capable of playing a major role in determining how their city will exist and how it will grow into the future."

Tags:city, planning, govt

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the city planning approaches in Amsterdam and the United States.

From the Paper
"In this paper I will discuss city planning in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in an historical and cross-cultural context. For those of us who have certain unconscious assumptions about what cities are and can be biased on our acquaintance with our own urban areas, studying urban planning trends in Europe and elsewhere can be a revelation. In a nutshell, the dominant influence on American city planning (or lack thereof) has been the automobile. It matters that our cities are primarily auto storage depots, observes James Howard..."

Tags:city, planning, Amsterdam, Holland

Abstract
The paper looks at how Quebec City plans to address its transportation and land-use concerns as the city's population grows and as problems created by poor urban planning in the past are resolved. The paper starts off by looking at how changes in the transportation system can cut down on environmental degradation; specifically, it is noted how Quebec City is trying to prioritize public transit and an improved road system so as to cut down on the use of pollution-spewing automobiles. The paper also explores some promising transportation initiatives which offer hope in terms of revitalizing Quebec City's downtown core. In a related vein, the paper looks at how the metropolis' urban housing situation can be improved if various proposals for rationalizing and re-organizing the transportation infrastructure are put into practice. The paper concludes by looking at how the city stands to benefit economically if it adopts a multi-modal and integrated approach to transportation and if it changes its historic land-use practices. The paper shows how Quebec City simply needs to go forward with the plans it already has in place.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at how Quebec City plans upon addressing its transportation and land-use concerns going forward as the city's population grows and as problems created by poor urban planning in the past are resolved; for the most part, the paper will focus upon transportation issues, leaving the land-use concerns to the end of the paper. In any event, the first part of this paper will start off by looking at how changes in the transportation system can cut down on environmental degradation; specifically, it will be noted how Quebec City..."

Tags:transportation, quebec, city