Abstract
This paper explains that Iranian population continues to increase at a rapid rate because of the establishment of public health preventive services, which have significantly reduced maternal mortality and raised life expectancy at birth. The author points out that, as the population increases wildly, Iran fails to address its environmental crises and now faces deforestation and desertification of its arid areas, over-fishing of lakes and rivers, industrial and urban waste, continued destruction of wetlands and reservoirs and pollution of the Persian and Caspian Seas by spilling chemicals and oils into them. The paper states that Iran must phase out leaded gasoline, require its people to use catalytic converters, assume a serious long-term approach in environmental protection and focus their direction on developing gas fields and reducing dependence on oil, not only to reduce pollution but also to diversify and strengthen its economy.

From the Paper
"Poisonous carbon emissions in Iran have steadily increased in the last two decades by 240% since 1980 or from 33.1 million metric tons in 1980 to 80.8 million metric tons in 2000. The uncontrollable growth of the population has clearly meant an increased and constantly increasing number of cars. The volume of automobile exhaust in Iran alone constitutes 1.3% of the world's total of carbon emissions. While Iran's carbon emissions are lower compared with those in the United States and other industrialized or developed countries, its rampant use of leaded gasoline and the volume of cars without catalytic converters account for the massive levels of carbon monoxide in Iran's urban areas."

Tags:salinization, birth-rate, pollution, oil-dependency, altitude

Abstract
This paper explains that wars have always harmed the environment and killed or wounded non-combatants; however, modern technology has greatly increased the scope of violence by targeting industrial facilities such as oil fields, refineries and nuclear reactors thus creating unprecedented environmental and health impacts. The author points out that the threat to the environment has increased throughout history from the battle of Delium, 424 B.C., when the Athenians destroyed local vineyards and agricultural fields for a short-term military advantage, to the use of Agent Orange, a chemical with long-term danger, in the Vietnam War. The paper concludes that, because of long-lived contaminates such as dioxins and unexploded ordnance, society has reached a point in its war fighting capability where it must consider the consequences of developing and using these sophisticated weapons.

From the Paper
"During WW II, the Soviets used scorched earth tactics on their own territory to deny Germany the resources it needed to continue its offensive. Rebuilding the industrial base would take longer and cleaning up contamination in those areas of Russia is, in many cases, just the beginning. In the Vietnam War, modern herbicides were used to destroy vegetation to deny the enemy concealment. The long-term effects of these herbicides are still unclear. Further, mass bombings of vegetated areas with napalm, forest fires, and bomb craters also threatened the habitat over large areas of the country. In the 1980s, Soviets destroyed crops and fields in Afghanistan to deny food to the Mujahadeen rebels."

Tags:refineries, impact, russia, herbicides, ordnance

Abstract
This paper investigates the feasibility of incorporating the concept of sustainable development into commercial bank business lending decisions. It discusses how this approach, if feasible, will provide a mechanism that will link effectively accountability and corporate social responsibility toward the physical environment through a relatively routine, but nevertheless crucial, business process. The mechanism proposed and investigated involves corporate managers, commercial bank lending officers and financial accountants and is based in both financial accounting and accounting for sustainable development (ASD).
It assesses the feasibility of integrating the concept of sustainable development generally and ASD more specifically into financial accounting analyzes used by commercial banks in the decision-making process for the extension of business loans.

Outline
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definition of Terms
Delimitations
Overview of the Study
Valuing Environmental Damage
Corporate Social Responsibility
Activity-Based Accounting and Management
Synthesis

From the Paper
"The most typical approach to the protection of the environment is through the application of non-market activities by government. Several economists, however, suggest that market approaches would be more effective. Within the context of this suggestion, environmental damage is viewed as an externality. The typical approach to economic externalities is based upon two assumptions. First, the assumption is that externalities are harmful, and second, it is assumed that they are unidirectional. Based upon these assumptions, solutions to the problems thus created have tended to be one of the following three types: (1) require the entity creating the externality to pay damage to those injured by its existence; (2) tax the entity creating the externality by an amount equivalent to the damage caused; or (3) prohibit those activities in areas where harmful externalities would be created."

Tags:government, sustainable, development, decision-making

Abstract
The paper looks at how studies reveal a multitude of conflicting findings, and shows how the correlation between crime and the environment is determined by interactive and complex factors, involving much variation at the level of spatial and temporal determination. The paper discusses how crime and environment are interwoven in a complex tapestry of factors interpreted by the criminal, such as nodes, paths, edges, and the environmental backcloth of the situation - of which the criminal himself is an integral part.

From the Paper
"Crime and the physical environment, criminologists and researchers state, are two closely related concepts. However the exact nature of the relationship between crime and the environment has come under much debate. Though studies reveal a multitude of conflicting findings, it appears that the correlation between crime and the environment is determined by interactive and complex factors, involving much variation at the level of spatial and temporal determination. Crime and environment are interwoven in a complex tapestry of factors interpreted by the criminal, such as nodes, paths, edges, and the environmental backcloth of the situation - of..."

Tags:crime, environment, brantingham

Abstract
This paper reviews historical and more recent and developed theories about the influence of the environment on criminal behaviour.

Tags:crime, environment, theory

Abstract
Since the colonial era Victoria has been the capital of British Columbia. It is located on the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island. This discussion outlines the physical geography of this region including its physical geography, geomorphology, soils, climate and vegetation. Additionally, the role of tectonic activity in the area is explored.

Tags:victoria, bc, geomorphology

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that crime and the physical environment, as criminologists and researchers state, are two closely related concepts. The writer then notes that the exact nature of the relationship between crime and the environment has, however, come under much debate. The writer discusses that, though studies reveal a multitude of conflicting findings, it appears that the correlation between crime and the environment is determined by interactive and complex factors, involving much variation at the level of spatial and temporal determination. The writer maintains that crime and environment are interwoven in a complex tapestry of factors interpreted by the criminal, such as nodes, paths, edges, and the environmental backcloth of the situation - of which the criminal himself is an integral part.

Outline:
Introduction
Crime & The Environment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The researchers believe that crime should be investigated as a broad range of behaviour which comes from individual incentives. The environment works primarily in that it makes the offender feel comfortable about committing the crime. An individual may feel that an environment is suitable for crime based on physical factors such as the type of neighbourhood, the crime site's exact location, the crime's surrounding street layout and other factors that are social, psychological and physical. These latter factors include the location's sense of territoriality, the socioeconomic status of the criminal and crime area inhabitants, the readiness of the criminal, triggers, the criminal's routine behaviour and familiarity with a crime area, awareness and activity space, opportunity, layout of the city and streets, potential suitable targets, surveillability of the crime area, the building construction within crime areas and edges and nodes defining the crime area."
"People have been long aware of the effect the environment has upon criminal behaviour. In fact, historically crime was viewed as very environment-based and solutions to crime were based on environmental changes."

Tags:environment, behaviour, criminologists, offender, individual

Abstract
|This paper describes how we are living in the new age of cyberspace. According to the paper, wherever we go, we pass through networks of cyber-communications. These include cell phones, digital messaging, Blackberries communicating remotely with the internet, emails, online shopping, electronic libraries and internet dating. The paper further points out that our lives have moved from an exclusively physical environment to a predominantly cyber environment, which exists almost wherever we go.

From the Paper
"We are living in the new age of cyberspace. Wherever we go, we pass through networks of cyber-communications - cell phones, digital messaging, Blackberries and cell phones communicating remotely with the internet, emails, online shopping, electronic libraries, internet dating, etc. Our lives have moved from an exclusively physical environment to a predominantly cyber environment, which exists almost wherever we go. As Dyson et al. (1994) put it: "More ecosystem than machine, cyberspace is a bioelectronic environment that is literally universal: It exists everywhere there are telephone wires, coaxial cables, fiber-optic lines or..."

Tags:science, technology, manifesto

Abstract
This paper analyzes whether opening a business in Iran is a viable option for a business. It examines various factors to determine whether this is a solid risk, which include the economic, political, cultural environment of the nation. According to the paper, the stability or instability of a country will have a direct impact on businesses operating there. Each factor is evaluated at length, which are included in the recommendations. The paper concludes by stating that opening a business in Iran at this moment is not a justified investment. The economy is unstable, the state is too much involved in the economic sector, and the economic policies are too strict. Additionally, the gap between Western and Iranain culture is quite large and could also hinder business between the two nations.

Outline:

Introduction
Factors of influence
Analysis of the factors of influence
Recommendations
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Aside from establishing order in the region, Reza Shah was planning on building a modern Iran, by developing large-scale industries, developing infrastructure through ambitious projects, establishing a railroad system designed to traverse the entire country, implementing a modern national education system. His plans also regarded the modernization of the judiciary and the health care system. In his opinion, these plans could be implemented by establishing a centralized government managed by individuals with modern views."

Tags:Islamic world, Pahlavi Dynasty, contemporary Iran

Abstract
The paper discusses the conflict that has been brewing between the United States and Iran, which has revolved ostensibly around Iran's possible violations of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The paper shows that the conflict between Iran and the U.S. has been evident in the international policies of both nations. Iran has engaged in a series of political and economic actions that are directed squarely at undermining the U.S.'s international authority. The U.S., in turn, has tried to rally international support, largely through the United Nations Security Council, to control Iran's actions.

Tags:iran, u.s., nuclear