A research proposal to validate an effective mechanism for linking accountability and corporate responsibility for the protection of the physicalenvironment through typical business processes.
Abstract This paper investigates the feasibility of incorporating the concept of sustainable development into commercial bank business lending decisions. It discusses how this approach, if feasible, will provide a mechanism that will link effectively accountability and corporate social responsibility toward the physicalenvironment through a relatively routine, but nevertheless crucial, business process. The mechanism proposed and investigated involves corporate managers, commercial bank lending officers and financial accountants and is based in both financial accounting and accounting for sustainable development (ASD).
It assesses the feasibility of integrating the concept of sustainable development generally and ASD more specifically into financial accounting analyzes used by commercial banks in the decision-making process for the extension of business loans.
Outline
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definition of Terms
Delimitations
Overview of the Study
Valuing Environmental Damage
Corporate Social Responsibility
Activity-Based Accounting and Management
Synthesis
From the Paper "The most typical approach to the protection of the environment is through the application of non-market activities by government. Several economists, however, suggest that market approaches would be more effective. Within the context of this suggestion, environmental damage is viewed as an externality. The typical approach to economic externalities is based upon two assumptions. First, the assumption is that externalities are harmful, and second, it is assumed that they are unidirectional. Based upon these assumptions, solutions to the problems thus created have tended to be one of the following three types: (1) require the entity creating the externality to pay damage to those injured by its existence; (2) tax the entity creating the externality by an amount equivalent to the damage caused; or (3) prohibit those activities in areas where harmful externalities would be created."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that crime and the physicalenvironment, as criminologists and researchers state, are two closely related concepts. The writer then notes that the exact nature of the relationship between crime and the environment has, however, come under much debate. The writer discusses that, though studies reveal a multitude of conflicting findings, it appears that the correlation between crime and the environment is determined by interactive and complex factors, involving much variation at the level of spatial and temporal determination. The writer maintains that crime and environment are interwoven in a complex tapestry of factors interpreted by the criminal, such as nodes, paths, edges, and the environmental backcloth of the situation - of which the criminal himself is an integral part.
Outline:
Introduction
Crime & The Environment Conclusion
From the Paper "The researchers believe that crime should be investigated as a broad range of behaviour which comes from individual incentives. The environment works primarily in that it makes the offender feel comfortable about committing the crime. An individual may feel that an environment is suitable for crime based on physical factors such as the type of neighbourhood, the crime site's exact location, the crime's surrounding street layout and other factors that are social, psychological and physical. These latter factors include the location's sense of territoriality, the socioeconomic status of the criminal and crime area inhabitants, the readiness of the criminal, triggers, the criminal's routine behaviour and familiarity with a crime area, awareness and activity space, opportunity, layout of the city and streets, potential suitable targets, surveillability of the crime area, the building construction within crime areas and edges and nodes defining the crime area."
"People have been long aware of the effect the environment has upon criminal behaviour. In fact, historically crime was viewed as very environment-based and solutions to crime were based on environmental changes."
Abstract This paper explains that Iranian population continues to increase at a rapid rate because of the establishment of public health preventive services, which have significantly reduced maternal mortality and raised life expectancy at birth. The author points out that, as the population increases wildly, Iran fails to address its environmental crises and now faces deforestation and desertification of its arid areas, over-fishing of lakes and rivers, industrial and urban waste, continued destruction of wetlands and reservoirs and pollution of the Persian and Caspian Seas by spilling chemicals and oils into them. The paper states that Iran must phase out leaded gasoline, require its people to use catalytic converters, assume a serious long-term approach in environmental protection and focus their direction on developing gas fields and reducing dependence on oil, not only to reduce pollution but also to diversify and strengthen its economy.
From the Paper "Poisonous carbon emissions in Iran have steadily increased in the last two decades by 240% since 1980 or from 33.1 million metric tons in 1980 to 80.8 million metric tons in 2000. The uncontrollable growth of the population has clearly meant an increased and constantly increasing number of cars. The volume of automobile exhaust in Iran alone constitutes 1.3% of the world's total of carbon emissions. While Iran's carbon emissions are lower compared with those in the United States and other industrialized or developed countries, its rampant use of leaded gasoline and the volume of cars without catalytic converters account for the massive levels of carbon monoxide in Iran's urban areas."
An analysis of the international conflict between Iran and the U.S., focussing on Iran's nuclear proliferation and the ideological differences between the two nations.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, 2005, $ 35.95
Abstract The paper discusses the conflict that has been brewing between the United States and Iran, which has revolved ostensibly around Iran's possible violations of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The paper shows that the conflict between Iran and the U.S. has been evident in the international policies of both nations. Iran has engaged in a series of political and economic actions that are directed squarely at undermining the U.S.'s international authority. The U.S., in turn, has tried to rally international support, largely through the United Nations Security Council, to control Iran's actions.
Abstract This paper discusses ADD in general, offering a background understanding and explanation on diagnosis of the disorder. It continues to describe how to set up a proper learning environment with regards to physical education and children with ADD. Lastly the author offers an observation of three children with ADD within their learning environment. Also included is an extensive list of suggested reading material on the topic.
Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Establishing the Proper Learning Environment A Short Observation of Three ADD Children In Terms of Their Physical Education Experiences
Bibliography
Suggested Reading
From the Paper "Because children with ADD do not handle changes well, competitive team sports may be very distressful for them, as team sports are a study in physical changes and disruptions. Studies have shown that ADD children do better with sports where they compete against their own best scores. For boys this might include weight lifting, gymnastics and track and field rather than football, baseball or basketball. For girls, aerobics, gymnastics, dance and track and field would be better than soccer or softball."
Tags: school, environment, student, teacher, sport
Abstract The writer of this paper details the basic principles of democracy, which originated with the process of Enlightenment. This paper focuses on the current Iranian government and the authoritarian leadership which require their supporters to blindly obey them. This writer contends and explains that the movement to freedom and democracy in Iran necessitates drifting away from this blind obedience. To promote freedom and democracy in Iran, several pre-conditions are required, including the separation of religion and state. This paper details the numerous obstacles standing in the way, including the fact that Iran is sandwiched between the two sub-regions of the Persian Gulf and Central/Northwest Asia, which accounts for the negative impact on Iran's political climate.
From the Paper "The liberal democracy indicates to a system that signifies voting by people for free elections to fill the top administrative ranks in legislative and executive branches, while the rights of those holding a minority perspective is safeguarded. Mores, ethos and other values among the population are quite prevalent for enduring democracy and freedom. In some cases the democratic set up has been established but the democratic system failed to establish itself. One of the element which functions as a basis for the rise and consolidation of democracy is the link between the people and the leadership which can be perceived in two respects of absolutism and pluralism. The absolutist concept is associated with the blind adherence to the related utilization of force to suppress those who disagree."
Tags:iran, middle, east, political, government, international, islam, religion, state
Abstract This paper is a review of five readings. The general topic of the readings is fundamentalism and modernity in Iran and this paper discusses these issues. The paper also discusses change in Iran and how it came to be, as well as the effect of this change to the running of Iran.
From the Paper "Islam and Modernity in Iran The readings for this week were Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution, Fundamentalism or Populism and Perceptions of Private Property, The Ideological Preconditions for Khomeini's Doctrine of Government and Iran: Change in Islam; Islam and Change. The common theme in all of these readings is fundamentalism and modernity. This means that there are number of questions relating to what fundamentalism means and what modernity means. For example, is there such a thing as modern Islam? Or does becoming modern necessarily involve following the development path of the Western world? One interesting aspect of these readings is that they have difficultly in defining fundamentalism."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of divorce in Iran. It shows that the policies and laws that pertain to divorce and many other laws as well in Iran are sexist and that they treat women as second class citizens. The framework that makes this possible can be found in the patriarchal society of Iran that is supported and reinforced by religion. The author uses the radical feminists view to argue her theory.
From the Paper "This paper will examine the issue of divorce in Iran. It will show that the policies and laws that pertain to divorce (and many other laws as well) in Iran are sexist and that they treat women as second-class citizens. The framework that makes this possible can be found in the patriarchal society of Iran that is supported and reinforced by religion. I will use the radical feminists view to argue my theory. In Iran, women are seen as primarily worth less then men and their roles are confined to that of home care and childbearing. Iranian laws treat women and men differently, which results in severe discrimination against women. Traditional 'family values' prevail in"
Abstract The Iran Contra scandal is one of the greatest scandals in US government in recent memory. It was certainly the biggest foreign policy scandal during the 1980s. It involved at its heart two secret operations conducted by the executive branch of the United States government. The Reagan administration facilitated the sale of military equipment to Iran an enemy of the United States and considered a nation that sponsored terrorism. With the money from that sale a second operation was funded: Military aid was provided to the contra rebels in Nicaragua, aid that Congress had previously banned. This paper details the events surrounding the Iran-Contra scandal that took place during former President Reagan's term in office. The paper discusses why these actions were so scandalous and what it meant in terms of the US government's abuse of its power and its disregard for the Constitution. The paper contends that the scandal represents a major abuse of the constitutional authority afforded the executive branch of the US government, not to mention an affront to the checks and balances system that is supposed to keep each branch of government from amassing too much power.
Abstract The following paper compares and contrasts the policies, ideals and beliefs of Turkey and Iran by comparing the most prominent figures in each nations history - Iran's 'Khomeini' and Turkey's 'Ataturk'. By contrasting the ideals of these two figures we see many of the divergent characteristics of the two states coming to light.
From the Paper "Since the First World War, Iran and Turkey have been characterized by extremely different historical trends. Iranian history is marked by numerous revolutions, long periods of weak statehood, and since 1970, an anti-Western government of religious radicalism. In contrast, Turkeys History is characterized by peaceful transitions of political power, Relatively stable statehood, and since 1950, a government imbued with Western democratic ideals. These contrasts can be explained by two main factors. First, the two countries found themselves in very different situations as a result of their different nineteenth century approaches to modernization. Second, there are important differences in the religious and ethnic compositions of Iran and Turkey. Additionally, a comparison of the most prominent figures in each nations history -- Iran's Khomeini and Turkeys Ataturk -- illustrates many of the divergent characteristics of the two states."
Tags: ataturk, ayatollah, east, iran, khomeni, middle, persia, persian, shah, turk, turkey, war, world
Abstract The purpose of this study is to review some of the existing literature on the subject of democratization in Iran. The goal is not to draw any specific conclusions about this political process or its prospects for success or failure. These are questions that can be examined and answered elsewhere. Instead the paper examines what current theorists are saying about the possibility of democratization in Iran and points out some existing trends in the literature that will guide further research into this issue.
From the Paper "One of the most persistent discussions in the Western world, especially in political seats of power, in recent years has been the issue of Iran. Specifically, with Western and Islamic nations aligning themselves in direct conflict to one another, the possibility that Iran might develop nuclear weaponry is frightening for many Westerners. However, there is also increased discussion about the possibility of democratization in Iran. While this might seem a strange possibility given the general conception of Iran as an Islamic fundamentalist nation ruled with an authoritarian fist, the possibility is discussed seriously. Whereas recent U.S. efforts to democratize Iraq have been almost entirely imported, there is strong popular support for democratization in Iran. However, reconciling this popular demand with the authoritarian institutional structures in the nation is no easy task and should not be treated as such."
Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of the status of human rights in Israel and Iran, and the extent of which the two nations? human rights record is influenced by their political culture. It highlights the affect that different values and believes can have on civil liberties.
Tags: human, iran, islamic, israel, republic, rights, state
Abstract This paper examines the possible entrance of the Coca-Cola Company into Iran, looking at what problems it may have in entering this market, how it might be able to overcome these challenges, and what continuing challenges that it would face in this market.
From the Paper "We all know ? at least if we are old enough to have heard the jingle ? that Coke would like to teach the world to sing in perfect harmony. Except that this isn?t quite true. What the Coca-Cola Company would most like to do is to teach the world to drink Coke ? or one of its other wholly owned brands. The company has in fact proved to be remarkably hardy in the ever-more-globalizing economy. It's hard to travel anywhere in the world today and not see someone sipping a Diet Coke."
This paper discusses the history of the destruction of the physical environmental caused by war especially the problems of oil well fires in the Kuwait war and the pollution of groundwater in the Croatia War.
Abstract This paper explains that wars have always harmed the environment and killed or wounded non-combatants; however, modern technology has greatly increased the scope of violence by targeting industrial facilities such as oil fields, refineries and nuclear reactors thus creating unprecedented environmental and health impacts. The author points out that the threat to the environment has increased throughout history from the battle of Delium, 424 B.C., when the Athenians destroyed local vineyards and agricultural fields for a short-term military advantage, to the use of Agent Orange, a chemical with long-term danger, in the Vietnam War. The paper concludes that, because of long-lived contaminates such as dioxins and unexploded ordnance, society has reached a point in its war fighting capability where it must consider the consequences of developing and using these sophisticated weapons.
From the Paper "During WW II, the Soviets used scorched earth tactics on their own territory to deny Germany the resources it needed to continue its offensive. Rebuilding the industrial base would take longer and cleaning up contamination in those areas of Russia is, in many cases, just the beginning. In the Vietnam War, modern herbicides were used to destroy vegetation to deny the enemy concealment. The long-term effects of these herbicides are still unclear. Further, mass bombings of vegetated areas with napalm, forest fires, and bomb craters also threatened the habitat over large areas of the country. In the 1980s, Soviets destroyed crops and fields in Afghanistan to deny food to the Mujahadeen rebels."
Abstract The purposes and importance of a good education in the United States have moved far beyond the scope of public schools just a few years ago. Since discipline and effective classroom management are so vital to the education process, it is important for all teachers to have a good classroom management plan in place to help them meet the challenges represented by today's multicultural students with a wide range of learning abilities. To this end, this paper provides a classroom management plan than can be applied to a physical education (PE) setting, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper "According to C. M. Charles, in order for students to learn, there must be a learning environment that is conducive to the learning process to take place. Noting the paucity of relevant research in this area, Charles addresses new trends such as students and teachers working collaboratively and students taking more responsibility for their behavior. In his Chapter 15, ?Finalizing a Personal System of Discipline,? Charles suggests that it is reasonable to assume that most teachers want the same things from a system of discipline, including students who demonstrate positive attitudes, humane behavior, self-direction, initiative, strong effort to learn, and personal responsibility."
