Abstract This paper discusses phonologicalawareness. It looks at what phonologicalawareness is, how it is formed, and what to do if deficits are shown. The problems that occur when there are deficits in phonologicalawareness are also discussed and ideas for intervention are provided.
From the Paper "Since phonological awareness develops over time, children must be given adequate support to enhance the skill that they are learning at a given time. This is not to say that children can only gain knowledge of one aspect of phonological awareness at a time, but only that skills should be fostered as they develop instead of just pushing the child immediately on to the next skill. Phonological awareness should not be expected to adhere to a strict stage theory of development; "children refine phonological awareness skills they have acquired while they are learning new phonological skills" (Anthony & Francis, 2005, p. 256)."
Abstract This paper discusses the effects on children's developmental progress when they are given systematic explicit instruction in phonemic awareness. It discusses the ways in which phonologicalawareness and phonemic awareness, including how to teach and assess them, has made an extremely valuable contribution to understanding how to teach reading to all children, including children with learning disabilities or delays in early reading.
From the Paper "Other findings reveal that opportunities to play with language result in the development of phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001). In one 1987 study, young children who were knowledgeable about nursery rhymes and who had opportunities to manipulate sound in language also had well-developed phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001). Nursery rhymes are a natural way to expose children to words that sound the same, and research suggests that by learning rhymes, poems, and jingles, children develop awareness of sounds in words (Wasik 2001). Therefore, natural play with language can encourage children to attend to the sounds that words make (Wasik 2001). Research demonstrates that teaching phonemic awareness to 1st and 2nd graders who have had difficulty reading resulted in significant improvements in their ability to read and spell words, thus it is important for adult to create opportunities for children to learn phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001)."
Abstract This study attempts to discern whether a qualitative or quantitative approach to research methodology is appropriate for examining PALS. PALS measures young children's knowledge of important literacy fundamentals, including phonologicalawareness, alphabet knowledge, knowledge of letter sounds, spelling concept of word, word recognition in isolation, and oral passage reading.
Outline
Literature Review: Introduction to Research Methodology
History of Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Education and Literacy
Quantitative Methods
Research in Education
Analysis
Conclusions
From the Paper "In fact, there are many that might argue that a quantitative approach is preferable to a qualitative approach in all situations regardless of the phenomena being studied (Myburgh, Poggenpoel & Van Der Linde, 2001) because it lends itself to less 'subjective analysis.' However further exploration into the matter suggests that qualitative analysis is not subjective in nature and may in fact be the preferred method for research analysis into complex behavioral issues, particularly when the researcher is attempting to determine patterns in behavior and conduct (Myburgh, et. al, 2001).
That there is a great deal of 'opinion' surrounding the issue of both qualitative and quantitative research methodology cannot be argued. Thus research will be examined from both perspectives, qualitative and quantitative, in order to ascertain which methodology is best suited to provide detailed analysis of the PALS program, and in order to determine which methodology should be adopted by the researcher to provide adequate insight into the given phenomena that the researcher is attempting to explore. No conclusions will be made with regard to the legitimacy of either research approach until the final portion of this analysis, where a determination will be made as to whether a qualitative or quantitative approach is more appropriate in this particularly setting."
Abstract Explains how Intention Awareness can improve Situation Awareness to the point where subordinate military commanders can function in the absence of direct control by senior commanders without compromising the potential for mission accomplishment.
From the Paper intent detection using adaptive learning techniques a conceptual paper The increasing fluidity of situation in military operations may beexpected to continue as emerging technologies and new military doctrinesconverge in zones of confrontation An axiom accepted widely in militaryestablishments around the work is that operational plans are valid onlyuntil the first shot is fired Following that point dynamic command andcontrol replaces plans as commanders act to counter operations of the enemythat threaten attainment of the organizational mission In the conduct of hostile operations
Tags: Intention, Awareness, Situation, Awareness, Command, and, Control
Abstract Discusses general trends, individual variability in children's phonological development, PA as a precursor to literacy, both reading and writing, and the Reading Recovery Program.
From the Paper "Phonological Awareness: A Precursor to Literacy
Phonological awareness (PA) is defined by Cupples and Iacono (2000) as the ability to focus consciously on the sound structure of language. It is assessed in tasks that involve the manipulation of the ..."
Abstract This paper is an analysis of effective techniques for improving employee awareness regarding business information systems particularly with regard to security training. The paper evaluates a strategy for implementing a successful awareness program and identifies the level of awareness necessary in a business environment. In addition the researcher quantifies how business information systems benefit organizations, how they are linked to organizational systems and how employee awareness factors into organizational competency and ultimately organizational success.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Significance of Problem
Literature Review
Measuring Awareness In The Organization
Theoretical Perspectives Measuring Awareness Awareness Measuring Techniques
Managing Security As Part Of Efficient Awareness Measuring Awareness Vs. Measuring Knowledge
Business Information Systems and Employee Awareness Types of Training Necessary
Key Features of Awareness Program
Methods
Conclusions
From the Paper "Some refer to the process of measuring awareness as an information audit (Dobson, 2001). This audit determines where information comes from in an organization, where it goes, how it is used, who manages and shares it and who may process information (Dobson, 2001). An information awareness or audit should be customized to an organization and focus on "awareness, relevance, usability and unmet needs" with respect to business information systems (Dobson, 2001). An organization may also need to assess how information moves within the organization (Dobson, 2001)."
Abstract This paper is on the physical fitness awareness of selective women 2001-2002 year. There has been a growing awareness among women regarding physical fitness. As a result, a lot of physical fitness facilities have sprung up in the last few years. However, there are several determining factors that decide physical fitness awareness. This paper addresses the issue of physical activity within the context of age divisions, race and ethnicity.
Abstract This paper discusses the ideal of being able to develop awareness of the world around oneself. It goes into detail about the factors that make this awareness possible. It discusses a willingness to subject oneself to new ideals and release internal beliefs about what it means to be conscious or aware. It looks into the need to forgo one's reliance on factual information and instead come to recognize the symbolism apparent in every day activity. Finally, the paper explores how one's own perceptions are biased and often rely on factual or idealized versions of what is real, versus what is perhaps, unreal.
From the Paper "Nabokov (2000) interestingly asserts that "common sense" reveals that we exist and reminds us of our existence, but is only a "brief crack of light between two extremities of darkness." Like Keller he asserts that true consciousness does not arise from mere experiences or perceptions of experiences alone. The author suggests that the collective conscious is often directed by rigid rules of society, and one have but reach out and tap into their own self and identity to awaken their conscious and perhaps begin to capture a glimmer of true awakening. Inner knowledge comes from perception that is not tainted by memory but rather open to new revelations that should not result from reflexive acts but rather new experiences. This is much as Keller would suggest, that mankind could raise his awareness or conscious if only he stopped relying on the obvious and instead takes a moment to explore that which is not obvious or that which is unusual and new."
Abstract In this article, the writer points out that cases like those of Terri Shiavo and Robert Kenneth Durksen put the moral quandaries regarding comatose victims to the forefront of the public's mind. The writer notes that only by fully understanding the condition, and answering questions such as whether or not there is awareness in comatose patients, can the public make informed decisions, when sensitive situations occur. This paper provides an overview of the comatose condition, followed by a review of literature regarding awareness in comatose patients. The writer then presents conclusions drawn from this information, in hopes of shedding further light on such a delicate topic.
Outline:
Introduction
Comatose Overview
Literature Review Regarding Comas and Coma Awareness Analysis of Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper "The medical term comatose is derived from the Greek word koma, meaning a deep sleep. A comatose patient is in a deep state of unconsciousness that is characterized by the loss of reactivity to external stimuli and absence of spontaneous nervous activity, and cannot be awakened. Coma victims have usually experienced injury or disease of the cerebrum."
"The origin of the injury affects the different patterns of coma. Losses of consciousness for short durations may be caused by concussions, whereas the lack of oxygen, or anoxia, may lead to a coma that lasts for several weeks or is fatal. Sudden loss of consciousness in some patients may be caused by a stroke, which is a rupture or blockage of the vessels that supply blood to the brain."
Abstract The paper relates how the Yopp-Singer Test of Phonemic Segmentation was used on a kindergarten class and 30% of this group (6 students) were found lacking sufficient phonemic awareness skills. The paper describes how reading and phonemic exercises were helpful to these students in achieving pre-reading phonemic awareness skills. The paper concludes with the research on this topic. The Yopp-Singer Test of Phonemic Segmentation is included as an appendix to the paper.
Outline:
Statement of Problem: Phonemic Awareness Proof of Problem
Goal for Improvement
Implementation
Setting
Fact Finding Research
From the Paper "The concerns noted stem from both classroom experience and research. Early observation through informal means displayed that many of the students in this Kindergarten class lack phonemic awareness. To test this informal theory the Yopp-Singer Test of Phonemic Segmentation was used and results reflected that a full 30% of this group of kindergarten students are lacking sufficient phonemic awareness skills in order to perform phonemic segmentation and phonemic manipulation. These emergent students lack the skills needed to enter the independent reading stage. At this point in the academic year, all kindergarten students should be able to segment and manipulate phonemes in order to become independent readers."
This paper discusses adulthood and self-awareness while taking a universal journey through three different novels: Mark Twain's 'Huckleberry Finn', Jane Austen's 'Emma' and Chaim Potok's 'My Name is Asher Lev'.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the journey through childhood and adolescence to adulthood and self-awareness is a trek through time that remains the same across ethnic groups and generations. The writer points out that for this reason, the universal journey has been a frequent subject in literature, filling numerous novels with the universal truths of the individualism and realization that come with attaining self-awareness. The writer discusses that three diverse examples of the universal applicability of this journey and truth are Mark Twain's 'Huckleberry Finn', Jane Austen's 'Emma' and Chaim Potok's 'My Name is Asher Lev'. The writer discusses that through similar themes, rites of passage and the presence of foils, the authors of these three novels present similar journeys to self-awareness for three very different characters.
From the Paper "In addition to similar themes, such as the theme of character uniqueness, all three novels use the literary technique of rites of passage to suggest the universality of the journey to adulthood and self-awareness. Each of the three characters across novels is required to complete certain rites before they make the startling self-discovery that changes their perspective. For Huckleberry Finn, these rites of passages take the form of a journey down the river in which he must see a dead man, whom he later discovers is his father, encountering the king and the duke, and hiding Jim. Emma must encounter failure with her attempt to redesign Harriett in order to understand the importance of relationship and the inequality of classes; and Asher Lev must learn to balance the importance of art and religious rigidity. By successfully completing all of these rites of passage, characters in all three of the novels learn important facts about themselves and the world of adulthood, a fact that prepares them to enter that world completely self-aware. Like the journey to adulthood and self-awareness, the rites of passage that each must encounter on the way are universally applicable."
This paper examines whether or not the contents in St. Augustine's "Confessions," Dante's "Inferno" and Miguel de Cervantes' "Don Quixote," promote greater awareness of the human condition.
Abstract The writer of this paper details the manner in which all three authors used their particular texts to suggest or promote either change or greater awareness of human foibles and the human condition. This paper examines the contents of St. Augustine's novel, which is a work of self-revelation. Augustine's humility toward God is shown by his willingness to give God credit for everything in his own life, good, bad or neutral. Dante's medieval masterpiece is the story of a spiritual awakening. This paper examines Dante's elaborate metaphor of a spiritual journey through hell, which the author must traverse. The writer details Cervantes' need for human awareness, reflection and understanding of a different kind altogether, as expressed in his novel. This paper explores Quixote's often amusing, always perplexing and sometimes frightening flights between madness and sanity.
From the Paper "Miguel de Cervantes, in Don Quixote, suggests a need for human awareness, reflection, and understanding of a different kind altogether. In this novel, the aging Alonso Quijana grabs one final chance to pursue his long-cherished dream: that of not only thinking in the noble manner of a knight errant of bygone days, but being one as well. Don Quixote's often amusing, always perplexing, and sometimes frightening flights between madness and sanity remind us of our own illusions, yearnings, and fantasies live within up, but all too often are never expressed outwardly, making us saner, but also less happy and less interesting individuals. Yes, Don Quixote's end-of-life indulgence of his deeply-cherished illusions turns him into a dangerous man at times, yet when Don Quixote, no longer Alonso Quijana at all, is deepest within his world of fantasy, wholeheartedly chasing his dreams, he is also completely happy and fulfilled."
Abstract This paper proposes a program to the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality that involves euthanasia awareness among doctors in major hospitals in Oregon, the only state where euthanasia is legal. The project aims to raise awareness among doctors who care for terminally-ill patients, specifically, on the downsides and ethical considerations of euthanasia.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Project Details and Course of Action
Background and Significance
The Swedish Experience
Impacts of the legalization of Euthanasia on Physicians
Goals
From the Paper "In the United States, however, such an action is illegal, except in Oregon which passed physician-assisted suicide laws in 1997. Indeed, from 1994 to 2006, more than 75 bills have been passed, and shot down (Euthanasia and Physician..., undated). Even in Oregon, however, the deaths from euthanasia have been estimated at one for every 1,000, where only 171 deaths have been reported from 1998 to 2003 (Larson, 2004)."
"The terms euthanasia and assisted suicide are often interchanged, but they should not be confused because they are not the same thing Euthanasia involves a direct action that kills the patient, while assisted suicide requires a person provides the means or act to help a suicidal person kill himself. In recent discussions, however, these distinctions have been abandoned as more and more, euthanasia has been seen to equate physician-assisted suicide in practice."
Abstract This paper explains that phonemic awareness, which is one of the best predictors of a child's reading success, involves manipulating the sounds of spoken words. The paper also introduces the six skills of phonemic isolation, identity, categorization, blending, segmentation and deletion. In addition, the paper presents a detailed lesson to teach each of these six phonemic awareness skills to a class of pre-kindergarten aged children.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Independent Practice
Assessment
Phoneme Identity
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Independent Practice
Assessment
Phoneme Categorization
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Independent Practice
Assessment
Phoneme Blending
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Assessment
Phoneme Segmentation
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Independent Practice
Assessment
Phoneme Deletion
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Independent Practice
Assessment
Phoneme Identity with Phonics
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Assessment
Phoneme Segmentation with Phonics
Objectives and Goals
Materials
Anticipatory Set
Direct Instruction
Guided Practice
Independent Practice
Assessment
From the Paper "Read "My Name is Alice". Let the children know that there is a special reason why the characters in this book are specific places and sell specific things. Tell them that you want them to listen closely as you read the book and see if they can discover what the special reason is.
"Ask the children why they think the Alice was from Alaska and sold ants? The answer is because Alice, Alaska and ant all start with the /a/ sound. Go through several of the pages and call out three of the alliteration words on each page."
Tags: assessment, anticipatory set, direct instruction, guided practice, independent practice
Abstract This paper discusses whether or not Americans today are scientifically illiterate. The author makes comparisons to other countries, and discusses what a scientifically aware person should be able to understand.
From the Paper "The question about whether science education in America is adequate enough has been raised over the past few decades. People claim that they are scientifically aware and are quite capable of irrational thinking. On the other hand, surveys have been conducted to show that most people are, in fact, ?scientifically illiterate.? One would expect that if a nation truly was scientifically aware, than at least half the population would be able to correctly answer simple problems about the Earth and the elements within this planet. However, according to a new survey conducted by the National Science Foundation, ?only about 23 percent of those adults understand the nature of scientific inquiry well enough to make informed judgments about those science stories.?
Tags: literate, scientifically, awareness, education, science, knowledge, information, population, society
