Abstract
This paper discusses phonological awareness. It looks at what phonological awareness is, how it is formed, and what to do if deficits are shown. The problems that occur when there are deficits in phonological awareness are also discussed and ideas for intervention are provided.

From the Paper
"Since phonological awareness develops over time, children must be given adequate support to enhance the skill that they are learning at a given time. This is not to say that children can only gain knowledge of one aspect of phonological awareness at a time, but only that skills should be fostered as they develop instead of just pushing the child immediately on to the next skill. Phonological awareness should not be expected to adhere to a strict stage theory of development; "children refine phonological awareness skills they have acquired while they are learning new phonological skills" (Anthony & Francis, 2005, p. 256)."

Tags:phonemes, development, skills

Abstract
This paper examines phonological awareness and reading and discusses the goal of phonological awareness training. The paper specifically examines studies that demonstrate the benefits of phonological intervention through demonstrating the increased benefits of phonological training as effective educational intervention above and beyond intervention in learning comprehension and academic performance.

From the Paper
"The exact nature of the high quality childhood language acquisition experience lies in creating a more stable and resilient form of not only acquiring literary skills, but for learning and thinking in general, the entire spectrum of the cognitive process thereof. While adult cannot go back in time, the efficiency of language acquisition intervention has since proven valuable in adults. This only increases the rationale for applying early high quality language acquisition intervention to children as early learners, as it demonstrates that the systemized shortcomings or defaults in the existing standardized educational system approach can be ameliorated by cognitive learning intervention."

Tags:literacy, language, learning, cognition

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects on children's developmental progress when they are given systematic explicit instruction in phonemic awareness. It discusses the ways in which phonological awareness and phonemic awareness, including how to teach and assess them, has made an extremely valuable contribution to understanding how to teach reading to all children, including children with learning disabilities or delays in early reading.

From the Paper
"Other findings reveal that opportunities to play with language result in the development of phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001). In one 1987 study, young children who were knowledgeable about nursery rhymes and who had opportunities to manipulate sound in language also had well-developed phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001). Nursery rhymes are a natural way to expose children to words that sound the same, and research suggests that by learning rhymes, poems, and jingles, children develop awareness of sounds in words (Wasik 2001). Therefore, natural play with language can encourage children to attend to the sounds that words make (Wasik 2001). Research demonstrates that teaching phonemic awareness to 1st and 2nd graders who have had difficulty reading resulted in significant improvements in their ability to read and spell words, thus it is important for adult to create opportunities for children to learn phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001)."

Tags:rhyme, alliteration, speech

Abstract
Discusses general trends, individual variability in children's phonological development, PA as a precursor to literacy, both reading and writing, and the Reading Recovery Program.

From the Paper
"Phonological Awareness: A Precursor to Literacy
Phonological awareness (PA) is defined by Cupples and Iacono (2000) as the ability to focus consciously on the sound structure of language. It is assessed in tasks that involve the manipulation of the ..."

Abstract
This study attempts to discern whether a qualitative or quantitative approach to research methodology is appropriate for examining PALS. PALS measures young children's knowledge of important literacy fundamentals, including phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, knowledge of letter sounds, spelling concept of word, word recognition in isolation, and oral passage reading.

Outline
Literature Review: Introduction to Research Methodology
History of Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Education and Literacy
Quantitative Methods
Research in Education
Analysis
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In fact, there are many that might argue that a quantitative approach is preferable to a qualitative approach in all situations regardless of the phenomena being studied (Myburgh, Poggenpoel & Van Der Linde, 2001) because it lends itself to less 'subjective analysis.' However further exploration into the matter suggests that qualitative analysis is not subjective in nature and may in fact be the preferred method for research analysis into complex behavioral issues, particularly when the researcher is attempting to determine patterns in behavior and conduct (Myburgh, et. al, 2001).
That there is a great deal of 'opinion' surrounding the issue of both qualitative and quantitative research methodology cannot be argued. Thus research will be examined from both perspectives, qualitative and quantitative, in order to ascertain which methodology is best suited to provide detailed analysis of the PALS program, and in order to determine which methodology should be adopted by the researcher to provide adequate insight into the given phenomena that the researcher is attempting to explore. No conclusions will be made with regard to the legitimacy of either research approach until the final portion of this analysis, where a determination will be made as to whether a qualitative or quantitative approach is more appropriate in this particularly setting."

Tags:qualitative, quantitative, literacy

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of effective techniques for improving employee awareness regarding business information systems particularly with regard to security training. The paper evaluates a strategy for implementing a successful awareness program and identifies the level of awareness necessary in a business environment. In addition the researcher quantifies how business information systems benefit organizations, how they are linked to organizational systems and how employee awareness factors into organizational competency and ultimately organizational success.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Significance of Problem
Literature Review
Measuring Awareness In The Organization
Theoretical Perspectives Measuring Awareness
Awareness Measuring Techniques
Managing Security As Part Of Efficient Awareness
Measuring Awareness Vs. Measuring Knowledge
Business Information Systems and Employee Awareness
Types of Training Necessary
Key Features of Awareness Program
Methods
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Some refer to the process of measuring awareness as an information audit (Dobson, 2001). This audit determines where information comes from in an organization, where it goes, how it is used, who manages and shares it and who may process information (Dobson, 2001). An information awareness or audit should be customized to an organization and focus on "awareness, relevance, usability and unmet needs" with respect to business information systems (Dobson, 2001). An organization may also need to assess how information moves within the organization (Dobson, 2001)."

Tags:management, knowledge, organization, security

Abstract
This paper is on the physical fitness awareness of selective women 2001-2002 year. There has been a growing awareness among women regarding physical fitness. As a result, a lot of physical fitness facilities have sprung up in the last few years. However, there are several determining factors that decide physical fitness awareness. This paper addresses the issue of physical activity within the context of age divisions, race and ethnicity.

Abstract
The paper presents several methods to improve students' reading, such as encouraging as much reading as possible, training in fluency, stressing phonological awareness and applying comprehension strategies. The paper notes that strategies which combine more structured methods with comprehension strategies are often the most effective in solving reading problems.

From the Paper
"The ability to read fluently and effectively is an essential component of learning and student success. This applies to any and all subject areas. However there are many students who experience problems and functional impediments in the ability to read easily and fluently. The reason for these problems varies and can be linked to a wide array of criteria; from "...decoding words to problems retaining information..." ( Duke)."

Tags:comprehension, phonetics, accuracy, expression, brainstorming

Abstract
The paper discusses four aspects of learning English. The paper explains that many students today are from different nationalities and backgrounds, with different cultural ideas and English as a second language. The paper addresses the language and cultural boundaries that exist in many schools between teachers and students. The paper looks at the problem of dyslexia, a lack of phonological awareness and problems with syntax and/or semantics. The paper points out that it is important to teach children about figurative language and how to use it correctly; including metaphors, idioms and proverbs. The paper also talks about the use of conjunctions and independent and dependent clauses that are of importance in school-age learning.

From the Paper
"The diversity that is being seen more and more today in schools would be thought to be good, but it can actually be difficult for students. This is largely because most teachers in this country are white and speak English as their only language. In contrast to this, their students are from many different nationalities and backgrounds. They also have different cultural ideas and many speak English as a second language, and often not very well. There are more and more immigrants coming into this country today, and so there are many more children that must be taught. These children are getting an education, but there is some concern over whether they are really getting the high quality of education that they want and need because of language and cultural boundaries that still exist in many schools between teachers and students."

Tags:diversity, proverb, idiom, conjunction, syntax, dyslexia

Abstract
The paper researches current literature on the topic of shared book reading. The paper presents practical strategies and solutions, as it attempts to effectively address the reading issue in the context of a real classroom for preschool through sixth grade. The paper arrives at the conclusion that shared book reading does help children read, but notes that a child's confidence level, physical factors and other emotional factors could negate the advantages involved. The paper has a large amount of resource material appended to the paper.

Outline:
The Problem
Shared Book Reading
Learning to Read and Reading to Learn
A Dynamic Technique?
Conclusion
Real Classroom Concerns

From the Paper
"Shared book reading refers to the process, as well as to the situation of sitting down to share a book. Applicable to home or school settings, shared book reading denotes any period of time when a child or group of children sits down with a literate person (generally a parent, family member or teacher) to share the reading of a book or story. This scenario includes:
- Literate person reads to the child or group of children;
- Child/children take turns reading from the book or story with the adult;
- Child reads the book to the adult.
At one point in the past, the practice of joint storybook reading, as well as its effects on subsequent reading achievement was highly acclaimed. By 2000, however, tension in the field regarding this practice escalated and constituted a primary research for a decade. Questions regarding it genuine efficacy for later literacy achievement arose."

Tags:literacy, skills, words, vocabulary, listening, comprehension, phonological, awareness