Abstract This paper is a historical overview of American imperialism in the Philippines. Americans launched their campaign against Spanish rule in the Philippines and once the Spanish-American War ended, they accepted the sole ownership of the Philippines from Spain as part of its spoils, and began planning the country's annexation to the United States. This move caused a rebellion led by Philippine native warrior Aguinaldo. This paper describes the impact of this event both on American history as well as Philippino history.
From the Paper "Emilio Aguinaldo admired America and the ideals of freedom and justice for which she stood. Watching the efforts of the United States as it intervened between the country of Cuba and the oppression of its Spanish rule gave him hope for the future of his own country, the Philippines, which had also been ruled by Spain for the past three centuries. Aguinaldo, noted Filipino independence movement rebel and leader, called himself "the George Washington of the Philippines" and aided the Americans in any way possible as they launched their campaign against Spanish rule in the Philippines (Buschini http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/gift.
html). This allegiance turned to rebellion, however, once the Spanish-American War ended, for at its end the victorious Americans banished Aguinaldo from negotiations, accepted the sole ownership of the Philippines from Spain as part of its spoils, and began planning the country's annexation to the United States. Aguinaldo, as well as all other Filipino natives, was justified in his outrage and rebellion, for America had no valid political, moral or ethical right to take what was not hers. In attempting to claim ownership of this country that was desperately striving to follow the United States' footsteps in the pursuit of basic rights and freedoms, especially for reasons of economical as well as political gain, America muddied those hallowed footsteps with a season of imperialism that went against every truth she ever held to be self-evident."
Abstract This paper describes the war that existed in the Philippines after the Spain's defeat at the hands of the United States during the Spanish-American War. As a direct result of the war, the Philippines were given to the United States and the Filipino people who originally believed that they were fighting a war for freedom and independence against the Spanish begin to turn against American troops who they view as simply another occupying force. The first part of the paper gives a background to the Filipino insurgency and its main leader, General Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo's tactics of fighting a guerrilla war against American troops is examined, as well as the effectiveness of these attacks on shocking the American public back home. Feeling betrayed by America who promised the Filipino people freedom after the Spanish were defeated, Aguinaldo embarked on a series of deadly attacks on American soldiers in the Philippines. As a result, American troops responded with equal brutality in their reprisals with very little organized military command holding them back. Diaries are heavily cited in this section of the paper, giving primary sources that tell of how desperate the American soldiers were at the time and how they needed to racially dehumanize the enemy in order to commit such vicious acts of reprisal. The second part of the paper deals with how the American press responded to the war. Numerous newspaper articles and other criticisms of the war are given as examples, some written by the early 20th century's most prominent figures such as Mark Twain. The general point of this section is to show how deeply divided the American public was over the war in the Philippines and how many felt that it would lead to American involvement in other world affairs. A direct parallel is also drawn to the Iraq War in modernity. Finally, the paper ends with a detailed account of how individual soldiers from both sides viewed the conflict. The Filipinos clearly viewed the insurgency as a necessary action in order to preserve their promised independence, while many American soldiers were disgusted and frustrated with why they were in the country to begin with, and often responded violently towards the natives since they began to view them as subhuman. The psychology of warfare is briefly discussed, as soldiers often dehumanize the enemy as a means of justification of their own violent behavior. The end of the insurgency is also discussed, with American troops brutally putting down the rebellion and establishing a tight control over the entire area for decades.
From the Paper "On April 11th, 1898, the President of the United States William McKinley went to Congress and asked the elected body to declare war on Spain for their role in oppression overseas and to accommodate public opinion that was strongly anti-Spanish due to the sinking of the United States battleship Maine only a few months earlier that was blamed on Spanish agents. Congress eventually sanctioned the war, and the Spanish-American war commenced with several battles over Spanish colonies such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The war itself was over fairly quickly, as hostilities were ended only a few months after war was officially declared. The involvement in the former Spanish colonies clearly demonstrated that America had shifted to a strong imperialistic attitude when it came to the Western Hemisphere and indeed the world in general, and would be forced to endure all of the benefits and tribulations that came from being an imperialistic power."
Tags: aguinaldo, american, emilio, filipino, history, philippines, spanish, war, wars
Abstract This paper examines the conservation efforts for the endangered specie, the Philippine Eagle. The paper first describes the bird's appearance and its role in the ecosystem of the Philippines. The paper further explores the reasons for the population decline of the Philippine Eagle. The writer concludes by presenting recent attempts to increase the population of the Philippine Eagle both in captivity and the wild.
The paper includes a photograph of the bird.
From the Paper "The Philippine Eagle is one of the raptors in the diverse fauna of the Philippine archipelago. The scientific name is Pithecophaga jefferyi but locals call it "Haribon" or "Manaol." It belongs to Class Aves and Family Accipitridae like the kites, hawks and other eagles. It has 2 meters wing span of 2 meters and grows to mature size from 97.6 to 102.6 centimeters. It has been listed in the "critically endangered" list considering there are between 100 to 300 animals left. Tampo (2005) reports:..."
Abstract This paper considers the business climate in the Philippines and Malaysia, noting that Malaysia is a federation of smaller states found in the South China Sea and the Philippines is contiguous with the South China Sea and is a nation of islands accessible from the southern Pacific. The paper discusses how both areas were colonies before they were liberated and have since developed considerably from the state they were in at the time of liberation.
Abstract This paper considers the demographics and the opportunities and threats in Malaysia and the Philippines, pointing out that of the two, Malaysia is more advanced in terms of technology. The paper explains that this is partly because the country is more prosperous and has been part of the technology hub of Asia, while the Philippines has had more economic problems and has not developed the same infrastructure as has Malaysia.
From the Paper "The two countries under discussion are Malaysia and the Philippines and of the two, Malaysia is more advanced in terms of technology, in part because the country is more prosperous and has been part of the technology hub of Asia, while the Philippines has had more economic problems and has not developed the same infrastructure as has Malaysia. Both countries have had economic problems in recent year as a result of the downturn in the East Asian region, a downturn which included the failure of a number of high tech businesses in the region."
Abstract This paper explains that Philippine wedding ceremonies incorporate some Western traditions but the Filipinos feel strongly about their heritage and therefore incorporate much of their traditions into their wedding ceremonies and receptions. It expands on the focus of the Philippine wedding ceremony, which is too unite two souls as one using traditional, sacred acts. It also explores the purpose of the reception which is to use traditional culture and meld it into joyous celebratory behavior, such as dancing, to commemorate the joined life of the newlyweds.
From the Paper "Asian countries are known for their exceptionally beautiful, traditional, and culturally significant wedding celebrations. In the modern world many of the traditional customs of "Philippine Weddings" and receptions still hold significant weight, though some of these traditions have been adjusted over time. Traditionally, a Philippine groom would signal his engagement to his beloved by throwing a spear at her door-step, indicating to others that she was spoken for. Today, the typical wedding icon of the engagement ring has replaced this custom. When the couple has decided to marry, it is tradition for the groom and his parents to visit the bride's family and ask permission for the marriage, known as pamanhikan ("Weddings At Work"). At this time, wedding plans are drawn up, and the suitor often offers his services to the bride's family to gain their approval, known as paninilbihan ("Weddings At Work")."
Abstract After the United States' victory in the Spanish-American war, it purchased the Philippines from Spain for twenty million dollars. However, the U.S. neglected to acknowledge that the Philippines had grown very nationalistic during their bloody revolution with Spain. The paper shows that during that revolution and the Spanish-American wars, the United States and Philippines had joined as allies in the fight against Spain. After their victory and not looking to become the colony of yet another imperialistic nation, the Philippines directed their aggression at their new colonizer, the United States. The paper shows that the United States, intent on growing as both a new world power and imperialistic force, decided that they would retain the Philippines as a colony. The Philippines, intent on finally discovering their freedom, had different ideas, and set their focus on getting the United States, their forces and influence out of the Philippines. The paper explains that this competing set of goals and ideals led to the bloody conflict that would become known rhetorically as the "Philippine Insurrection".
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Conflict
Interpretation of War
American Freedom and Democracy
Bibliography
From the Paper "The battle of Tirad Pass, just months later, was further confirmation that in a traditional war, the United States superior technology and might was too much for Filipino forces. With American forces advancing on President Aguinaldo, twenty-four year old general Gregorio del Pilar led a specially trained sixty-man force to repel over five hundred American troops and propel his President to safety. The young general, fighting in territory that his men had constructed (with tunnels, trenches and barricades), volleyed fire at American forces inflicting numerous casualties. With such a tight and shallow entrance through Filipino forces, the American forces quickly abandoned a frontal assault. Instead, the American forces split, half flanking the opposition. The Americans, now surrounding del Pilar's forces, easily attacked and killed 52 of the 60 soldiers under Pilar's command."
Abstract This paper explains that public administration, within the context of public sector governance, plays a key role in Philippine economic development. The author points out that major issues and factors vital to the attainment economic development of the Philippine are encompassed within the sphere of public administration and governance. This paper argues that crucial to better prospects for the Philippine economy are improvements in fiscal and administrative performance of public institutions and the public sector in general. The paper reviews some key macroeconomic issues affecting economic growth in the Philippines and attempts to give some insights into perplexing questions as to why the Philippine economy remain sluggish.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Public Administration Reform for Economic Development: A Conceptual Framework
Review of Related Literature: Economic Development and Role of Public Administration
Institutions and Economic Development
The Public Sector in Economic Development
Information Market Failure
Spillovers
Sunk Investment
Social Impacts
Political Pressure
Aspects of Public Finance and Growth
On Public Administration Reform and Economic Development
Fiscal Administration
Bureaucratic Efficiency and Innovation
Transparency and Accountability
Rule of Law and Judicial Reforms
Review of the Philippine Situation: Administration
of Economic Development
On Fiscal Administration
On Bureaucratic Efficiency and Innovation: Rationalization Program of Government
On Transparency and Accountability
On Rule of Law and Judicial Reforms
Implications to Prospects for Economic Development
Conclusion
From the Paper "Efforts on mainstreaming transparency and accountability principles practices in government operations and anti-corruption measures still remain such a formidable challenge and progress have been lacking. This is very important area for reform since it has been found out that perceptions of corruption and weakness in government to maintain and promote the rule of law has far-reaching negative economic implications. Hence sincere effort has to start somewhere."
Tags: accountability transparency, reform levers, distribution externalities
Abstract This paper explains that both the Philippines and Thailand, which represent bright spots in a region of the world that has not always enjoyed economic prosperity, have solidly embraced the concepts of globalization, a free market economy and close ties with the United States. The author points out that the lion's share of the economic misery of the Asian monetary crisis went to those Asian nations, which had been enjoying record levels of growth just a few months before; Thailand was more severely affected than the Philippines. The paper reviews several economic factors, such as the comparative soundness of banks in the Philippines and Thailand, that might have influenced this situation. Many comparative graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Overview
Economic Indicators: The Philippines versus Thailand
Philippines Thailand
Comparison of Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on the "Asian Tigers."
Average Annual GDP Growth
Soundness of Banks
Total Expenditure for R&D as % of GNP
Administrative Burden for Start-Ups
Adult Literacy Rate
Average Years of Schooling
Flexibility of People to Adapt to New Challenges
Professional and Technical Workers as % of the Labor Force
University Education Meets the Needs of a Competitive Economy
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Asian financial crisis of the 1990s represented one of the last major economic challenges to the processes of globalization that had started several years before; in fact, Y. C. Jao (2001) points out that from an international perspective, the Asian financial crisis was "the most serious regional financial crisis since the European monetary crisis of 1992-93 and the Mexican peso crisis of 1994-95. However, for the Asian region alone, the Asian financial crisis is the most devastating economic and financial catastrophe since the Korean War of 1950-53" (p. 3). According to Arthur Grimes (1998), the Asian financial crisis began in earnest in July 1997 as a result of the depreciation of the Thai baht; by the end of 1997 the crisis had spread to virtually all Asian economies (with the exceptions noted below)."
Tags: catastrophe, globalization, recovery, gnp, gdp
Abstract An 8-page paper on the U.S. involvement in the Philippines during William McKinley's term of office. A brief history of the Philippine-American War will be introduced, followed by a detailed sketch of the U.S. decision to annex the islands, racial attitudes towards the islands and attempts to set up a government on the islands. Other items of discussion will include why the U.S. was interested in the islands, what happened during the counter insurgency on the islands and the outcome, and what the U.S. finally did to give the Philippines their independence. The overall effect the Philippines had on the United States as a nation, will be explored.
Abstract This paper explains that the American colonization of the Philippines gave the U.S. an Asian territory of military and social importance, similar to the imperialistic tradition of major European countries. The author points out that the acquisition of the Philippines was met with strong opposition by Filipinos charging the U.S. of imperialism; but the considerable value it brought to Philippine politics, the economy, and the social welfare of its people have, in some ways, justified the U.S. struggle for possession. Today, Filipino's have successful educational, communication, transportation, agricultural, and political systems and actively engage in the Asian markets; the U.S. presence, whether altruistic or imperialistic, did have a positive impact on the overall welfare of the Philippine nation.
From the Paper "The treaty went before the U.S. Senate for annexation, but met with opposition from factors opposed to imperialism of the Philippines. The opposition, which included former President Grover Cleveland and writer Mark Twain, reasoned that the annexation was inconsistent with the Teller Amendment, which opposed the annexation of Cuba and other Spanish colonies. Also, it was discussed that the Filipino resistance to an American presence demonstrated an act of imperialism on the part of the U.S. in forcing rule. Those who favored the annexation of the Philippines saw the opportunity as a means to bring Christianity to the Filipinos, prevent Germany's annexation of the colony, and provide a stronghold for the U.S. in the Asian markets."
This study provides an applied anthropological analysis of family planning in the Philippines while assessing the role gender inequities play in family planning preferences.
Abstract In this article, the writer of the paper explores planned parenting in the Philippines as it relates to gender equality rights and cultural preferences, using an anthropological perspective and analysis. The paper begins by outlining the evolution of family planning perceptions in the Philippines through recent history and defines how previous perceptions have influenced male and female responsibilities regarding planned parenting. The paper explores this subject using an applied anthropology approach, investigating human behavior and the applications it has to contemporary issues, in this case planned parenting. This approach offers a view of human behavior in the Philippines grounded in cultural exploration and actions resulting from such cultural investigation.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background to Study
Evolution of Family Planning Perceptions in the Philippines Overview 1990s and Beyond
Perceptions of Male-Female Responsibilities
Analysis and Conclusions
From the Paper "The results of the study suggest that historically family planning in the Philippines has been widely ignored despite increasing interest among women to limit the number of children they have.
"While recent initiatives have encouraged more emphasis on modern contraceptive use and methods of pregnancy prevention, recent decentralization of political policy has lead to little motivation for women to seek family planning alternatives and often resorting to abortion as a method of pregnancy prevention. Women seem to be the primary decision-makers when it comes to family planning, although in many cases husbands seem to object based on prenatal beliefs or concerns about the costs associated with family planning. This study also shows that healthcare providers consist largely of women in the Philippines with the exception of doctors, and most of these women often encourage women to engage in safe family planning practice. "
Tags: contraceptive, abortion, children, birth, control
An analysis of American author, Stanley Karnow's theory that America used the Philippines as a colonial bastion against political ideologies it disliked, such as communism.
Abstract The paper discusses ideas put forth by Stanley Karnow, in his book "In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines" that America attempted to make over the Philippines into a nation in America's image, in political, economic and religious terms. The paper shows that because this remanufacture of imaging was done on an unequal basis, with the Philippines assumed to be inferior child to the parental and patriarchal re-manufacturing nature of America, the relationship between the two nations, in Karnow's envisioning, was almost doomed to be exploitative.
From the Paper Karnow is particularly harsh on the United States in describing the way the Reagan administration propped up the Marcoses. The administration's justification for doing this was anti-communism, that Marcos was an anti-Communist in a world beset by an evil empire. However, Karnow does not exculpate this Philippine president from all blame, even though he is merciless when discussing Reagan's initial refusal to help return Marcos from exile after his loss to Nicky Aquino in the first fair presidential elections in the land. Karnow admits President Aquino's later eroding popularity and its impact on the Philippines.
Abstract American notions of race and civilization greatly influenced U.S. support for the Philippine-American War that took place from February 1899 to July 1902. The paper shows that many historians argue that Americans supported the Philippine-American war out of a genuine desire to civilize the inferior Filipino race. However, years of isolationist foreign policies coupled with the threat of growing European powers had created widespread anxieties among Americans in the 1890s. The paper argues, therefore, that the the Philippine-American War actually served as an outlet for American anxieties about U.S. international power by allowing Americans to reaffirm their racial superiority.
From the Paper "America could have easily maintained trade with the islands, but chose instead to seek the annexation of Philippines, which cost America many lives and opened up American economy to foreign financers. Nevertheless, support for the annexation of the Philippines was widespread. Rather than considering more peaceful alternatives to the war, many Americans supported the attempt to emulate the "policy of expansions which [had] been pursued in England" in order to achieve an even greater amount of international power than their European allies.
Americans were also able to calm their insecurities, which had fostered avid support of the war, by proclaiming that the U.S. had a divine responsibility to tame the barbarian Filipinos. Americans asserted their racial greatness by complaining of the white man's burden as a divine nation to ?uplift and civilize and Christianize the Filipinos.?"
Tags: Theodore, Roosevelt, William, McKinley, Far, East
Abstract This paper discusses the impact of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) policies on the local economy of the Philippines. It discusses whether the WTO has made local agriculture and industry stable in the Philippines and made the economy globally competitive vis-a-vis its competitors abroad. The paper concludes with the lessons to be learned from the failure of the Philippine involvement in the WTO.
From the Paper "The entry of the Philippines to the World Trade Organization through the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade during the mid-1990s promised more investments and capital equipment in the country to generate employment and a wider consumer base to access the market due to the lowering of prices of imported goods through tariff reduction. President Ramos, together with the GATT's main sponsor in the Senate, then Senator Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo hailed the entry to the WTO as a concrete step in ensuring the place of the Philippines in the roster of emerging tiger economies on the road to being a Newly Industrialized Country in the medium-term."
Tags: agriculture, industrialization, international
