Abstract
The paper discusses the architecture of two ancient civilizations, the Persians and the Greeks. The paper examines the architecture of Pasargadae, the metropolis that became a dynastic symbol of power and reverence following the establishment of the great complex at Persepolis during the reign of Darius I between 521 and 486 B.C.E. The paper explores how the architectural styles of the Achaemenid period are comparable to those found in ancient Greece, especially during the Classical period. The paper details the structure of the Parthenon.

From the Paper
"Architecturally, the buildings of Pasargadae were constructed at varying distances from each other with the major palaces built in a huge walled complex irrigated by water channels. The main palace of Cyrus could be entered through a monumental gateway with carvings of winged bulls on either side. Within this compound, two rectangular structures with columned porches and an immense internal area filled with more columns could be found, all composed of black and white limestone (Pope, 1965, 85). The reliefs which have remained suggests that the figures represented the apotropaic monsters of Assyrian origin; others included the heads of lions, horses and goats. Overall, the mud-brick walls were painted, possibly with diagonal stripes and spirals or red, blue and white."

Tags:tomb, Prison, of, Solomon, Xerxes, Assyrian, Throne, Hall, Babylonian

Abstract
This paper examines the controversy that exists over the "Elgin Marbles", which were originally part of the Greek Parthenon's frieze, that were taken by Lord Elgin of England in the late 18th century. The paper takes the position that the statues and other artifacts which currently are housed in English museums, are the rightful property of the Greek people and should be returned to Greece. The paper is divided into several sections. The first gives a history of the Elgin Marbles and how they came into possession of the English in the first place. A brief history of the Parthenon is also given in this section, with a detailed examination of the architecture and the ancient politics that surrounded its construction. The paper then spans the history of the Parthenon up until the 18th century, including the building losing its roof and several architectural designs due to the Ottoman Turks using it as an armory during their control of Greece. The paper discusses how British archaeologists claimed the pieces in the 1800s, fearful that the Greeks could not maintain such classical pieces of work. The paper ends with a section discussing the latest improvements that are underway in Greece to house the "Elgin Marbles" if an international agreement can be reached that will send the pieces of the Parthenon back to Athens. The concept of Greek pride and honor in their ancient ancestry is discussed and how originally, when Greece was unable to maintain such pieces, the idea to keep them in England was the correct decision to be made.

From the Paper
"The mere thought of The Parthenon evokes an image of dignity and pride for not only the current Greek citizens who look upon their ancient ancestors with honor, but for the entirety of Western civilization who view The Parthenon as a representation of the greatness that can be achieved by Western culture. Using this Western concept of pride as a basis, it is clear to see why the British government has its roots in claiming that the treasures of the Parthenon would be better served in a more upscale environment such as The British Museum rather then an unfinished Acropolis museum in Athens. Nevertheless, the removal of The Parthenon artifacts, which are known as The Elgin Marbles since the works of art were "purchased" by the English noble Lord Thomas Bruce of Elgin in 1801, was in essence an infraction upon the Greek populace's right to their ancestors' culture. In large part due to the importance of The Parthenon and the culture that it represents to Greece, the rightful place of the Elgin Marbles is in Athens where the pieces of architecture were always intended to remain when they were completed. "

Tags:architecture, art, lord, pericles, persian, wars

Abstract
The paper explains that the primary patron of the temple was Pericles, the great leader of the Greek people who inevitably sought to dissolve the democracy of the Delian league. The paper discusses how although he was historically thought to be tyrannical, Pericles had his best wishes for the expansion of the Greek empire in mind when he had the temple built. The paper explains that his primary concern was to realize a temple that would be greater than the Parthenon that had stood before, reinforcing his own culture's triumphs over the Persians that had destroyed it.

Tags:architecture, study, greek

Abstract
This paper explains that architecture is more than the design of buildings because it incorporates the thought of the person building the structure; the architecture of Egyptian and Greek temples differs in function, structure, and symbolism. The author points out that Egyptian temple architecture is much larger than the Greeks because the geographical location was abundant with resources and building materials, such as limestone, and the Egyptians maintained a highly organized society capable of carrying out such large constructions. The paper explains that another main difference between the Egyptian and the Greek temples is that architects, not priests, directed the design of the Greek temple, which distinguished the Greek temples from those of the Egyptians because they made conscious choices in design for aesthetic reasons, not just function.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Architectural Structure
Function
Architectural Art and Symbolism

From the Paper
"The earliest Greek temples were small and gradually became larger and grander. The first temples were similar to small huts and were long and narrow. These early temples were about 25 by 18 feet and were built using stone and unbaked mud brick. As the wealth of the Greek people grew and the geographical locations became more abundant with resources, temples began to take a much more sophisticated style. "There was a compelling need, given the dominant role of the gods in society, to pay at least some benefits thus received to them.""

Tags:ionic, doric, location, society, funeral

Abstract
This paper examines how the three great civilizations of Persia, Greece and Rome relied heavily on the strength and success of their armies. It looks at how each nation, during its time of reign, trained and equipped their armies to better their chances on the battlefield. It discusses how the Persians with their vast numbers of troops armed with bows and sword and how he Greeks and Romans with their superior weapons and war strategies, earned the reputation of the most feared and respected armies in the known world.

From the Paper
"A large portion of the foundations of any successful army relied upon the type of weapons each soldier was armed with and how effective the arms were against the enemy. It did not take long for an army equipped with the best weaponry and siege weapons to completely slay an entire opposition that was armed with mere sticks and clubs. During their reign of power, the Romans had over time devised new weaponry technology, which continued to make their weapons ever increasingly more effective killing machines in battles. Each legionary was equipped with a spear amongst their other surplies and tools."

Tags:advantages, battles, civilisations, history, others, over, stratergies, time, weapons

Abstract
The following paper will describe the startling similarities - and a few differences - between the architectural features of the National Archives in Washington, DC, and the Corinthian tradition of Ancient Greece. Specifically, the paper emphasizes the slender, fluted columns or shafts of the Archives as well as the ornate, leafed capitals at the top of each of those shafts. Other commonalities between the Archives and the Corinthian tradition - and some differences - are also featured in the paper.

From the Paper
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Tags:greece, architecture, corinthian

Abstract
The paper provides a comparison between the Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon that reveals the classical influence of Athenian architecture on the Romans. The paper shows how the primary architecture of the Parthenon reveals a wide variety of religious and civic functions, which were very similar to those of the Roman Pantheon. The paper explains that although the Greeks were thought to have used the Parthenon as a treasury, the primary function of these buildings was to create a cultural epicenter for religion, as well as a democratic location for civil engagements.

Tags:rome, style, construction

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Greek architecture has long been identified with the creation of the three classic architectural orders, the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The writer points out that Greek temples were not directly linked to the orders but show basic features that are much alike. The writer then discusses that Roman architecture reflects a way of public and private life, borrowing elements from the Greeks and the Etruscans. The writer concludes that Greek architecture is more limited in scope and adheres more closely to ideas of unity and symmetry, more like chamber music. The writer maintains that Roman architecture is more expansive and more inclusive, balancing different elements in the manner of the symphony.

From the Paper
"The Greeks studied proportions to secure a general harmony in the relative massiveness or slenderness of all the parts as well as a mathematical relation between their dimensions. This process could be likened to that involved in chamber music, where harmony among the elements is controllable with the limited number of instruments and the unity of musical elements."
"R.W. Livingstone cites some of the differences between the Greek and Roman approaches to architecture in terms of the Greek dedication to the architectural order as the vocabulary of Greek architecture, stating ... "

Tags:unity, symmetry, space, architects

Abstract
The paper describes the materials that were used to build a Mesopotamian house, the palaces in early Mesopotamia and the Ziggurats that were massive stepped cult platforms that were found in certain Mesopotamian sanctuaries. The paper then looks at Greek architecture and describes how it often followed a highly structured system of proportions that related to the individual architectural components to the entire building. The paper looks at the building materials used by a Greek architect and highlights what Mesopotamia and the Greek city architecture have in common.

From the Paper
"The materials that were used to build a Mesopotamian house were the same as those that might be used today: mud brick, mud plaster and wooden doors, which were all naturally available around the city. Most houses contained a square center room with other rooms attached to it, but a great variation in the size and materials used to build the houses suggest they were built by the residents themselves. The smallest rooms did not necessarily belong to the poorest people. It was noted in fact the poorest people often built houses out of perishable materials such as reeds on the outside of the city.
"The palaces in early Mesopotamian were large scale complexes, and were often generously decorated. These palaces often functioned as large scale socio-economic institutions. Meaning that along with residential and private functions, they housed craftsmen workshops, food storehouses, ceremonial courtyards, and were often associated with shrines. Assyrian palaces of the Iron Age have become famous because of the pictorial and textual narratives that were on their walls. These pictorials either included cultic scenes or a narrative account of the kings' military and civic accomplishments. Gates and important passageways were often edged with massive stone sculpture of mythological figures. The architectural planning of these Iron Age palaces was also planned around large and small courtyards. There is also a lot of evidence that suggests that bronze repousse bands decorated the wooden gates."

Tags:palaces, Ziggurats, natural, marble, stone, columns

Abstract
The paper relates that around the 9th century, Athens began to emerge as a Greek city state although it was a poor city, built on undesirable land. It became the city of the world's first democracy, and produced fine art and architecture in unprecedented numbers, and became the center of philosophy and literature. The paper describes the Delian League, which was a confederacy of cities designed to protect themselves from Persian attack. The paper explains that the Delian League began as an ancient version of NATO and matured into the Athenian Empire. After some thirty years of war, however, the Athenian Empire was defeated and although it founded a second empire, Athens would never recover the full extent of her power.

From the Paper
"In the beginning, the Delian League was a rather loose coalition of states, each independent and each sharing a common interest with the others (Ash 2000). There were numerous members of the league, including "Chios, Lesbos, Plataea, most of Acarnania, Ionia, the Hellespont, Thrace, and the islands between the Peloponnese and Crete towards the East, and all the Cyclades except for Melos and There, as well as Aegina and most of the Euboean cities" (Ash 2000). Combined, these states created a formidable force capable of achieving its objectives (Ash 2000)."

Tags:Parthenon, Persia, Greece, empire