Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Peace Bridge spans the Niagara River and links the cities of Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York. The writer points out that this bridge is considered a critical link for cross-border commercial traffic with considerable economic significance for the region. The paper explains that the bridge was built in 1927, has three traffic lanes and sidewalks, and has been well-maintained so it is in excellent condition. The writer points out that the proposal to construct a new bridge that would cross the river is not due to damage to the existing bridge but to the limited capacity of the roadways on the bridge.

From the Paper
"Someone designed the highway, while no one designed the space under the bridge. Such extra spaces are often created with such large-scale projects. This space is not likely to be useful in the current project to add three lanes of traffic to the existing bridge, though a more useful design for this space could be included at the same time to improve the area."
"The current bridge is a 3,600-foot steel truss built in 1927. The bridge is made up of five arched spans crossing the Niagara River, with an added through-truss span crossing the Black Rock Canal on the American side. The bridge was built of tons of steelwork and concrete abutments to hold it. The bridge was built to relieve traffic on the International Railway Bridge erected in 1873. The construction had to overcome the swift river current in that area, running at about twelve miles per hour. It is hoped that an addition to the bridge can increase traffic by one-third."

Tags:project, twin-tower, bridge, traffic, highways

Abstract
Over the coming decade, the population demographics throughout the United States are going to continue to change. It will not be long before parts of the country, such as Southern California, have more Latino-Americans than Anglo-Americans. This trend will have a definite impact on all aspects of American life. Presently, Anglo-Americans have very little knowledge about the Latino culture in the States or in other countries. This paper shows that it is imperative that this lack of understanding be diminished for reasons that will benefit the Latino community as well as the American society as a whole. The paper provides a background on the changing demographics, the relatively new social sciences of intercultural and multicultural organizational communications, and examples of ways that this knowledge is being used to create the desired result of a more peaceful society. It is understood that much more research must be conducted and new multicultural communication methods be tried. This necessitates that all Americans, regardless of their nationalities, recognize that the successful future of the country depends on joining forces rather than being in separate cultural camps.

Paper Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Current Research
Bibliography

From the Paper
"He also notes that cultures have different context, or the amount of information a person can comfortably manage. This can vary from a high context culture where background information is implicit to a low context culture where much of the background information must be made explicit in an interaction. People from high context cultures frequently send more information implicitly and have a wider network. They thus tend to be knowledgeable on numerous subjects. People from low context cultures normally verbalize much more background information and tend not to be well informed on subjects beyond their own interests. American culture is considered to be on the low-context side. A great deal of information provides cues on how to proceed and respond. Latin-Americans tend to be in a middle range."

Tags:assimilation, hispanic, mexican, multicultural

Abstract
This essay looks at people who have turned trauma and pain into a positive experience. It discusses the work of Mairead Corrigan Maguire who organized peaceful demonstrations in N.Ireland, wrote poetry that inspired millions and through her efforts to develop a "politics of mercy and forgiveness," won a Nobel Peace prize. The author goes on to discuss the wording of Martin Jordan's poem "The changes in our lives".

From the paper:

" Everyone wants peace in his or her everyday live. Sometimes peace is hard to come by for some people. However, Some individuals react to their pain in a positive way. For example, Irish writers Mairead Maguire and Martin Jordan write poetry about peace due the tragedies for the world and in their lives. So, in Misread Maguire's "The Vision of Peace" and Martin Jordan's "the changes in our lives" the main goal is to remind everyone that there should be peace all over of the world despite all of the pain we encounter."

Tags:N.Ireland, peace

Abstract
This paper discusses obnoxious negative peace and substantive positive peace. These terms are found in a letter by Martin Luther King, Jr. expressing his opinion on direct action. Martin Luther King believed it was important to fight for substantive and positive peace for African Americans and it is important for Americans to continue to fight the battle for substantive and positive peace not only in America but throughout the world.

From the Paper
"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere" (King 1963). What does this quotation mean? What is the difference obnoxious negative peace and substantive and positive peace? Why are these important today? These were important terms for Martin Luther King and they are important terms today. Martin Luther King believed that whatever affects one person actually affects every one else (King 1963). Many people living during the lifetime of Martin Luther King was willing to close their eyes to the violence and terrorism happening to African Americans. They believed that African Americans were wrong in taking a stand toward wanting their independence. Martin Luther King believed it was important to fight for substantive and positive peace for African Americans and it is important for Americans to continue to fight the battle for substantive and positive peace not only in America but throughout the world."

Tags:king, peace, racism

Abstract
This paper gives a balanced account of the various opinions and views of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and subsequent attempts at peace. First, the paper presents a historical background of the tension in the Middle East. Then, it gives the positions of various parties outside the region, describing their interests in peace. These other stakeholders include the United States, Russia and the European Union. Next, it analyzes why peace has eluded the Middle East. Finally, the paper concludes by stating that the stall pattern which persists in the peace process today must be attributed to failures on the part of the global community rather than Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

From the Paper
"Among the parties outside of the region, perhaps none has been so definitive in its relationship to the peace process as has been the United States. The United States has taken a unilateral stance on the conflict, siding almost invariably with the Israeli government in its right to protect its borders by denying statehood to the disenfranchised Palestinian people. American brokered peace initiatives have generally been structured around the achievement of Israel's goals through the concessions of its neighboring Arab states. Such would be demonstrable in its ongoing efforts to lubricate peace prospects between Israel and Egypt, then the leading political force in the Arab world. Due to its own policy grievances with the Egyptian vision of a pan-Arab state composed of itself and its neighbors, and supported by its Cold War opponent, the Soviet Union, the United States stifled talks which may have helped to broker a settlement of the Palestinian question in addition to strengthening Egypt's Nasserist aims..."

Tags:West Bank, Gaza, Six Day War, Israel-Egypt peace treaty, Anwar Sadat

Abstract
Woodrow Wilson did not possess the will to maintain peace after the Great War. The writer asserts that there were three ways in which Wilson contributed to the build-up of tensions before WWII. First was Wilson's failure in responding to the members of the Peace Accords in relation to the redrawing of German boundaries; his influence in tearing away predominantly German areas resulted in the planting of seeds for future war. The second reason that Wilson could not maintain peace was his inability to remove himself from partisan politics in America. The third reason was in relation to Wilson's "Fourteen Points", more specifically, the point of "self-determination." Close examination of these three points shows why Wilson is partly responsible for WWII.

From the Paper
"The Great War was a war of attrition. Many brave men on all both sides of the conflict, Axis and Allied Powers, met their fate fighting for their homelands during the years of 1914-1918. Never before had the world seen such a horrid war fought in the grand scope and magnitude of nations versus nations. Great sacrifices were made in part to the loss of human life through mechanization of artillery to the inception of chemical warfare. (Would such a tragic lesson be reason enough for peace among sovereigns?) Unfortunately, the peace was not afforded to the constituents of the Paris conference, nor those that threw away their lives in the second war that shortly followed in 1939. While there were many causes for the Second World War, it would be a herculean effort to name and attribute them all. A few of the major causes included the onset of war reparations since repayment would be next to impossible for the Germans to meet in the allotted time. Secondly were the sanctions imposed upon the size of the German military which was considered a measure of further alienation, and thirdly were territorial settlement disputes. All three factors were great causes that angered the Nazis to disregard the Peace Accords in the early 1930's with Hitler's rise to power."

Tags:accords, determination, great, hitler, league, nations, paris, peace, power, rise, self, treaty, versailles

Abstract
This paper examines how, after more than a quarter-century after the end of American military involvement in Vietnam, the Vietnam War remains a great unsettled question in American public life. It focuses in particular on the peace negotiations that eventually bought the war to an end when agreement was finally reached, in 1973, in the form of the Paris Peace Accords. It analyzes how the United States in effect accepted formal victory with the likelihood of deferred defeat, while North Vietnam accepted formal defeat with the likelihood of deferred victory.

Outline
Looking For a Way Out
The Options
Early Negotiation Efforts
From Johnson to Nixon
Endgame

From the Paper
"Thus, in the case of Vietnam, when the United States signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, it did so in the face of two alternative options that resembled each other only in being undesirable. One option was continuing direct American military involvement for the foreseeable future; the other was withdrawal of American forces without negotiations. The first entailed an indefinite continuation of American combat casualties and consequent (and probably growing) domestic unrest and political dissension. The second implied the probable near-immediate collapse of South Vietnam (as well as possible abandonment of American prisoners of war), with its own set of international and domestic consequences."

Tags:nixon, paris, peace, accords, johnson

Abstract
The paper looks at Anne Tyler's 1982 work, "Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant", and notes how character development in the play appears to be actually quite minimal - except in the case of Cody, who belatedly finds something in his father to treasure and a sympathetic image of his mother to hang onto. The paper shows how conversely, while Jenny does, at last, express some of her pain and anguish at the funeral reception for her mother, it is not evident that she is yet prepared to forgive or forget - either Beck Tull or the aloof and austere Pearl Tull. The paper also discusses how Pearl, the matriarch of the family and the toughest individual to be found in the novel, is unable to break loose with her own fears and troubles and equally unable to bridge the communication gaps that have pushed her children away from her. The paper concludes that only Cody appears to find something of the peace of mind and growth he needs.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at Anne Tyler's 1982 work, "Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant", and note how character development in the play appears to be actually quite minimal - except in the case of Cody, who belatedly finds something in his father to treasure and a sympathetic image of his mother to hang onto. Conversely, while Jenny does, at last, express some of her pain and anguish at the funeral reception for her mother, it is not evident that she is yet prepared to forgive or forget - either Beck Tull or the aloof and austere Pearl Tull. And Pearl, the matriarch of the family and the toughest individual to be found in the..."

Tags:tyler, homesick, restaurant

Abstract
This paper explains that Earl R. Beck in his book "Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942-1945" claims to be only telling the story of the bombing of German cities by the Allies in WWII without any analysis of the circumstance surrounding this action. The author states that Beck provides examples that much of the bombing was not done over harbors, bridges, factories or rail lines but in the center of the cities, where the most destruction was of private homes and the families that lived in them; Beck shows no consideration for the horrific actions of the Nazi's. The paper concludes that the book was poorly written and the ideas presented problematical; the author feels that Beck has a warped idea of justice and fairness, in peace as well as in war: To paraphrase George Santayana, those who forget history are condemned to repeat it.

From the Paper
"The reverses in the East made the Nazis more bloodthirsty. This included their own people, who were tried for everything from petty thievery to treason. The idea was to find everyone guilty. It seems there were still eleven guillotines operating in Germany, and the motto for those handling the trials was "liquidate and expropriate" The Nazis' fury at defeat outside their native land had now turned inward, and was aimed at those "defeatists" who did not want to see all the young German men slaughtered. (They obviously feared Russia much more than France or Britain.)"

Tags:story, jewish, allies, warped, women

Abstract
This paper summarizes the principal events that led to the American Civil War. It examines how between 1820 and 1860, the sectional rivalry between the North and the South intensified. It looks at how that rivalry coalesced around the failure of the political system to arrange a lasting accommodation over the extension of slavery into the western territories. It analyzes how the events of 1820-1860 help explain why the political compromise of the differences between the North and South became more and more difficult to achieve and how by 1860 they represented a chasm too wide to be bridged peacefully.

From the Paper
"A cascade of events polarized sectional politics in the 1850s, setting the stage for the outbreak of war. The debates over the second Missouri Compromise were acrimonious. They were accompanied by threats by the southern states to secede from the Union. A number of incidents erupted in the North over southern slavecatchers' attempts to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. Harriet Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, published in 1852, evoked widespread Northern sympathy for the plight of Negro slaves in the South. In 1854, Southerners succeeded in passing in the House the Kansas Nebraska Act which would have opened up territory north of the 1820 and 1850 compromise lines to slavery, and which McPherson said was "the most important single event pushing the nation toward war" (121)."

Tags:north, south, slavery