Abstract This paper discusses the Baroque period of 1600 - 1750. It discusses the role that patronage played in the lives of musicians and the repertoire that was composed or performed by them. It then examines three case studies in terms of their most significant musicians-in-residence, their socio-cultural environment, opportunities for performance and composition and their locally preferred musical styles.
Table of Contents:
Royal Patronage Religious Patronage Civic Patronage Conclusions
From the Paper "Patronage in the period of glory for Baroque music greatly influences the portfolio of compositions. This happens, at least in part, depending on the composer and the role he is playing within the patron-composer relationship. In the case of Lully, for example, the influence was total, in the sense that Lully's works existed only within the framework defined for him by the absolute monarchy. Ranging from the ampleness of his operas, to the fact that he is one of the first to promote the idea of a French opera and to the machineries that are used to make grandiose spectacles - everything points out that the role of the composer is strictly determined by the patron."
Abstract This paper provides an overview of why, in "Self-Crowned Laureates," Richard Helgerson places English Renaissance writers within a patronage system that frequently influenced the content of their works. To this end, an analysis of Ben Jonson's poem "To Penshurst" and his "Masque of Blackness"; Aemilia Lanyer's poems "The Description of Cooke-ham" and "Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum"; John Milton's masque "Comus," and Mary Wroth's "Urania" is conducted to determine what or why these works were written, as well as the specific patrons that provided these Renaissance writers with political or social favors or monetary remuneration in exchange for their services. An assessment of how women writers from this era frequently dedicated their writings to powerful figures is followed by an analysis of how the appeal to a patron authorized these writers to act and the manner in which these poets advance themselves socially through their art. A discussion of how class difference troubled or enhanced these writers is provided in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "The patronage system under which Jonson created was one in which he was compelled write for the gentry but he was not that happy about it, because he thought himself the better person because of his talent, whereas the aristocracy had money but not talent. Yet he had to write such works as "To Penshurst" just to make a living and in the hopes, too, that he could raise up in society. In this regard, Loewenstein and Mueller (2002) report that, "Literature became the unofficial currency of the patronage system - well-turned sonnets, graceful compliments and effusive book-dedications being among the recognized ways by which hopeful candidates would present themselves for the job. Patronage came in all shapes and sizes, from permanent positions to more sporadic offerings, gifts or payments in kind" (346). In this regard, Briggs (1997) emphasizes that Jonson's poem, "To Penshurst," is absolutely rife with effusive praise for one such landholder who was deemed benevolent simply by virtue of not being evil. "
This paper uses the Ford Corporation as a specific example of how a company can effect a community and in turn, change the literal and figurative face of American industry.
Abstract This paper examines how through the principal of entrepreneurship, ethnic minority communities can advance toward the common goal of economic empowerment and examines how in order to achieve a better America, America's corporate sector must first invest in minority communities to encourage financial growth. It looks at how the Ford Motor Company has taken the lead in offering resources to communities such as the African-Americans and the Latinos. It evaluates the three-part system, which Ford embraces-- training, development and patronage and how Ford has so far helped its minority suppliers to create nearly 40,000 jobs in their communities.
From the Paper "The grass roots success of minority entrepreneurship has a second beneficiary - the American marketplace. The first of many advancements will be a more diverse workplace. When the playing field is even and all people are represented, everyone benefits from diversity. And many companies are taking a proactive approach to developing business in minority communities. Through internships, scholarships and training programs, Ford Motor Company is changing the make-up of the automotive industry. Through its support of women and minority dealers, Ford is opening up an entire new market for minority professionals. It is important that all automotive manufacturers encourage minority dealers and suppliers."
Abstract This paper discusses how one of the most favorite and interesting political books of all time is "Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics" by William L. Riordan. This book offers an insight into the New York politics of the Democratic Party during the time of 1850 until 1893. It examines how George Washington Plunkitt was a renowned Tammany ward boss, an image of New York politics and very well-liked by the common people. It shows how the author allows the reader to gain a fuller appreciation of the politics of Tammany Hall and the patronage system.
From the Paper "The character of Plunkitt embraces the reader to his vices and almost makes one forget that his antics might be unacceptable where his character not so likeable. The philosophy of Plunkitt is one that is easy to follow. He believes that the game of politics can make one rich. He sums up his fortune by stating, "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em." One of the opportunities that he took was in the area of real estate. He would buy up property, and then when the city needed to make improvements or buy property, Plunkitt had plenty to offer for sell. He attributed his honest scheme to investment and foresight. That was his example of honest graft."
Tags: new, york, patronage, system, democratic, party
Abstract This essay - discussing the life and art of Kano Tanyu (1602-1674) - will argue that Tanyu represents a classic example of the function of patronage in the production of art. In 17th century Japan the styles and subjects of art differed depending upon the class who were to be the designated audience for the art. The Kano family had tied its fortunes to the ruling Tokugawa clan from an early date; Tanyu's artist father having moved to Edo at the order of the shogun.
Abstract This paper begins by defining current trends in human resource management. It then looks at competing views of the workforce: patronage, civil service, and privatization. It examines techniques for defining change within an organization and discusses issues in the public sector.
From the Paper "The history of human resource management can be traced back to the early 1900s where human resource managers? original function was to control and influence the relationship between businesses and labor unions. Although human resource management was originally seen as a necessary evil to deal with labor unions, currently human resource managers are recognized as an essential part of any successful organization. Human Resource Management focuses on securing, maintaining, and utilizing an effective work force essential to an organizations success. Human Resource Management involves a variety of activities including recruitment and screening of prospective employees, the study of training needs, preparing human resource forecasts, the development of compensation systems, and an understanding of the laws that effect the performance of these activities."
Abstract This paper reviews gender, class, money, military purpose, citizenship, behaviour - including hubris and sycophancy and patronage, as different facets determining social class in Ancient Greece and Rome. The range of subjects discussed span over the Greek, Hellenistic and Roman periods, including different examples from many different cities.
From the Paper "Throughout this essay, it is pertinent to realise that the idea of public and private spheres is an 18th Century premise with no basis in the Ancient world where privacy and community overlapped and were not separate "worlds", rather, there were degrees of closeness. In establishing those inside and outside of the social hierarchy this overlap causes considerable confusion in evaluating factors for status. It would be remise to view women as lack any social status because of lack of political rights; women still played a very important role within society."
Abstract This paper explains that religious art during this period was an intensely social production and vision, a dialogue between religious leaders such as Pope Julius II and artistic producers such as Michelangelo. Popes commissioned artistic works and inspired, guided, and checked the artist's individual vision. The author points out that Pope Julius II, who was as careful in planning as he was in his military achievements, enriched the landscape of Rome by adding many fine buildings to the city, including the Vatican Museum and art collection and the Sistine Chapel. The paper relates that the role of the artist was expanded rather than limited by the patronage and commissions of the papacy, and rather than embodying narrow religious ideals, Michelangelo and others were prodded to create works with expansive, complex renderings of Biblical figures as both human and divine in nature.
From the Paper "Pope Julius II, often known as a kind of warrior pope because of his influence in political as well as spiritual affairs, even more renown to the ages for his tireless patronage of the arts. He is also called the savior of the papacy, because of his integrity, relative to his contemporaries, and his restoration of legitimacy to the church because of limiting some of its excesses?excesses, albeit not enough to stifle the Reformation later on. Also, it is unlikely that Julius would have, had he lived after the reformation, been able to commission such anthropomorphic and expansive works of religious art, some of which were designed to commemorate his own personal memories and accomplishments, such as the commissioning of the tomb that first drew Michelangelo to Rome."
Abstract This paper discusses a playwright's patronage by a wealthy individual. The paper explains that this was common practice and indeed essential, in Shakespeare's time. The paper examines William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in an effort to determine whether parts of it were rewritten by Shakespeare upon request of one of his patron's, in honor of a wedding.
From the Paper "Whether Shakespeare was pandering to Elizabeth Carey's powerful father and grandfather or not, his other patron was-and had to be-Queen Elizabeth herself. In addition, it is in honor of that patronage that Shakespeare used abundant maritime references in the play. Shakespeare is thought to have been creating his own specialized mythology in the play-something he could well be expected to do considering his education-but he was also have been honoring Queen Elizabeth's maritime prowess, and certainly he made reference to the "Virgin Queen" when he wrote of the "fair vestal throned by the west" (Edgecombe, 2000, unpaged)."
Abstract A discussion of the role and effectiveness of Parliament during the reign of Elizabeth I. The question is asked whether the Parliamentary opposition and power in the 17th century, leading up to the English Civil War, have its roots in the position of the Parliament under Elizabeth?
From the Paper "Sixteenth-century Tudor government had three main strands, the Crown, the Council, meaning the Privy Council, and Parliament. Each possessed varying degrees of power, and the extent of that degree was often dependent on the person of the monarch and the amount of control he or she was willing or able to exercise. While Parliamentary authority developed during the later years of the reign of Henry VIII, Elizabeth took a much firmer hand. Parliament was called infrequently, was limited in the nature of the issues it was allowed to discuss, and was often led by the clients of the nobility into areas which had little bearing on its own members and those they represented. The organized Parliamentary opposition of the "Puritan Choir' has been shown to be a myth, as we will discuss later, and during Elizabeth's reign Parliament probably reached its point of least independence of the century. The real power in England was held by the Privy Council and, ultimately, by the Queen herself."
Abstract This paper uses the book "Renaissance Florence," to review the revolution of art that occurred in 14th and 15th century Florence. Using examples from the book, the author details the history of Italy at this time, paying particular attention to Florence and its place in Italian society. It also details the changes that were undergoing in the city, and how Florence was becoming the center for art, particularly of the wealthy. The paper also details how religion was assuming an increasingly recognizable position in the world of art in the city and the role that this would play in shaping the future of Florence.
From the Paper "The increased emphasis on art as status for the wealthy is most demonstrably reflected in Florentine architecture of the period, in the newly elaborate homes designed by artists of this period. Turner not only discusses monumental, obvious works of art that were for purely public consumption, but also the interrupts of private homes. There is a connection between the increasingly ornate design in both spheres. The fact that private life became increasingly decorative as well as public life, Turner makes clear, is equally significant as the development of the great works of art we commonly view as typical of the Renaissance. Individuals could now seclude themselves in beautiful private homes, validating their power by keeping others out, and validate their public power as well by sponsoring large public monuments in their name, to use as a reflection of the greatness of their family."
Abstract A description of the female composers who contributed to the success of the Romantic period of music (1825-1900). The paper explains that even though most of the composers of the time were male, Hensel and Schumann were talented and successful and made it to the top in their own right. It examines their different styles and how their music reflected the society and culture of the times.
From the Paper "Like other composers during this period, Hensel and Schumann were engaged with many of the important motifs of the Romantic period, including an attention to both nationalistic and what might be called "exotic" themes in music. Both this rise in nationalism and this interest in non-Western music reflected larger political and cultural events in the world. Among the most important of these was a series of revolutions that occurred in the middle of the 19th century that served as attempts for nations like Italy to free themselves from foreign rule. Germany was undergoing a different form of nationalist struggle during the middle decades of the 19th century as its leaders strove to build (for the first time) a politically unified nation."
From the Paper "The reasons for the extraordinary flowering of art in fifteenth-century Florence are extremely complex and range from the prosperity and cosmopolitanism of the city to the humanists' new ideas about humanity and new relationship with antiquity to the earliest stirrings of the modern concept of the artist. One undoubted source of the sheer volume of Florentine art and its innovative nature is the demand formulated by the city's patrons--guilds, confraternities, churches, religious orders, civil government, and, above all, the Medici Family--with its special devotion to the ideal of magnificence--and the many other wealthy Florentines who imitated them. In the midst of their prosperity and under the influence of evolving ideas fifteenth-century Florentines became a new kind of consumer and their patronage facilitated the extraordinary performance of art as "it underwent.."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine Lorenzo de' Medici and the arts in Florence during the Italian Renaissance. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which Florence and the Medici family became relevant to the emergence of Italian Renaissance art, and then to discuss the shape and significance of Medici influence on the phenomenon.
In order to appreciate the significance of Lorenzo de Medici for the Renaissance and for the arts of the period, it is first necessary to examine how the concept emerged in Europe, setting the stage for Medici influence. The Renaissance refers to the period, beginning as early as the fourteenth century, when the culture of Western civilization made transition from medievalism to modernism. Kirchner says that it dates from 1350 and "was distinguished by a spirit of confidence in man's achievements and .."
From the Paper "In the fifteenth century, the Medici family rose to power in Florence from an undistinguished background. Like most of the Renaissance rulers in Italian towns, the Medici became prominent patrons of learning and the arts. In the rapidly expanding cities, the merchant guilds, mendicant orders, and leading families saw patronage as a means of expressing both their growing wealth and power. The arts were good for the cities' economy and prestige, and, for an obscure family like the Medici, such sponsorship increased their personal prestige. In the fifteenth century, "merchants turned into courtiers" (Kempers 15). No matter whether they were particularly interested in scholarship or the arts, the families also began to value patronage because it demonstrated their cultured attitudes. Men like Cosimo de' Medici spent heavily on public works because.."
