Abstract
This paper briefly examines four aspects that could determine the level of passenger safety on an aircraft. It begins by discussing the design of the aircraft as a factor of safety. It then looks at how the psychological testing of pilots is also an indicator for reducing risks to passengers' safety. The phenomenon of fatigue is discussed, as well as levels of oxygen in the aircraft.

From the Paper
"There are several areas of aircraft design that could be modified to enhance passenger and consequently personnel safety. One of these is the element of comfort and space in an aircraft. Passenger carriers, with the exception of first-class cabins, are notorious for their lack of space and maneuverability. The need to push and shove in order to reach one's seat when boarding the plane, and the need to wait while the first passenger settles in, could lead to heightened tempers. This may lead to potentially dangerous outbursts of temper. Worse still, such build-ups of temper could be repressed while boarding the aircraft, and surface only later at a more dangerous time. In order to curb this danger then, a higher ceiling within the passenger cabin can provide higher stowage areas, and either the elimination of one or two rows of seats can provide wider walkways. When boarding passengers can stow their luggage at a leisurely pace without detaining a row of people behind them, it will be more comfortable for all involved."

Tags:oxygen, fatigue, pilot, design

Abstract
This paper deals with the new attempts to secure airports and airlines after the Sept. 11th attacks. The author argues that passenger safety is more important than the personal rights of any one person. Invasive searches, therefore, are understandable.

From the Paper
"With the recent attacks on the US via airline highjacking with box cutters, travelers are questioning airport security standards. It has been suggested that every bag be searched thoroughly for potential weapons. This may be a direct violation of personal privacy but it is in the best interest of citizens across the world. As William Booth and Sara Kehaulani Goo report in the Washington Post Newspaper article entitled Travelers Adjust to New Airline Rules, "some [travelers] wished for even more security measures" (Booth and Goo A1). Items as simple as eyelash curlers, nail files, and spray can deodorant are being confiscated each day in numbers totaling over 5,000 (Booth and Goo A9). To some, this is a hassle but to others this is not enough. These items may be considered dangerous or could lead to fear or serious harm to passengers on airplanes. However, the obvious solution is simple, public safety comes first before any shred of dignity, privacy, or respect."

Tags:airport, government, policies, september, 11th

Abstract
This paper discusses safety in the 21st century and enhancing it by focusing on cabin and cockpit safety. Presently, the only automated systems required on board modern aircraft are the automatic fire detection systems for the engines and cargo compartments receptacle fire bottles. Manually operated extinguishers are provided for the engine and cargo areas. Pilot-controlled fire extinguishing systems exist for both these areas. Some aircraft have overheat detection in the avionics compartments, but no automated fire extinguishing system. Integrated systems are needed to detect and extinguish fires in aircraft, wherever they occur, before they can damage the aircraft or its systems. Since 1996, there have been three major aircraft accidents involving fire in the cockpit and cabin. Two had no fire detection systems; those accidents were fatal. The aircraft involved in the third accident had smoke detection that enabled the crew to land before the aircraft was severely damaged. This should make it clear that fire detection saves lives.

From the Paper
"e industry has not kept pace with the demand put on it by significant changes to the design of electrical systems on airplanes. There needs to be a great deal of work done to prevent electrical fires from the beginning. We also need systems designed to provide fire detection and suppression in all the possible fire regions in the airplane fuselage, both accessible and inaccessible. Failure to execute these changes will put crews and passengers at an unnecessarily risk to experience a catastrophic in-flight fire, a terrible fate experienced by too many already. We can prevent in-flight fire catastrophes if we want to."

Tags:accident, aircraft, pilot, passenger

Abstract
This paper details the standard safety guidelines that must be followed by both the airline industry and the military, as set forth by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The writer examines the goals of OSHA and the FAA which is to ensure the safety and well-being of America's workers by regulating and enforcing specific standards, providing training and education while also encouraging constant improvements of safety standards in the workplace. This paper discusses the various areas of employment in the aviation industry including baggage handlers, forklift drivers and general ground crews. This paper also details the types of safety and health risks in the industry which include: Dangerous carbon dioxide levels, electrocution, vehicle injuries, ramp operation incidents as well as disruptive passengers. This paper discusses an incident in which two general ground workers died due to carbon monoxide poisoning, while refueling their vehicles. This paper also examines the various differences in the safety guidelines between the military and the airline industry as well as the logic behind the differences.

From the Paper
"Baggage handling can cause back injuries. Many times employees lift heavy baggage, which can eventually take its toll on airline workers. In addition, electrocution can occur on the flight line. For example, one man got electrocuted while he repaired airport runway lights. He was a 54-year old certified electrician of an electrical contracting company. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by a corona virus, called SARS-associated corona virus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Asia in 2003. Over the next few months the illness spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe and Asia, before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained (CDC, 2005). This disease is important for airline employees to become aware of and to learn proper safety measures to assist in avoiding such a disease from occurring, as it can be fatal."

Tags:aviation, safety, hazards, risks, injuries, faa, osha, guidelines, poison, fuel, carbon, monoxide

Abstract
This paper explains that there are some fundamental logistical issues involved in the planning process for maintaining transit system safety, which represent constraints as to how much information can be gathered and how it can be used; furthermore, there are a number of interest groups involved in the planning process that must be taken into account. The author points out that having a comprehensive transit system safety program has assumed increasing importance in recent years; there are a wide range of federal, state and local regulations to be considered while balancing the needs of their fleet drivers, political interest groups and energy conservation issues. The paper includes a listing of procedure requirements for the mass transit sector and its passengers under an elevated risk, Codes Yellow and Red such as expect traffic delays. Figure.

Table of Contents
Identifying Important Components of a Transit Fleet Safety Program
Review and Discussion
Planning Required for a Modern Transit System
Drug and Alcohol Programs for Fleet Drivers
Desirable Transit System Fleet Driver Qualifications
Procedures for Suspension and Revocation of Driving Privileges
List and Explanation of Security Watchwords for Fleet Driver
Procedures Required for a Severe Alert (Threat Condition Red)
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Drug and alcohol programs specifically designed for transit fleet drivers are not new, but they have been increasingly recognized as a vital component of an effective safety program. One of the first such initiatives was implemented in October 1990, by the Greyhound Corporation. The results of this early drug and alcohol testing program showed that there was an unacceptable rate of positive drug tests among the company's drivers and its applicants; these findings brought a significant amount of pressure to bear on transit system companies that provided service to the traveling public to implement such testing programs."

Tags:planning, drugs, revocation, qualifications, law

Abstract
This paper discusses the air disaster when the British Midlands Flight 92, a Boeing 737-400, crashed on to the MI motorway, resulting in many deaths, injuries, and damage. The paper examines the subsequent evaluation of the disaster and the injuries sustained by the passengers, explaining that this led to an official compilation of 31 additional safety measures for aircraft and passenger safety.

From the Paper
"The air disaster at Kegworth, UK, occurred on January 8, 1989, at Leicestershire, close to Kegworth. What happened was that the British Midlands Flight 92, a Boeing 737-400, owned by Midland, crashed on to the MI Motorway, close to 'Kegworth'. There were 118 passengers aboard the flight, and 47 people died on the very spot of the crash, and 18 people died later at various hospitals. The eight crewmembers miraculously survived, and of the survivors, that numbered 79, about 5 people suffered minor injuries, while 74 persons were seriously injured, and fortunately, nobody who was on the motorway was hurt or even injured, and no vehicles were damaged. What happened was this: after the flight had taken off from Heathrow Airport, the plane was ascending to 28,000 feet when one engine of the plane suffered a 'turbine blade detachment', and the crew members mistakenly identified the engine number two as having suffered the damages, and not engine number one, and when the flight was diverted to East Midlands, it was assumed, quite naturally, that the it would be able to fly on the single undamaged engine until safety."

Tags:plane, crash, midlands

Abstract
This paper cites evidence and statistics supporting the banning of smoking in cars with child passengers. Many countries and many U.S states have now enacted legislation that bans smoking in cars when there are child passengers. The paper concludes by stating that even though some people resent governmental intrusion on their "privacy" children's health and safety needs to take precedence.

From the Paper
"We have all heard that second-hand smoke may be just as dangerous as the problems with smokers. So, it would make good sense to make sure that one's children are protected from second hand smoke. And that means, no smoking in cars where children are passengers. There is scientific proof that children are harmed by adults smoking in cars in which they are passengers. Some countries, and some U.S. states are already taking steps to ban such smoking. "There is plenty of evidence to show passive smoke is particularly harmful to children. It noted that Colorado's smoking ban in cars carrying children was based on evidence..."

Tags:second hand smoke, legislation, cars

Abstract
The paper discusses the June 2, 1983 accident of Air Canada flight 797, in which 23 passengers died as a result of a fire soon after the plane made an emergency landing at the Cincinnati airport. The paper notes that this is considered to be one of the most significant disasters in aviation history as it led to important changes in fire safety design and procedures for passenger aircrafts. The paper gives an overview of what happened that led up to the emergency landing and the survival factors, as well as the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB) recommendations that resulted.

Outline:
Events Leading to the Emergency Landing
Survivability Factors
NTSB Recommendations

From the Paper
"Inside the Airplane during Descent: As the airplane descended, the smoke rapidly spread along the passenger cabin and entered the cockpit. The captain wore smoke goggles and his oxygen regulator during the descent and had no difficulty in breathing but he did experience difficulty in seeing the instruments due to the smoke-filled cockpit. During the descent, Flight 797 encountered clouds from FL 250 to about 3000 feet and the captain descended to 2000 feet to obtain VFR conditions."

Tags:circuit, breakers, distress, signal, instrument, landing, system, difficulty, breathing

Abstract
This paper explains that, although some people feel that using a cell phone does not present a greater distraction than talking with a passenger, tuning the radio, applying make-up, eating, or performing other tasks common while driving, studies have proven that, while tasks such as these do cause accidents, cell phones are still more dangerous. The author points out that ninety percent of European countries have cell phone driving bans, each with a different type of restriction. For example, in the United Kingdom, a driver can use a cell phone, but in the event of an accident while using a cell phone, the driver may be fined. The paper concludes that hands-free kits provide a highly accessible and practical alternative to traditional cell phone use, so drivers no longer can be excused for talking on a cell phone; however, pulling over to use the phone is still the smartest idea.

From the Paper
"A number of recent studies prove the hazards of driving while on a cellular phone. The University of Utah concluded that drivers on cell phones are more likely to not remember seeing pedestrians, billboards, or other objects found on the roadside. A study led by the National Safety Council in 2001 indicated that cell phone users miss traffic signals twice as often as those not using phones while driving. Those that did not miss traffic signals often took longer to react. Progressive Insurance reported that forty-six percent of 837 drivers surveyed swerved into others lanes, twenty-three percent drove too close to the car in front of them, eighteen percent came very close to an accident, and ten percent ran a red light. Ford has shown that teenage drivers are four times more distracted than middle-aged adults using cell phones."

Tags:distractions, hazards, studies, restrictions, hands-free

Abstract
This paper relates that, despite the encouraging increase in the use of seat belts, it is clear that many Americans are still choosing not to buckle up, endangering both their lives and the lives of their fellow passengers. The author points out that wearing a seat belt is not the only way to increase traffic safety; reducing speeding, aggressive driving, and stopping drunk-driving also are important factors. The paper explains that stricter laws regarding the use of seat belts have been shown to save lives, but recent attempts to make seat belt compliance a primary offence in some states have stalled.

From the Paper
"The human collision is what many people correctly associate with human damage that occurs during an automobile crash. This occurs when human occupants hit some part of the vehicle. Occupants who are not wearing a seatbelt continue to move at the speed of the car, and hit a part of the vehicle with this force. These "unbelted occupants will slam into the steering wheel, the windshield, or some other part of the vehicle interior".

Tags:collision, speed, compliance, force, offence