Abstract
This is a persuasive paper against Partial-Birth Abortion. The author discusses the side effects and negative impacts of Partial-Birth Abortion with special reference to effects on the mother and the child and uses these to support his argument. This paper includes a history and an overview of abortion.

Partial -Birth Abortion Overview
History of Abortion
The Mother
The Child
Summary

From the Paper
"Partial -Birth Abortion is the unjustified killing of an unborn child in the most gruesome way possible. This is the intentional killing of a child by partially delivering it for the sole purpose of terminating its life. This is achieved by inducing the delivery of a child by allowing the cervix to dilate to only 8 centimeters. The physician vaginally delivers some portion of the intact living fetus until the fetus is partially outside the body of the mother, for the purpose of performing an overt act that the physician knows will kill the fetus. "

Tags:human, life, terminate, doctor, pregnant, child, mother, survive, danger

Abstract
This paper discusses how the 1972 passage of Roe vs. Wade has made abortion the greatest moral flash point in the United States today and how, for abortion supporters, the issue is often framed as a question of women's rights and privacy. It examines how this argument, however, ignores the reality that abortion, particularly late-term 'partial birth' abortion, involves the rights of another human being as well. It puts forward the argument that a fetus is a human life and therefore entitled to the same protections as any person who has been born. It further argues that the termination of a fetus's life involves violent and painful procedures that would be akin to murder and torture. It also looks at how, because of these factors, the federal courts should uphold the current ban on 'partial birth' abortions, ensuring the same basic protections to the most helpless and innocent segments of American society.

From the Paper
"The issue of reproductive rights is a crucial part of the feminist movement, which believes that the right to control one's body is central to a person's dignity and independence. For many feminists, the abortion issue boils down to a question of women's rights. The agitation against abortion is thus an agitation against change. Removing a woman's option to terminate her own pregnancy harks back to the time when women were limited to traditional sex roles. Roe vs. Wade has done much more than making abortions legal. The decision has also affected traditional roles and values and has thus eroded the old moral order. Abortion is a contentious issue precisely because it has challenged prevailing standards and caused a fundamental shift in the societal power structures."

Tags:pregnancy, fetus, termination, feminism

Abstract
This paper presents a progression of many cases by which Tamara F. Kushnir, in her legal brief from the "Loyola University Chicago Law Journal", establishes a history of the right to privacy and therefore the right to an abortion. The author then reviews Kushnir's analysis of the 2003 Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act (PBABA) and summarizes Congress' 15 declarations in this law. The paper relates that the final section of this article is the author's argument that the PBABA is unconstitutional because it does not only limit D&X, aka a partial-birth abortion, there is not an adequate health exception, it is an undue burden and the legislative findings are in conflict with the Stenberg decision. The author reports that Kishnir states that the deference should be based on 'City of Boerne v. Flores' and 'Dickerson v. U.S.', which said that legislative findings should not overrule a Constitutional provision.

From the Paper
"In the PBABA, Congress was sure to present Congressional Findings in support of the Act. In fact, the author states that Congress dedicated 5 paragraphs to explaining how the Supreme Court should give high deference to the findings. The cases that were cited in support of deference to Congressional Findings were Anderson v. Bessemer City, Katzenbach v. Morgan, and Turner Broadcasting Systems, Inc. v. FCC. Anderson v. Bessemer City set a precedent that the trial courts findings of fact have deference over a reviewing court."

Tags:unconstitutional, declarations, right, exception, deference

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of abortion, its legality in the United States, the controversy surrounding the issue, and the different viewpoints for and against it. The paper also discusses partial birth abortion.

From the Paper
"Abortion has been around for a long time and a part of almost every society. Today, nearly two-thirds of women in this world may get a legal abortion. Even when America was first founded abortion was legal. In 1870, a precursor to today's fights over abortion issues took place - the voluntary motherhood movement, but by the early 1900s nearly all abortions were illegal. But the law did not stop people from having abortions; they just did it illegally. The number of illegal abortions leaped from approximately 200,000 around the early 1900s to 1.2 million fifty years later."

Tags:abortion, social issues, pro-life pro-choice, ethics women, legal issues, politics, partial birth abortion

Abstract
The writer outlines abortion history and laws then focuses in the issue of partial birth abortion and its controversy. It provides an explanation of the legal development of laws relating to abortion and its eventual legalization. The paper provides statistics about the number of abortions performed in recent years, ages of the women, reasons etc. It then explains the concept of partial birth, when a fetus is aborted after 21 weeks, and the way that this is carried out is through semi-labor. The paper explains why this is obviously a very controversial issue.

From the Paper
"Three decades ago abortions were legalized, and efforts to have that decision reversed have not stopped since. Abortions used to be handled in back alleys, and dark rooms, with unsterile equipment many times. They were illegal and not something that one could talk about because they were not legally allowed to get them in the first place. The abortion legalization cleared the path for regulation by way of sterilization, and counseling for the patient before and after receiving an abortion procedure(Smith, 1979). While there have been many attempts to reverse the decision, they have been largely futile, because the public believed the service provided pregnant women was made safer by the legalization process. This was the case until a few years ago when the topic of partial birth abortions moved to the forefront. Partial birth abortions have created controversy that rivals the original controversy about abortion legalization."

Tags:fetus, partial, birth

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that on April 18, 2007, the Supreme Court handed down its decision on 'Gonzales v Carhart', et al. The writer points out that the decision, important to pro-life advocates, supports and leaves unaltered the partial birth abortion law. The writer explains that this makes it illegal to perform an abortion beyond the first trimester of a woman's pregnancy if that procedure to terminate the pregnancy involves the physician bringing the fetus - viable at that point - outside the womb, thereby effectively making that fetus a person residing in the locale into which it has at that moment been delivered. The writer maintains that it is unthinkable that the courts and the public has arrived at this point in time where the Supreme Court must decide the issue of whether or not it is acceptable to terminate a partially birthed life. The writer concludes that abortion is not a matter of constitutionality, but a moral one, and one that does not belong before the Supreme Court.

From the Paper
"For those conservative pro-lifers who would applaud these last few sentences as sentences in support of their conservative views and their right to impose those views on society, the caution is to go forward carefully, because that is not the case. Nor is it in support of the liberal pro-abortion lobby and supporters. The liberals, who in some ways are more mysterious than the conservatives in that they are the very same people who stand outside prison gates with candles in protest of humane administration of a lethal combination of chemicals that ensures the termination of the life of a mass murderer, or another felon whose crime is so heinous as to warrant social intervention in deciding whether or not that individual should continue to draw breath. Do not rally, because this writer finds it extremely odd that this group advocates on behalf of the life which walks the earth, having committed heinous acts of violence, and is at the same time not willing to afford the same support or opportunity for life of a viable fetus whose value to society has yet to be determined. Rather, both groups have driven this writer to the narrow edge of law, considering the law in its legalese only and in its role in the order of society and especially in light of separation of powers."

Tags:terminate, pregnancy, fetus, birth

Abstract
This paper looks at the various methods used to perform abortions, according to the different stages of a woman's pregnancy. The methods described include the RU-486 pill, Methotrexate Injection, Dilation and Curettage, Dilation and Evacuation, Hysterectomy and Partial Birth Abortion. In the second part, the paper examines the various ethical and legal reasons for cut-off points proposed regarding the termination of a pregnancy.

From the Paper
"The preferred method of abortion is generally determined by the stage of a woman's pregnancy. Each method has its own side-effects and no abortion method is 100 percent successful. RU-486 pill. Also known as Mifepristone, the RU-486 pill is a synthetic steroid that blocks the actions of progesterone, a hormone essential to maintaining pregnancy. Without progesterone, the lining of a woman's uterus fails to thicken. The fertilized egg is thus unable to implant into the uterine wall and is excreted along with a woman's menstrual period."

Tags:birth, moral, pro, choice, life, baby, termination, terminate

Abstract
This paper argues that abortion is essentially legalized murder and it should be outlawed and prohibited under any circumstances. The essay discusses the practice of partial-birth abortion and argues that abortion violates the human rights of a fetus.

From the Paper
"Many pro-choice supporters are moderates that feel abortion should be committed only under circumstances in which the mother was raped, or the mother is in danger. But, abortion under any circumstances still involves the termination of life, and humans should not play God in circumstances that are hard to classify and define from a moral or ethical standpoint (Skeffington). It is not up to humans to decide what circumstances constitute life and what circumstances constitute death. A child, once it has been conceived, has a right to be born and live out a life just like the rest of us."

Tags:anti-abortion, fetus, roe, vs, wade, D&E

Abstract
This paper discusses how, since the establishment of the case, challenges to the legitimacy of "Roe v. Wade" (1973) have occurred on a state level. Of these dilation and extraction abortion procedures, which are also referred to by the term partial birth abortions, have made significant headway in the courts to contest the terms under which "Roe v. Wade" provides protection to personal privacy in the context of abortions.

From the Paper
"The assessment of federal control over the corporal state of the American person has long been contentious. Abortion is one of the forums through which this issue is frequently expressed, as all efforts to identify whether abortion is an acceptable procedure from a moral and ethical perspective is challenged through the imposition of federal law over the woman's body. Precedent was established in Roe v Wade (1973) that limitations on abortion are unconstitutional as these are invasive controls over the woman's personal privacy. "

Tags:abortion, law, criminal

Abstract
This paper argues that abortion is a totally unacceptable, cruel, and unethical practice and should be considered illegal, with the exception of extreme medical cases. The author of the paper contends that the American judicial system must consider the ethical and moral aspects of abortion as an intrinsic part of the problem when approaching this social issue.

From the Paper
"The Pro-life group views the problem from an entirely different perspective. This group considers that life begins as soon as the baby is conceived and hence abortion is viewed as a breach of rights of the baby. However the group approves abortion as the last and only resort in cases of emergency where the life of both the baby and the mother or at least one of them is at stake. Abortion is also approved in cases where the child is abnormal with severe birth defects."

Tags:Norma, McCorvey, Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, Partial, Birth, Abortion