Abstract
This paper will identify what the problems are with the parole system and suggest reforms that might make the system better within the context of crime and punishment. The differing moral issues and the law based aspects of parole will be discussed within this analysis, to better evaluate how this process can be improved in today's prison system by the use of privatization.

Abstract
This essay was written as a rebuttal to the growing controversy over Canada's parole system, and parole laws. The essay strongly advocates upholding the system, and highlights some of its strengths; it remains relevant today. The essay focuses on crime statistics, and how they may be skewered by media coverage, misconceptions and facts about parole and obtaining parole, victim's rights re: victim impact statements, parole violation: statistics and misconceptions, statutory requirements re: parole, and costs of parole.

Tags:criminal, rehabilitation, release

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of criminal justice. Specifically, it discusses the measurement of parole effectiveness and how people measure its effectiveness. The paper relates that, for most people, parole effectiveness is measured by how many parolees and probationers remain free from crime and do not return to prison. The paper also contends that with such a large and diverse parole population, it is extremely difficult to measure the exact amount of parole effectiveness in the United States, and it is extremely difficult to gauge the effectiveness of parole in the future. There are predictors and measurements that apply both to adult and juvenile offenders, and those predictions and measurements fill the scope of this paper.

From the Paper
"Perhaps one of the most important issues in measuring the effectiveness of parole is the lack of real research and study of the problem. The Council notes, "As this review unmistakably demonstrates, the application of scientifically rigorous methods in research and evaluation on community supervision has not been the norm and is only now beginning to emerge" (National Research Council, 2008, p. 81). That means that much measurement is speculation at best, especially when one takes into consideration the many problems associated with measurement that are discussed below in this paper. In addition, there are very few studies of community support projects and other support for parolees, and so, the true effectiveness of these programs really is not known, even though there are strong beliefs they do add to the overall success of the parolee. What is clear, if nothing else is that a lot more study needs to go into effective parole techniques in order to get a true perspective on the measurement of parole effectiveness."

Tags:adult, juvenile, offenders

Abstract
This paper examines Santa Ana's effectiveness in reducing the crime rate of parolees that have been released. The paper first describes the guidelines established that regulated the number and location of new liquor licenses issued after a study was released that indicated that crime rates were linked to establishments selling alcohol. The paper then relates that the Santa Ana department has also sought to work more closely with other governmental agencies outside the city and has enacted programs and used resources to treat 'at-risk' youth and rising vehicle theft. The paper shows how the parole system's interconnection with the community offers security to the parolee and provides more resources to help them stay away from crime and become a part of the community.

From the Paper
"There are many factors that go into being a good parole officer. Not the least of which is patience. Officers must be highly educated, well connected to links in the community, very well organized, compassionate and yet authoritarian (1). The job we as a society has asked of the men and women of the Santa Ana Parole Office is nothing short of a miracle. Most of the time parole officers are over worked and under funded and yet we as a society demand that they watch over thousands of parolees to insure our safety. Japan takes a very different societal view of this process than we do. They have a huge volunteer force that helps those released from prison stay connected with their community.(3) They have a ratio of almost 2:1 parolee to officer but their officers are normal members of the community that volunteer their time to help."

Tags:crime, alcohol, licenses, programs, community

Abstract
This paper discusses, in California, who decides if a prisoner is eligible for parole. The author investigates how the parolee is handled before and after release. The paper suggests what can be done to improve the system.

From the Paper
"Currently, the Board of Prison Terms (BPT) in California is the adult parole board and conducts parole hearings for all inmates sentenced to life terms with the possibility for parole but all sets terms and conditions of parole for all persons released on parole in California. The BPT consists of nine Commissioners appointed by the Governor and approved by the Senate who serve four-year terms which are staggered. The Commissioners work full-time in their positions as BPT members and travel throughout California to conduct parole hearings at different ..."

Tags:parole, reinstegration, recidivism, revoking parole

Abstract
This report examines the juvenile justice system in relation to recidivism rates in African-American juvenile offenders. The juvenile justice system is placed in societal context through use of labeling theory, control theory, and the presence of racial profiling. The link to the program-based juvenile correctional, educational, and/or residential treatment program is provided through an association with the continuity of labeling-based role behavior within the juvenile justice system. Issues of recidivism are compared between different sorts of programs, with an emphasis on the residential treatment program. The formation of an environment that simultaneously blocks the presence of criminality-associated factors and values the inhabitant who is incarcerated, strictly on terms of their being a criminal among other criminals, is assessed in its contribution to higher rates of recidivism following incarceration. The report primarily exists as a literature review rather than an actual longitudinal or other experimental methodology presentation, and operates on the central hypothesis that African-American juvenile delinquents tend to increase rather than decrease levels of criminal behavior after being incarcerated in the juvenile justice system. The effects of discrimination in terms of unequal treatment within the juvenile justice system of differing races is also addressed, as are program realities.

From the Paper
"These individuals may put themselves into a situation in which these relationships with supervision are seen as negative and/or absent. The role of the juvenile justice system in replacing these supervisory relationships is therefore crucial for an understanding of recidivism patterns following incarceration. The provision of a positive supervisory structure is what is wanted, while the provision of a negative supervisory structure is seen to detrimentally affect the juvenile within the justice system and lead to a higher likelihood of the original negative-supervision attitude's being reinforced. "The onset of puberty, the increased presence of alcohol, drugs, and weapons in a young person's environment, and growing economic pressures all increase the risk of being a perpetrator or a victim of violence" (Posner, 1998). The reduction of these presences in the juvenile justice system is too often reinforced within a sort of labeling situation that still places a high premium on the criminal's role of association with these presences."

Tags:civil, rights, legislator, parole

Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate that minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the U.S. criminal justice system. The paper cites statistics showing that, while all minorities are afforded less than fair treatment by the criminal justice system, African-Americans seem to be particularly vulnerable to sentences involving capital punishment. The paper further asserts that African-Americans suffer from political, social, psychological and economic exploitation at the hands of powerful whites in this country and, as a result, black people generally are purposefully put into situations where the commission of criminal acts are seen as the most effective solution to their problems. The paper concludes that the problem will only end once white people honestly recognize the racism that exists within the U.S. on all levels of society and end it.

Table of Contents
Race, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
Drug Policies and Racial Disparities

From the Paper
"In 1996, six in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities -- 41 percent were African American, 18 percent were Hispanic and 3 percent Asian or Alaska Native, according to the Department of Justice. The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based think tank, reported in 1995 that 32.2 percent of all African Americans men between the age of 20 and 29 are under criminal justice supervision on any given day -- in prison or jail, on probation or parole. Even more unsettling, nationally blacks are incarcerated at a rate of 7.66 times greater than whites. This paper shall demonstrate how minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the US criminal justice system."

Tags:jail, inmates, racial, ethnic, minorities, hispanic, prison, probation, parole, non-white

Abstract
This paper analyzes key issues preventing the correctional system in the United States from being effective in its goals to reduce crime and recidivism rates. It describes the problems with overcrowding, high client caseloads and the lack of offender change resulting from a lack of effective educational, vocational and rehabilitative programs available to inmates during their incarceration. The paper focuses on potential solutions to these problems, such as the possible benefits of a shift to a more rehabilitative model of corrections.

From the Paper
"The "crisis in corrections" is not due to one single issue but rather the culmination of several, interrelated issues that have persisted in the field of corrections. Each of these issues is precipitated by the others, in a cycle of ignorance and misguided acceptance. Historical changes in sentencing policies and prison procedures and a current lack of awareness and motivation for change have resulted in a systemic crisis of serious overcrowding, a lack of effective programming and assistance for current and released inmates, and a high rate of recidivism."

Tags:prisons, parole, rehabilitation, recidivism

Abstract
The paper looks at the history of parole and discusses how parole encourages inmates to follow the prison rules, without any misconduct. The paper then describes how if an inmate has no hope of ever being eligible for parole, he has no incentive to behave and follow any rules that are placed on prisoners. The paper is of the opinion that even with the flaws of parole, it is an important and necessary part of the criminal justice system.

Outline:
Abstract
History
Parole: How to Earn It
The Right Tools
Incentive Vs. Nothingness
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Parole is very controversial in the criminal justice system in the United States. In looking back at the very beginning of parole and how it was introduced into our system we are able to understand the origins and why it is required. Parole was a concept that was developed and nurtured in England in the 1600's and slowly made its way overseas to America in the late 1800's (Siegel & Senna, 2005, p. 477). In the early nineteenth century America was placed under a large burden to compensate for the overcrowding of the prison system."

Tags:incentives, reform, recidivism, incarceration, inmates

Abstract
This paper examines battered women syndrome (BWS), women who serve indeterminate life sentences for killing a spouse or intimate partner that was abusing them. It provides a history of BWS, looks at the 'types' of batterings that lead to this syndrome such as physical and sexual and evaluates parole in the state of California by reviewing recent events. It analyzes various cases of women who are eligible for parole, but are not paroled. The paper leans toward the side of battered women who have served their sentences and should be granted parole.

From the Paper
"There are many elements to Battered Women's Syndrome, which makes the definition of this phenomenon broad and complex. The predominant types of battering that lead to this syndrome are physical, sexual, and psychological battering (NVADV). Battering may include emotional abuse, economic abuse, sexual abuse, using children, threats, using male privilege, intimidation, isolation, and a variety of other behaviors used to maintain fear, intimidation and power. The California Board of Prison Terms defines BWS as a series of common characteristics that appear in women who are physically and/or psychologically abused, over an extended period of time, by a dominant male figure in their lives (BPT). In all cultures, the perpetrators are most commonly the men of the family."

Tags:corrections, female, offenders