Abstract
The city of Paris has a long and significant history in the western world. Like any major cultural center, much has been written of the city itself, as well as of its many transformations over the years. This paper focuses on the period of time during which Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann was given the task of bringing about change and order to Paris under the reign of Napoleon III in order to analyze and interpret this period of transformation in the history of this complex urban entity. In order to address this question, the readings of Giedion, Harvey, and Olsen are drawn upon and explored.

Outline:
Introdution
Haussmann's Redevelopment of Paris
Conclusion

From the Paper
"During the period of transformation we have come to know as "haussmannization," Paris, already a great cultural city that attracted visitors and new residents from far and wide, underwent a series of changes that resulted in a new, modern center of civilization. Many of these changes were conscious efforts to modernize the city, to accommodate its growing and changing population in calculated ways. As Olsen has stated, "the health of Paris depended not on what happened in any particular quarter but on its growth and vitality as a total organism" (p. 52). A large portion of these changes were planned and instituted by Haussmann; his influences have largely defined the city since the days of the Industrial Revolution. They have also been the subject of scrutiny by scholars from a number of disciplines, all of whom have sought to better understand the urban environment in its many complex and interrelated facets.
"The most convincing interpretation of the complex transformations associated with this period in Parisian history must take in a number of discrete factors. Some of these are based on practical and realistic needs of urban dwellers in Paris at the time. Some are very much rooted in the mythology of the city itself, and of Paris in particular, for the city has always had an identity of its own throughout its tumultuous history. Still others are economic and political in nature: the vagaries of power and the forceful and idiosyncratic tendencies of those who hold it often impact urban environments in ways that, although difficult to measure in any quantifiable way, are nonetheless important to its development and growth. "To the degree that Louis Napoleon appeared to be a compromise whom each faction thought could be controlled," asserts Harvey, "he was put in a position where he could play off popular will, factionalism, and traditional loyalties to the Napoleonic legend (particularly in the army), and thus consolidate a very personal power" (Harvey, p. 98)."

Tags:architectural, paris, design, modernization

Abstract
This paper examines how Karl Marx's "Paris Documents" examine the philosophical concept of alienation, which Marx expertly grounds in the material construction of human existence. It looks at how the work Marx produced in the "Paris Manuscripts" accurately describes the conditions of laborers not only within capitalism but, more importantly, within the structure of civilization itself.

From the Paper
"Well before Karl Marx completed his (in)famous Communist Manifesto, he was working on many of the preliminary ideas that would shape that work in 1844 in Paris. The work that Marx produced in those years was ultimately never finished but forms an important basis of our understanding of the development of Marx's critical perspectives. In particular, the Paris Documents examine the philosophical concept of alienation, which Marx expertly grounds in the material construction of human existence."

Tags:marx, alienation, paris

Abstract
The following paper reviews the architecture of London and Paris during the period stretching from AD 1400 to 2000. The paper explores the similarities and differences between the two cities as it pertains to architecture; suffice it to say, while there are general similarities there are many more differences, and the paper explores how architectural divergences explain the differences in atmosphere and appearances between the two metropolises. At the same time the paper considers the differing architectural styles that distinguish the two world class cities.

Tags:paris, london, architecture

Abstract
This paper analyzes a film that is filmed through fast paced action sequences, which describe a clean and prosperous city. The paper discusses the way that by analyzing the social and political turmoil of the late fifties and early sixties in Paris, France, these films represent a the clash between counter culture and the larger society norms at large in the city.

From the Paper
"Film Studies: The Depiction of Paris of in the Films: 400 Blows, Cleo from 5-7, and Breathless In this film study the role of Paris in the cinematography will be analyzed within the films; 400 Blows (1959), Cleo from 5-7 (1961), and Breathless (1960). In essence, Paris is a city that is filmed in the rushing changes of a society that reflects a burgeoning metropolis in the modern era. In the film: 400 Blows, Truffaut is able to reflect his own experiences in the rough life of underworld through his directorial filming technique."

Tags:paris, film, french

Abstract
This paper explores and analyzes Paris' sustainable development programs and policies. The paper explains that sustainable development meets the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of future generations to both thrive and survive. The paper asserts that the urban population of the earth is increasing, and with it, the fear the environment could be irrevocably damaged. While global change is finally acknowledged by international institutions and countries have begun to take measures, the paper asks which municipalities are at the very core of the problem. The paper attributes its focus on Paris to the famous city's standing as one of the most competitive economies in France and in Europe, providing significant job prospects and economic opportunities. The paper concludes that the urban policies of Paris concern mostly environmental aspects such as air quality, a good public transport system, recycling, and waste disposal; efforts have increased in the last four years because the political majority in Paris is composed of the Socialist party and an ecological party called "Les Verts" or "The Greens."

From the Paper
"In terms of figure first, the municipality of Paris is responsible for collecting and disposing 1,198,819 tonnes of waste per year, which means that 100 kg of waste is created every three seconds. The waste created per inhabitant was 239 kg in 1960 and 564 in 2005; it almost doubled in 45 years (Mairie de Paris 1, 2005). This clearly shows the tendency of developed countries to use more and more materials and shows its tendency towards more consumption.
For all households, two waste bins are available and one of them is specifically use for recycling. It could contain paper, cardboard, and plastic. This system has been established for four years and since 2005 the "recycling" waste bin is collected twice a week.
For professionals and companies, the municipality has a fee-service for waste disposal. Every year, companies shred around 400,000 tonnes of waste. For the disposal of toxic waste, five areas of wastage are available around Paris. Here are treated heavy material, and metals."

Tags:waste, recycling, air, quality, pollution, France

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the mid-19th century, Paris was renovated beyond recognition by Haussmann as prefect, with half the medieval city removed along with the city's long established slums. This paper refers to the conception of Paris that is actually a glimpse of a Recent Paris, theoretical material from urban design, art, cultural studies and Walter Benjamin.

From the Paper
"Parisian urban development before the systematic planning of Georges-Eugene Haussmann (1809-1891) did not involve what we today understand to be Paris, his contribution immense to a transformed environment and Parisian culture altered by the arrival of street lighting in the 1820s, public transportation and larger numbers of people living in the city in different ways. What has been called the Haussmanization of Paris has had a tenacious influence over foreigners' notions of Paris too, of the character of its residents, all matters of aesthetics and sensuality, a reconstructed Paris remaining a popular mirage in its ..."

Tags:results

Abstract
In this article, the writer describes the Notre Dame de Paris (Our Lady of Paris), a Gothic, Catholic cathedral that is situated on the eastern side of the Ile de la Cite, Paris. The writer discusses that, considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture in Europe, and especially famous for its stained glass windows, which can be contrasted with earlier Romanesque architecture, the cathedral is home to the South Rose Window - one of the greatest masterpieces of Christianity. This paper researches the South Rose Window by focusing on its design, architectural history, and the artistic movement that inspired its creation.

Outline:
Introduction
A Window to the Past
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Then, somewhere between 1210 and 1220, the construction around the level with the South Rose Window was completed, subsequently being finished in 1212. However, it was not until 1345 that the entire project was finished, and it really must have been both inspiring and beautiful on its completion. However, the religious wars that followed meant that the cathedral was damaged on various occasions.
"Notre Dame de Paris was badly damaged by the Huguenots in 1548, who perceived many of the cathedral's features as being idolatrous, and a number of statues and stain-glass windows were destroyed during the modernization program that took place during the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV. An enormous statue of St. Christopher, for example, was destroyed in 1743, and various tombs and stain-glass windows received the same fate - although this did not include the South Rose Window. "

Tags:architecture, rose, window, Gothic, art, France

Abstract
The paper discusses how Americans traveling to Paris for business will encounter one of the world's wealthiest, most dynamic cities, with a well-diversified economy and major firms in a wide range of industries. The paper outlines the basics of general Parisian culture as well as the Parisian business culture, and illustrates how while Paris represents tremendous opportunity, navigating the culture and business environment can pose many difficulties. The paper does assert, however, that the business traveler is likely to be rewarded if he respects the culture differences.

From the Paper
"Americans traveling to Paris for business will visit one of the world's wealthiest, most dynamic cities. As one of the world's true global cities, Paris plays an important role for the American business community. Of the Fortune Global 500, 25 of them have their headquarters in Paris . As a result, Paris has a well-diversified economy, with major firms in a wide range of industries. Furthermore, in recent years the government has privatized many key businesses, and the economy is becoming increasingly market-driven. Paris represents tremendous opportunity, but navigating the French culture and business environment poses many difficulties."

Tags:etiquette, religion, politics, power, structures

Abstract
The author of this paper shows how Gullickson clarifies a common misperception of history through unfolding an historical narrative and contrasting popular illustrations and images with historical documentation. The paper shows how this contrast was made using the women of Paris during the Paris Commune of 1871 as an example.

From the Paper
"Even supporters of the Commune, however, tended to accept the notion of women in politics in schematic, rather than humanistic terms. While the conservatives saw the women of the commune as either furies or devils, supporters both of the day and historians of the past saw the women as ministering angels. Liberals tended to see the women of the commune also, not as soldiers engaging in a struggle, or engaging in intelligent and vital actions and negotiating strategies, but merely as physical representations of freedom (like Marianne in the painting Liberty Leading the People)."

Tags:revolution, Montmartre, Liberal

Abstract
This paper offers a discussion and analysis of the artwork entitled "The Judgment of Paris," by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Specifically, the paper describes the subject of the work and analyzes it with regard to its expressive content. The paper attempts to answer the following questions: What statement do you think the artist wanted to make? What techniques did the artist use to make this statement? "The Judgment of Paris" depicts a famous mythological scene with great attention to detail and reality.

From the Paper
"Lucas Cranach the Elder was a German painter who lived from 1472 to 1553, and painted in the Northern Renaissance style. This painting, "The Judgment of Paris," is tempera and oil on wood, which measures 401/2 x 28 and Cranach painted it sometime around 1528. Cranach enjoyed painting in a natural style, blending his figures with the surrounding landscape, and this painting is a good example of his technique (Editors). The landscape behind the figures is quite detailed. It even includes a medieval castle on the edge of a towering cliff, along with a medieval town set off in the distance in the valley, with a ship floating serenely in the town's harbor."

Tags:artwork, painting, german