Abstract In this article the writer discusses the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. The writer explores the work done by this organization and looks at its mission statement. The writer also examines how and why the organization is under attack from the religious right.
From the Paper "The Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. is the world's largest reproductive health care organization. Planned Parenthood believes in everyone's right to choose when or whether to have a child that every child should be wanted and loved and that women should be in charge of their own reproductive destinies. Planned Parenthood believes in reproductive self-determination and jealously safeguards an individual's right to privacy. The organization believes that reproductive self-determination contributes to an enhancement of the quality of life, strong family relationships and population stability. The stated mission ... "
Tags: Planned parenthood, organization, plans, goals, conflict, difficulties, growth, abortion rights, bombings, controversy, political activism, President Bush
This paper discusses the Supreme Court case, "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" (1992), which upheld the rights of women to have an abortion as guaranteed by "Roe vs. Wade".
Abstract This paper explains the events leading to "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey": the State of Pennsylvania amended its Abortion Control Act to require women seeking abortion to 1) give "informed consent" and the doctors to provide information about the health risks of having the abortion prior to the abortion; 2) a "spousal notification"; 3) "parental notification" from parents of minors; and 4) a 24-hour waiting period before obtaining an abortion. The author points out that "Roe vs. Wade." one of the most controversial rulings in the history of U.S. Supreme Court, which generated heated criticism from anti-abortion groups and gave rise to a pro-life movement, predated "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey". The paper concludes that "Casey" is still relevant because the present U.S. administration is clearly in favor of making abortion illegal, the Congress is dominated by Republicans, and there is a possibility of replacement of more than one Justice on the Court during the second Bush term, who most likely will be anti-abortion.
Table of Contents
Background of the Casey Supreme Court
William Rehnquist
Harry Blackmun
Sandra O'Connor
Anthony Kennedy
John Stevens
Antonin Scalia
Byron White
David Souter
Clarence Thomas
Important Pre-Casey Cases
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Doe v. Bolton (1973)
Harris v. MCrae
Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
Historical, Social and Legal Background of Casey
Arguments from both Sides
Essentials of the Plurality Decision
Contemporary Reaction to the Case
Legal Reaction to the Case
Historical Impact
Current Relevance
From the Paper "Several states enacted laws limiting the right of abortion, including laws requiring parental and spousal consent, restricting abortions in clinics, and laws barring state funding for abortions. The Hyde Amendment was passed by the US Congress banning state funds for abortions. In a long series of cases from the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, the Supreme Court consistently struck down several state restrictions on abortions, but upheld restrictions on funding."
Abstract This paper provides a brief history of the Planned Parenthood organization and outlines its philosophy. The paper relates that the mission statement of the Planned Parenthood organization is that it is infinitely better to prevent conception than it is to perform an abortion. Furthermore, the organization believes that every human being should have total care, custody and control of their bodies. The paper concludes that the group has stood its ground, suffering arrest and abuse while teaching women that they do not have to have unwanted children that will become a burden on them and society.
From the Paper "Planned Parenthood came to the attention of the public in 1916 in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn. Margaret Sanger and her compatriots began to distribute leaflets announcing the opening of a birth control clinic in the neighborhood. They asked the question of whether a mother could afford to have more children, and offered counseling on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. They offered the hope that through education of the public, conception would occur through choice and the babies subsequently born would be wanted and not an unexpected burden (PPNT.Org.facts)."
Abstract The author of this paper looks at the subject of parenthood as it appears in English literature. The paper discusses works written by authors such as Milton and Shakespeare in the 16th and 17th centuries through to the 20th century and authors such as William Golding and Margaret Atwood.
From the Paper "The 20th century saw a number of literary developments and experiments. On the one hand, The Lord of the Flies, 1984 and A Brave New World, propose dystopian visions of parenthood. In the first, parental control is totally absent from an aggressive, deathly atmosphere. The second represents twisted political machinery because of which children send their parents to death. The third speculates about the implications of planned parenthood if carried too far. On the other hand, Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale (1985) focuses on birth as a metaphor of writing and artistic creation. Atwood likens the conception of a story to the conception of a child, and the writing process to a painful delivery."
Abstract This paper compares the benefits and advantages of Planned Parenthood and Birthright in order to assess which organization is better. The writer concludes that, even though Planned Parenthood provides a wider array of services and health care, Birthright is the better option for a women experiencing an unplanned pregnancy. Birthright provides friendship, support, non-judgmental encouragement, and endless help in a time of great need. It explains that, while Planned Parenthood provides many notable services to pregnant women, it does not provide a vulnerable woman a place to turn emotionally. Planned Parenthood just provides facts about the options for a pregnancy, including the "easy way out": abortion.
From the Paper "Many organizations provide care for women regarding their reproductive and sexual health. How is a woman experiencing the stress of an unplanned pregnancy to know which organization is the best choice for her? Even though each group provides many of the same services, many differences are evident when comparing each clinic on a point-by-point basis. Planned Parenthood and Birthright are two widely known and respected organizations that provide services to women in need of reproductive health-related care. While both have many similarities, their differences lie in their services provided, mission statements, and position on abortion."
Abstract The paper attempts to rebut the common stereotypes about single parenthood that correlate single parenthood with an increased risk for dropping out of school and substance abuse. The paper suggests that these factors merely correlate with single parenthood, but single parenthood is not the cause. The paper firmly believes that single parents with good support from others can raise more resilient, competent children that become productive and emotionally hardy adults.
From the Paper "Single parents accounted for 28 percent of all households with children according to the 2000 Census (DeLeire & Kalil, 2001, p.4). The reasons for this state of affairs ranged from everything from divorce, to unwed motherhood, to the death of one of the spouses. Regardless, the question as to whether single parents can be competent parents is a serious one for a society where single parenting is, if not the norm, then increasingly common. Many adults of the next generation find themselves reared a single parent household, because of an unmarried, divorced, or widowed parent."
Tags:parenthood, nuclear, family, role, model, support
This paper examines the factors that influence a teenager's decision to have an abortion, including economics, Planned Parenthood programs, and parental consent laws.
Abstract This paper explains that the Life Options model, the concept of planning for the future and having the ability to have some control over that future, is a major force behind deciding to have an abortion. The paper points out that, though many experts assert that parental consent laws are good and reduce abortion, there are many health professionals that believe that parental consent is not a good policy because parental consent laws can delay the amount of time that it takes a teenager to inform their parents about their pregnancy and places the teenager in a position to experience negative health risks. The paper concludes that Planned Parenthood programs are effective because they allow teens to ask specific questions and get accurate answers about sex, STDs, contraception, pregnancy, and abortion.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
Literature Review
Economic Factors
Do Planned Parenthood Programs Reduce the Amount of Abortions?
Parental Consent Laws and Decreased Abortion Rates
Hypothesis
Variables
Validation of Hypothesis
Methodology/Procedure
Analysis and Interpretation
Limitations
Conclusion
From the Paper "As you can see socioeconomics definite plays a role in influencing a teen's decision to have an abortion. To explain it simply teenage girls that have the financial means to have an abortion are more likely to choose abortion as an option. In addition, teenagers that know that they can obtain a college education are more likely to pursue an abortion. Those that are disadvantaged have very little hope about their future plans and are very often struggling academically. Also studies suggest that there are differences in abortion rates among those of with different racial backgrounds."
Tags: options, delay, control, travel, information
An analysis of the impact of being the son or daughter of a single parent upon the development - cognitive, emotional and physical - of a young person.
Abstract This paper reviews how thecognitive, emotional and physical development of a child is impacted because of being raised by a single parent. In particular, the paper argues that single parenthood in and of itself is not necessarily a bad thing, but rather that many single parents are ill-equipped educationally, temperamentally, cognitively and psychologically for the stresses of single parenthood and their struggles create complications for their children. Moreover, the paper offers some policy suggestions for improving single parent homes, for political elites and scholars.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
School Performance And Being The Children Of Single Parents
Physical Well-Being And Being The Child Of A Single-Parent
Psychological Aspects Of Being A Child Of A Single Parent
Conclusion: Recommendations For Helping Children In Single Parent Households Reach Their Full Potential (Along With Policy Implications And Future Research Directions)
From the Paper "On that note, it is important that educators and health officials begin by doing what they can to involve single parents in the school endeavors and extra-curricular activities of their children. For instance, a 1986 study by Weber took note of the fact that parents of mentally handicapped children who fail to attend individualized educational plans (IEPs) are usually non-white, come from lower economic backgrounds and are single parents; they also tended to be people who placed more responsibility for their children's educational programs in the hands of professionals (Weber, 1986). If there is one thing that needs to be done, it is to educate single parents about the importance of their becoming active participants in decisions that will ultimately effect the kind of care and attention their loved ones receive; without their involvement, it is entirely possible that the one voice that can argue most impassionedly on behalf of their children will be the one voice that no one hears."
Abstract This paper examines the controversial life and work of Margaret Sanger, and her drive to provide women with an education regarding birth control. The author discusses Sanger's views on pregnancy, contraception, and the early beginnings of planned parenthood.
From the Paper "The early twentieth century was a revolutionary turning point in American history. This was especially true regarding woman and their rights. During this time period, there was a tremendous amount of human suffering. Those who endured much of this were women. Although there were many women who made their mark on history during this time period, Margaret Sanger was among the most influential, yet controversial women of her time. Her work in creating what is today known as Planned Parenthood, and her avocations to legalize birth control, remain a controversy to this day. "
Tags: medicine, parenthood, planned, studies, women, abortion, new, york
Abstract This paper provides a thorough analysis of a psychological experiment. The experiment in question studied the effect of maternal stress reduction during pregnancy on the health of their children at one year of age. The author applies an understanding of some fundamental principles of proper psychological research and the principles of critical thinking.
From the Paper "The first steps in developing a sound experiment are to identify the research problem and hypothesis. After these are complete, a good psychological experiment allows us to systematically change one or more variables under controlled conditions, allowing the experimenter to identify causal relationships. Variables are defined as ?Any characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across organisms, situations or environments.?
Abstract This paper addresses the problem of the lack of reproductive freedom in women in the Philippines. This is a problem of central concern for the country because it is imperative to the development of the economy and country as a whole for families to be planned and family sizes reduced to a manageable level. Women are currently having approximately 3.6 children, and the population is set to double within the next 25 years. The problem is also an urgent priority for the International Planned Parenthood Foundation because of a duty to provide care and support to those who do not have reproductive freedom. These women cannot choose when to have sex, let alone when to have children or how many. The first section of this paper provides an analysis of the root causes of reproductive servitude in the Philippines. The second section discusses the challenges to addressing the problem. The third section puts forth policy recommendations based on these challenges and where to renew the IPPF focus. The current policy has stalled and needs to rekindle the desire to plan families in the second fastest growing Asian country. The analysis concludes that the youth will need to be targeted, using field tactics and reinforcing the clinics already in place with necessary technology.
From the Paper ""In the Second Session for the ICPD Preparatory Committee (in May 1993), the Philippines government strictly followed the Vatican's orientation" (Correa 54). The next time they met for the Third Session, it was April 1994 and "NGO's were represented in the official Philippine delegation and the position shifted to support the reproductive health and rights framework" (Correa 54). Even though government policy may have shifted rapidly, real change takes much longer to take effect. Life in the slums of metro Manila have changed little over the past few decades, despite the advances in reproductive policy, including the creation of several family planning programmes sponsored by the government. "The country has one of the highest population growth rates in Asia at 2.3 percent annually and an average population density which is nearly double the South-East Asian average and is exceeded only by that of Singapore" (IPPF Country Profile), so family planning has become a terribly important topic of interest. The population will likely double in the next quarter century, so we, as an international family planning front-runner, need to double our efforts as well in this country."
Tags: asia, feminism, human, public, rights, southeast, women
A debate on the advantages and disadvantages of a constitutional requirement that would require that a minor have parental consent before getting an abortion.
Abstract This paper discusses how the U.S. Supreme Court is currently reviewing the case of Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood. This is a case out of New Hampshire regarding a law that would require parent notification before a minor could receive an abortion, even if it is a life threatening situation.
Outline:
Introduction
The Law and its Controversy
Benefits of the Law
Disadvantages of Law
Conclusion
From the Paper The law originated in the state of New Hampshire from a woman in the legislature by the name of Phyllis Woods. She was a former credit bureau manager prior to being elected to the legislature. Her decision to enter politics was based on the issue of abortion as in 1997; New Hampshire repealed some laws which removed some restrictions. She was quoted as saying, "I felt the legislators were doing something wrong."
Tags: United, States, Supreme, Court, planned, parenthood
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of surrogate motherhood. Specifically the author discusses the reasons why women choose to become surrogate mothers. The paper touches on the conflicting viewpoints on this issue including why some women choose to become surrogate mothers simply for the fees involved. However, the author also argues that there are other surrogates who do it because they truly care about childless couples. The paper stresses that surrogacy may not be for every woman, but there are very valid reasons to support surrogate motherhood, including giving childless couples a chance at parenthood.
From the Paper "Surrogate mothers serve as artificial mothers for parents who cannot conceive and/or carry children on their own. Sometimes, the parents have healthy sperm and egg cells, but for some reason the mother cannot carry a baby to term. In this case, the eggs and sperm are harvested and they are implanted into the surrogate. In other cases, the woman's eggs are not healthy, and the male's sperm is used to fertilize the surrogate's egg, which the surrogate then carries to full term and delivers a baby. Either way, the surrogate carries the child for nine months, and then relinquishes the baby to the natural parents. In the United States and much of Europe, this is a legal procedure, and the surrogate receives a fee for carrying the baby. This is wrong. A woman should not carry a baby for money, no matter what the reason, and many experts agree."
Abstract This paper begins by presenting a great deal of background information on the topic of abortion, including statistics on various aspects of abortion, a discussion of illegal or unsafe abortions, political positions regarding abortions and the role of planned parenthood. After reviewing and analyzing this information, the paper concludes that the real pro-life position is the position taken by the pro-choice movement rather than the position taken by opponents of abortion.
Table of Contents
Introduction
An Overview of Abortion
Abortion Statistics
Illegal and/or Unsafe Abortions
Medical Groups that Oppose Obstacles to Abortion
Abortion and Both Sides of the Political Fence
Planned Parenthood and Abortion
Pro-Choice Opinion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Abortion is perhaps one of the most emotionally charged debates this country has endured for decades. Two diametrically opposed positions have continued to butt heads over the topic, despite legislation and legal rulings that should have ended the debate years ago. Yet, the fact that the issue is so intertwined with religious and moral beliefs has supercharged the topic to a point that neither side can let go. And, therefore, the debate continues."
