Abstract
This paper explains that paralysis of the face is extremely traumatic because the face is the most important part of human existence; thereby, paralysis causes devastating physical and psychological problems. The author points out that the primary objective of surgery for facial paralysis is to restore spontaneous symmetrical animation. The paper underscores that the way that etiology serves as the base for the surgical plan, which has different requirements between adults and children. The author describes various modern surgical techniques including nerve grafts and muscle transfer and the use of electromyography before and after the direct neurotization technique to the muscles of the eye sphincter, depressor, tongue and smile restoration to improve function.

Table of Contents:
Plastic Surgery- Facial Paralysis: Considerations
Direct Neurotization Technique in Facial Paralysis during Facial Reanimation
All Etiologies of Facial Paralysis: Congenital, Post Traumatic, Secondary to Tumor Excision
Direct Nerve to Muscle Neurotization of Eye Sphincter (Orbicularis Ori Muscle, 12Lips Depressor, Smile Restoration and Tongue Specifically
Specific Indications for the Technique (Direct Muscle Neurotization in Facial Reanimation)
Electromyography
Evaluation and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The condition of facial paralysis is therefore called 'Bell's Palsy'. (2) At that time the causes of the paralysis was not discovered. Today there are different methods of finding the cause and remedy of many types of paralysis. "Bell's Palsy" is now used to "refer to a condition where the cause cannot be ascertained". Today most surgeons treat all paralysis as 'Bell's Palsy', which is erroneous. In determining the cause of and the nature of the condition, it is necessary to take in the results of the examination of ear, nose, throat, neck, and the 'parotid' glands."

Tags:neurotization reanimation, bell's palsy, facial symmetry, malformities

Abstract
The paper discusses the disassociation of dream-related REM sleep from atonia, resulting in a disturbing experience of hypnagogic paralysis with or without visual hallucinations. The paper relates that autonomic arousal and overwhelming emotions of fear often accompany such disorders as sleep terrors and nightmare disorders. The paper explains that with the simultaneous occurrence of hypnagogic paralysis with these fear reactions and hallucinations, it is often difficult to distinguish whether the cause is from the paralysis or the hallucination. The paper further discusses how the occurrence of specific phenomena such as spirit manifestations, out-of-body experiences, loss of bodily control or being "possessed" is an even more complex phenomenon to fathom due to the equally complex psychological, social and cultural interactions of the individual. The paper explains that they can be partially explained by higher cortical activity occurring mostly during REM sleep, and shows why PTSD is an unlikely cause of hypnagogic paralysis.

From the Paper
"I have had these experiences since age 13. I am now 50 and they seem more powerful. I am always awake during these experiences and [seem to] see evil spirits or feel like I can leave my body. Sometimes I let it take control over me; at times I have felt possessed... The author's experience may at first seem unrelated to the fields of psychiatry or the neurosciences and may seem more appropriate as a case of..."

Tags:hypnagogic, hallucinations, parasomnias

Abstract
The paper analyzes the strategic paralysis theories of John Warden and John Boyd and their application and effectiveness in the 1990-1991 Gulf War. The paper shows how these theories are theoretically sound and have practical validity as well. However, the paper goes on to explain why the fundamental assumptions made by both Boyd and Warden mean that their theories of strategic paralysis aren't always applicable. The paper therefore concludes that strategic paralysis theory is a realistic concept, but cannot be realised in all circumstances.

From the Paper
"Colonel John Boyd hypothesised that one could strategically paralyse their enemy through affecting his decisions-making processes. He developed a theory of decision-making process that he claimed all humans were subject to. The process had four phases: Observe, Orientate, Decision, Act. Subsequently, it was named the OODA loop. In practice, the OODA loop consisted of a person observing a change in the situation, orientating their mind to the new situation and developing plans, deciding on a plan, and acting on that chosen plan. Boyd theorised that one could defeat an enemy through getting inside their OODA loop. This could be done through going through one's own OODA loop quicker and with more accuracy than their enemy. This meant that while the enemy was still thinking about the changed situation and what they were going to do about it, the situation would change as a result of you having acted on a new decision. Doing this would result in the mental paralysis of the enemy. The enemy would become confused and his willingness to resist would deteriorate, Boyd hypothesised."

Tags:Gulf, War, Iraq, John, Boyd, John, Warden, enemy, gravity, global, jihadists

Abstract
The paper examines how Joyce's writing about Dublin in "The Dubliners" reflects the moral, intellectual and spiritual paralysis he saw in Irish society. The paper examines several stories such as "The Sisters," "Eveline," "After the Race" and "An Encounter" in order to illustrate how these stories are a manifestation of Joyce's ambivalent feelings toward his origins. The paper points out, however, that Joyce is not entirely hopeless in his view of the people of Dublin and thus of the world. The paper shows how he believes that some will be able to find a way to escape from the paralysis of society.

From the Paper
"The Dubliners is a collection of short stories by James Joyce, written and arranged in away that creates a meta-narrative about life in the city of Dublin and that expresses Joyce's ambivalence toward the city where he was raised. One of the primary themes in these stories is paralysis, for Joyce sees Ireland as a whole as if it were locked into a time and place that is different from that experienced by the rest of the world. The stories are arranged from childhood to old age and beyond, always showing how the people are tied to the religious conflict between Catholic and Protestant and to the clash between each in the early part of the Twentieth Century."

Tags:Ireland, society, morals, spirituality

Abstract
The paper comments that although "Dubliners" by James Joyce is a collection of short stories that reads like novel because the characters and situations all come together and relate the same story, the main theme is the spiritual and political paralysis of a nation. The paper then explores how this theme is presented in the book and how the paralysis experienced by those in "Dubliners" is both personal and national.

From the Paper
"The paralysis of Dublin also extends to the Church which acts as both a paralysing force and is itself in a state of paralysis. Indeed none of the priests in Dubliners are portrayed favourably: In "Araby" the priest who had formerly lived in the house had left it littered with papers, left his rusty bicycle pump outside, and had left his sister nothing but his furniture in his will. Fr. Keon in "Ivy Day in the Committee Room" is referred to as "a black sheep" and though he belongs to no "chapel or church or institution" he is quite "thick" with the politicians and financially does quite all right although no one is sure how. Even Fr. Purdon, whose ascent to the pulpit literally entails a struggle (173), gets his name from Purdon Street, which in Dublin makes up part of the red-light district. These unflattering portrayals of the clergy exemplify the corruption of the Church and its resulting paralysis."

Tags:corruption, dominant, priests, economically, paralyzed, oppressive, force

Abstract
This paper reviews James Joyces' novel "Dubliners" and in particular how the paralysis represented is both physical and emotional and is often associated with isolation. It examines how the characters are very human, and how Joyce was not afraid to give his characters many flaws although they are not likeable and are often in a form of emotional state. It analyzes how Joyce felt paralysis was a sin of sorts, a type of wrongdoing of the spirit that caused people to stagnate and fail. It shows how it is hard to relate to many of his characters because of their sheer lack of desire for progression and how their isolation would be considered pitiable, if they were more sympathetic. It evaluates whether these people could find redemption if they lived just about anywhere else except Dublin. Instead they are destined to live out their lives there, isolated from themselves, each other and humanity.

From the Paper
"One of the possible problems for redemption of the characters is that they seem rather disinterested in changing their lives, they are static and for the most part seem to prefer the status quo. The few characters that do seem to want to break the mold that Dublin has forced upon them are incapable of transformation. Little Chandler in "Little Cloud" is the best example of this type. He claims to want to be like Gallaher, but rather than try, he assumes that he cannot escape his life since it too late for him, and besides, he has furniture to pay for (Joyce, 70)."

Tags:characters, sin, society, liberation, redemption

Abstract
This paper analyzes the theme of paralysis for the various women that are depicted in Kate Mansfield's "Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding", "Prelude", and "The Garden Party." The paper examines the role of Frau, Aunt Beryl, and Laura in these stories, and shows how they must all make sacrifices under various forms of authority that leave them paralyzed and saddened at the end of the plot. The paper highlights how Mansfield portrays the reality of human sorrow and the sometimes unhappy nature of life that makes her characters sacrifice a sense of self and the individual happiness for the well being of others.

Tags:mansfield, stories, women

Abstract
The paper describes how in his short story "Eveline," James Joyce presents a tormented and damaged protagonist who is doomed to the same spiritual paralysis that immobilizes so many of his Dublin characters. The paper shows how although the young woman is unable to break free from her static circumstances, Joyce presents a character who is to be pitied and not blamed for her frantic indecision and her lack of will to direct her own life. The paper explains the source of her passivity and highlights her courage to even consider escaping to a new life in Argentina.

From the Paper
"In the first image of the story, Joyce immediately shows Eveline to be a passive character, looking out upon the world from her window like a captive in a tower. She does not seem eager to escape. Instead we hear only that "She was tired" (386). As she thinks about her past, we soon realize that her tiredness comes from longstanding emotional wounds, not simply from her duties as woman of the house now that her mother has died. We start to suspect that her childhood was not a happy one when she remembers playing in a field with her siblings and states, "Still they seemed to have been rather happy then" (387). Although she focuses on seeming to be rather happy, it is the image of a father hunting down his children with a blackthorn stick that reveals what an unhappy childhood she really must have had. Her tiredness and unwillingness to participate in life outside her prison of a home reveal how much effort it is costing her to convince herself that she is contented where she is."

Tags:indecision, passivity, helplessness

Abstract
This paper examines the theme of paralysis in "Dubliners", a collection of short stories by James Joyce. It begins with a description of the religious, economic, cultural, and political oppression in Dublin. It then specifically expands on several of the stories in the collection: "The Sisters," "Araby," "Eveline," "Two Gallants," and "The Dead." Finally, the paper examines Joyce's writing style.

From the Paper
"James Joyce constructed a collection of short stories intended to present the city of Dublin during the early twentieth century in a straightforward manner. The theme of paralysis permeates the work to show the city as well as the whole of Ireland as oppressed by religious, economic, cultural, and political circumstances. Every story in the collection, beginning with "The Sisters" and continuing to the final revelation in "The Dead," is infused with this theme. Joyce himself admitted to the "special odor of corruption which, I hope, floats over my stories" (Grey). He was aware that his tales would be raw, his pictures of Ireland unadorned by compassion. However much he identified with the characters he created, Joyce retained a candor that allowed him to keep "a style of scrupulous meanness" (Brandabur 8) throughout."

Tags:araby, childhood, adolescence, maturity, public, life, city, ireland

Abstract
In this essay, it is argued that the underlying theme of Shakespeare's play 'Hamlet' is epistemological uncertainty. In order to reveal this theme the context of the Renaissance and the rise of humanism is first presented. Following this, the content of the play is analyzed in order to highlight the theme. Among the clues presented are direct references to humanism, the nature of Hamlet's soliloquies, and specifically the influence of Montaigne. The views of a number of commentators are also presented in this regard, including those of Freud and Lacan.

From the Paper
"On the surface Shakespeare's play Hamlet appears to be a conventional tale of revenge. However, a closer analysis reveals that epistemology is a predominant concern too. To uncover this theme we need to play closer attention to the climate of humanism that prevailed in the Elizabethan era, and the associated epistemology which dictates that certainty in knowledge is possible. Hamlet is searching for the truth regarding his father's death, and his insistence on certainty leaves him paralyzed with indecision. Through this character Shakespeare seems to be exploring the limits to the humanist endeavor."

Tags:tragedy, regicide, madness, revenge, murder, ghost