Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at how modern science evolved and notes that science was originally connected to religion. The writer discusses that science eventually evolved, severing itself from the rudiments of religion once and for all and most exemplified by Galileo's empirical observations that the earth (and man) was not the center of the solar system. The writer discusses paradigm shifts and the germ theory of disease.

From the Paper
"Modern science is a triumph of the collective efforts of countless minds throughout all of human history. Science had originally been tethered to religion, offering an explanation for all natural events observed both in nature and in human events. Religion was originally inseparable from philosophy and science in that early man found solace in linking natural events with those events which he made happen. "

Tags:germ, theory, disease

Abstract
This paper examines the theory of paradigm shifts developed by Thomas S Kuhn in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions". It then applies the concept outside the sciences.

Abstract
It presents historical examples such as Einstein and Darwin. It also explores current paradigm shifts relating to cloning, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and stem cell research.

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the period of the European Renaissance was a very critical one in terms of the transition between medieval and "modern" Europe, but few scholars seem to agree on exactly what constitutes the Renaissance as such or the precise period in which it began and ended. The writer notes that the concept of the paradigm shift as first put forward by Thomas Kuhn is one which can be fruitfully applied to any analysis of this period, as long as we keep in mind that the complexity of the era leaves it open to multiple potential paradigm shifts.

From the Paper
"Of course there are some commonly accepted and well-established events and dates, but it may be that the very complexity and creative tumult of this period contributes to the ambiguity about its full scope and nature. In fact, its very "exuberance" is probably one strong defining characteristic of the Renaissance, but this too is a subjective term and not easily pinned down."

Tags:renaissance, paradigm, history

Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn and explain what he means by "paradigm shift" within the realm of interpretation of revolutions that occur in science-specifically- the Copernican Revolution. By examining how the relationships of the perceiver of the revolution helps to transform the revolution, we can see how this idea pertains to the way that ideas are influenced not only from the inventor or creator of the revolution itself, but in the efforts of others that support it.

Abstract
Throughout the course of history, science has deeply influenced other aspects of culture. Revolutions in scientific research parallel new world views. Most importantly, new physical understandings of nature necessitate novel forms of expression in everyday society. In the early twentieth century, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein revolutionized society's notion of reality by sending shockwaves into many non-scientific fields. The paper shows that, in turn, this directly impacted commonly held world views. In 1925, Virginia Woolf published "Mrs. Dalloway", a novel which incorporates both Freud's and Einstein's new theories of reality in its stream of consciousness presentation.

From the Paper
"Einstein's notion that measurements of time, space, and mass are relative to the individual observer's space-time reference frame lead to society's conclusion of the relativity of truth. In Woolf's time, everything became relative due to the impact of Einstein's theory of relativity. As a consequence, the characters in Mrs. Dalloway present reality through their own subconscious interpretations as what is true for one observer will not always be true for another observer in a separate frame of reference. This device of multiple perspectives in Woolf's writing corresponds to the postulate in relativity that space and time measurements for one observer will not be the same as for another moving in relation to the first."

Tags:consciousness, literature, reality

Abstract
The paper relates that one of the most profound influences at the moment is globalization, which is having an impact on every aspect of our lives, in one way or another. Th paper points out that naturally, globalization is also impacting feminism. This paper examines the implications of globalization for feminism, including the "paradigm shift" that some scholars perceive feminism is undergoing in response to globalization. It also considers the kinds of issues that feminist analysis is being challenged to pay attention to.

From the Paper
"What are the implications of the current paradigm shift that feminism is undergoing in response to the processes of globalization? What issues does it give rise to for feminist analysis? One of the most profound influences at the moment is globalization, which is having an impact on every aspect of our lives, in one way or another. Naturally, globalization is also impacting feminism. This essay examines the implications of globalization for feminism, including the "paradigm shift" that some scholars perceive feminism is undergoing in response to globalization. It also considers the kinds of issues that feminist analysis is being challenged to pay attention to."

Tags:globalization, feminism, paradigms

Abstract
"This paper examines the philosophical concept of the paradigm, taking under consideration Erving Goffman's dramaturgical paradigm as evidenced in a study at the Ritz-Carlton. Philosophical terminology such as paradigm, philosophical framework, ontology, axiology, rhetoric, and methodology is defined, and the Ritz-Carlton scenario is described in terms of Goffman's dramaturgical paradigm. A high-level outline is included.

Tags:paradigm, paradigm shift, Kuhn, Crotty, Goffman, social research, Ritz-Carlton, dramaturgical paradigm

Abstract
In an article entitled "The Consent Paradigm: Tribal Sovereignty at the Millennium," published in the Columbia Law Review, author Scott Gould (1996) asserts that federal Indian law has changed to the extent that presently, the nature of tribal power has been transformed from "land-based sovereignty" to "sovereignty based upon consent". The author outlines the Supreme Court's ruling in Montana vs. United States,concerning the authority of the Crow Tribe to regulate hunting and fishing by non-Indians on lands within the Tribe's reservation that were owned in fee simple by non-Indians. This is the benchmark case concerning tribal civil authority over nonmembers. This case was used in the application of another case, Strate, involving an automobile accident between an employee of A-1 Contractors -- a non-Indian owned company with its principal place of business outside the reservation, who was under contract to a wholly-owned corporation owned by the Tribes -- and a non-member, non-Indian (Fredericks), who was the widow of a deceased member of the Tribes. The court's application of the Consent Paradigm to the Strate case provides evidence that it was determined to justify the doctrine on a case-by-case basis.

From the Paper
"Petitioners argued that the "exhaustion rule," as stated in National Farmers and reiterated in Iowa Mutual, justified the requirement of exhaustion of tribal remedies before allowing federal court challenges to tribal court jurisdiction on prudential considerations because "[c]ivil jurisdiction over such activities [of non-Indians] presumptively lies in the tribal courts unless affirmatively limited by a treaty provision or federal statute." (Iowa Mutual, 480 U.S. at 18.) The Strate Court, however, found this presumption to be reversed, and basing its holding on Montana, relied on an absence of congressional direction enlarging tribal court jurisdiction."

Tags:civil, liberties, constitution, supreme, court

Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of "learner-centered instruction" and explains the process whereby there is a change of focus of instruction from the perspective of the learner instead of from the perspective of the instructor. It explains how instructors now focus on what the students need to learn in the course rather than on what is needed to be covered in the course. This paper covers issues such as how this is implemented and difficulties in its institution.

From the Paper
"Research on cognition reveals that students who reflect on their learning are better learners than those who do not (Cross, 1996, p.6). Classes in which students are expected to receive information passively rather than participating actively, will probably not be as effective in encouraging students to think reflectively (King and Kitchener, 1994, p. 239). Learning is best described as knowledge construction and meaning through a process of gleaning information while interacting with the teachers, the instructional materials they peruse, their classmates and schoolmates."

Tags:knowledge, student, school