Abstract
This paper elaborates on the biological aspects of the Panic disorder in patients without agoraphobia.

Tags:biological, causes, panic

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the current research on panic disorder, as well as its treatment is telling of the state of the disorder in the population, as well as inroads being made in its treatment and diagnosis. The writer maintains that the works studied here, collectively give the impression that panic disorder can be a life altering disorder that can progress rapidly, even in children. The writer points out that panic disorder is much more likely to occur in women than men, with the exception of those with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), who are more likely to be men if they are returning from war and more likely to be women if PTSD is associated with sexual/physical or emotional abuse in childhood. The writer concludes that the works examined also stress the need for more research, especially regarding the understanding of any potential biological effects that may be a result of chemical/hormonal changes that occur during panic.

From the Paper
"Both of these lines of research are ripe for additional investigation, as they seem to clearly complicate and possibly exacerbate the social affect of the disorder to a large degree and are secondary problems shared by many who experience the disorder.
"Other related disorders also give more clear insight into panic disorder, as post traumatic stress disorder has increased in severity as well as incidence, given the prolonged state of national crisis, war and other issues involving over stimulation in the fast paced society we share. One review work, demonstrates the conflicts and controversy that surrounds PTSD, often a precursor to panic disorder as the disorder leaves the individual with a cognitive reaction to normal events in an exaggerated panicked, fashion and in many ways correlates to panic disorder. The article states that victims in the past have been treated ineffectually due to preconceived notions about the traumatic event, if they are conscious of the memory or event and if they experienced such trauma as a result of war, as the politics of war and the dynamic of the military have skewed opinions and therefore policy on treatment, as has advocates and opponents of recovered memory subjects. "

Tags:anxious, traumatic, stress, victims

Abstract
This paper provides definitions of panic disorder and panic attacks and gives an overview of their symptoms and the types of panic attacks that can occur. The writer explains that it is difficult to determine what causes panic disorder as it occurs in many different situations and contexts, often together with other phobias, disorders, or medical conditions. It is frequently associated with depression, which has important implications for the psychiatric treatment of patients. The writer concludes with a brief overview of treatments, and a recommendation for further research in order better to understand this syndrome.

Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Causative Factors
Panic Disorders and Depression
Conclusion: the Importance of Treatment

From the Paper
"In terms of these categories, one of the problematic areas of this disorder is the fact that sufferers often state that their first attack seemed to have "...come on totally "out of the blue" during an ordinary activity such as shopping or working at their desks" (Root 3). This usually leads to feelings of insecurity and loss of control and is also often associated with various tasks and situations. This has implications in terms of the way that the patient or sufferer deals with the disorder; for example "... the unpredictable nature of the acute episode which contributes so strongly to the interepisodic anxiety and avoidant coping strategies" (Root 3)."

Tags:paresthesias, fear, stress, psychological, neurosis, thyroid, endocrine, neurological

Abstract
This paper provides a clinical description of panic disorder, describes its symptoms, medical conditions that may trigger it, the different types of panic disorders, possible causes of the disorder, and treatment.

From the Paper
"According to Robins and Regier's 1991 study, approximately 2.4 million American adults ages 18 to 54 have panic disorder. This is 1.7 percent of people in this age group. The onset of this disorder occurs most commonly in late adolescence and early adulthood. Panic disorder is more prevalent in females than in males by approximately fifty percent."

Tags:attacks, worry, consequences, implications, behavior, intense, fear, discomfort, palpitations, pounding, heart, accelerated, heart, rate, sweating, trembling, shaking

Abstract
This paper provide thorough description and explanation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the DSM-IV definition of Panic Disorder. A discussion is presented with respect as to how the MMPI can be used by a clinician in detecting the panic disorder. A full explanation was given along with a hypothetical case study situation.

From the Paper
"Throughout history mental disorders have plagued mankind without benefit of understanding or empathy. In fact the majority of mental disorders such as schizophrenia, personality disorders, manic-depressive or bipolar disorders have long been misunderstood and mistreated. As a result of the misunderstanding of the mental disease process fear and shame were often the hallmarks of those who were afflicted. At times those afflicted with a mental disease were tortured, burned at the stake as heretics, and even placed in "cleansing vats", all in the name of purifying the mind. Today, however, through a more compassionate and scientific understanding, mental disorders have become a recognizable disease characterized by a disruption of the body's psycho-neurobiological process (Docherty, et al, 2003). The most arduous task confronting clinical mental health practitioners is that of diagnosing mental disorders and the process has become equally complex. "

Tags:mmpi, panicdisorder, assessment

Abstract
This paper examines how evidence-based practice closes the ever increasing gap between research and clinical practice and in particular, examines how, through a literature review, the best treatment for panic disorder without agoraphobia can be found.

Outline
What is Evidence Based Practice?
My Client
The Questions
The Resources
The Evaluation
The Client
Self-Evaluation
Strengths and Weaknesses

From the Paper
"First introduced to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition (DSM-III) in 1980 Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by cognitive fears such anticipation of death, unexpected panic attacks and somatic symptomology such as dizziness, trembling, or heart palpitations. Those inflicted with such a disorder have recurrent fears of panic attacks and feel anxious whilst such symptomology appears to be in remission. Recent diagnostic criteria such as DSM-III-R and DSM-IV report prevalence of 2.3% (Kessler, Stang, Wittchen, Ustun, Roy-Byrne, & Walters; 1998)."

Tags:behavioural, cognitive, evidence, exposure, interoceptive, therapy

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses various articles written about panic disorders in pregnant women, and in children. The paper also takes a look at anxiety disorder. The paper suggests that panic disorders may have both psychological and biochemical origins. The paper reports that children who are abused have a higher risk for panic disorder in adulthood, and mothers with panic disorders often give birth to smaller babies.

From the Paper
"Results indicate that mothers with panic disorder continued to have panic attacks throughout their pregnancies. Only 8% also had symptoms of depression during pregnancy. Between them and the control group, no significant differences were found in terms of maternal age, race, socioeconomic status, primiparous status, smoking during pregnancy, or psychotropic medications taken during pregnancy. Panic disorder mothers had higher blood pressures and were more likely to report eating disorders, but no significant differences were found in the gestational ages of their babies and mothers in the control group; however, PD mothers had babies with significantly lower birth weights. Their infants were not born earlier, but they were smaller; however, although the birth weights were significantly smaller, they were not below normal. A statistical analysis allowed the researchers to conclude that other variables, such as smoking and high stress, were not responsible for the finding of low birth rate in PD mothers. They do point out that if PD risk were combined with other risk factors, this could spell problems for the child. They admit that causes of low-birth weight may not have been completely determined and some of their analytic methods could have affected their findings. The use of Caucasian, middle-to-upper class women meant the sample was not representative of the entire population."

Tags:pregnancy, post-partum, abuse, birth, drug, therapy, psychosocial, hormone

Abstract
The author begins the paper with an account of a panic attack he suffered. He then goes into the definition of panic disorder and the similar disorder anxiety disorder. He lists the symptoms, treatment, and general statistics of the two disorders. Paper includes pie graph with explanation of the statistics.

From the Paper
"According to the National Institute of Mental Health, Panic Disorder is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness or abdominal distress (Facts). The first panic attack is usually the worst, especially if it is accompanied by severe physical symptoms. It is very similar to a heart attack, and since a person's mind goes into complete induced chaos and fear during such an attack people tend to think the worst, that the end is coming. Panic Disorder is a kind of severe anxiety disorder."

Tags:drugs, nervous, personality, sick, patient, paranoid, mental, illness

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of biofeedback for the treatment of panic disorder. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through a description of the disorder as well as information about biofeedback and how effective it is for this particular disorder.

From the Paper
"In recent years many people have become interested in the natural remedies for their problems. Working to get away from prescription medications has been a focal point for both the medical and the mental health fields. Panic disorder is a relatively common disorder that is currently treated in several ways. Using biofeedback shows promise in the lessening of symptoms without the use of pharmaceuticals."

Tags:pressure, brain, anxiety, feedback, relaxation, activity

Abstract
The paper addresses two categories of panic attack; the first is actual panic attack while the second is panic disorder. The paper explains that transition to the second stage occurs through a process of anxiety caused by the initial panic attack which leads to intense anxiety about subsequent attacks and increases the likelihood of further attacks (Grillon & Lissek, 2008). The paper discusses how the etiology of panic attack is grounded in the relation between anxiety and anticipation and forms the basis for nursing interventions and the person who is experiencing panic attack needs immediate although short-term relief which is best provided by pharmacology. The care plan for a very typical case of panic attack is provided in the context of a discussion of research and empirical evidence related to the etiology and treatment of panic attack. the paper shows how panic attack is an example of a disorder where etiology directly informs both the choice of pharmacological treatment and other therapies.

From the Paper
"Two categories of panic attack are observed; the first is actual panic attack while the second is panic disorder. The transition to the second stage occurs through a process of anxiety caused by the initial panic attack which leads to intense anxiety about subsequent attacks and increases the likelihood of further attacks (Grillon & Lissek, 2008). The etiology of panic attack is grounded in the relation between anxiety and anticipation and forms the basis for nursing interventions. The person who is experiencing panic attack needs immediate although short-term relief..."

Tags:panic, management, treatment