Abstract This paper depicts the economy of Panama presently providing a background of the PanamaCanal and the effect of the American pullout on the economic conditions.
Abstract The paper speaks about the engineering marvel of the PanamaCanal which was the culmination of one of modern history's great negotiating processes. The paper describes how America deliberated with the French and the Columbians to secure the rights to complete the project.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction to the Problem
Identify and Define the Problem
Types of Interest
Alternative Solutions
Common Goals and Objectives
Commitment to Work Together
Building Trust
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Americans also had to build trust with the workers who would ultimately dig the canal. Many workers for the French dig had died from the poor conditions, and the Americans needed to avoid a repeat in order to keep work moving. Unfortunately, the project got off to a poor start in 1904, when project leader John Findlay Wallace duplicated many of the French mistakes ("TR's legacy," No date). Conditions were unsanitary, the food supply was terrible, and disease began to spread again, prompting many workers to leave the project. When Wallace was replaced by John Stevens, Stevens' first priorities were to build better facilities for workers, improve sanitation efforts on the project, and to make sure the workers were well fed. These steps built trust with the disenfranchised workers, and historians widely believe that the canal would not have been completed without Stevens' intervention."
Abstract The Yellow Fever as it is known hampered the completion of the PanamaCanal. This paper explores the many problems caused by the yellow fever in the building of the PanamaCanal. .
Abstract This paper discusses Panama, a Central American republic, whose unique geographic location on the narrow strip of land connecting two continents (North and South America) and separating two oceans (the Pacific and Atlantic) has played a defining role in the country's history and the lives of its people. It looks at how apart from the importance of its location that gave rise to the famous PanamaCanal connecting the two great oceans, the country lives in the shadow of the neighboring United States and much of its recent history and politics has been influenced by and intertwined with that of the U.S. It shows how despite these odds, the Panamanians have struggled to take charge of their own destiny by developing its own unique culture, system of government and an economy that did not depend solely on the canal.
Outline
Retrospective History of Panama Contemporary Political History
Economic History
Social History
Conclusion
From the Paper "Panama was "discovered" by the European/ Spanish explorers in the early sixteenth century who made it a part of the Spanish Empire, naming it the South Sea. A large number of the native Panamanian people were either killed by the colonists, died through the spread of foreign diseases against which they had no immunity or fled to remote regions of the country. Panama became an important crossroad and marketplace of the Spanish empire in the Americas. The silver, gold, spices, and other goods looted from various parts of South America were shipped to Panama City (built on the Pacific coast), carried across the strip of land (called the Isthmus) for onward journey on "treasure ships" to Spain. Panama was also an important shipment point in the slave trade from Africa during this period."
Abstract The paper talks about the PanamaCanal Treaties, why they are important to the U.S. and how we benefit from them. It further examines how President Carter was able to influence the Senate and the American people to get them to support two treaties.
From the Paper "On September 7, 1977 President Jimmy Carter signed two treaties with Panamanian General Omar Torrijos. The first treaty, known as The Panama Canal Treaty, provided for the slow transfer of the canal and Canal Zone to Panama by December 31, 1999. Both nations under this treaty would work together to make sure that the canal operated efficiently and uninterrupted. The second treaty, known as the Neutrality Treaty, dealt with permanent neutrality and operation of the canal. Critics of The Panama Canal treaty argued that the treaty does not mention what military action the United States can take if the canal was threatened. They also argued that the Neutrality Treaty does not contain a cause for U.S. and Panamanian joint defense. Before the treaty became law it faced a tough battle for passage in the Senate."
Abstract A look at the discovery of Panama and the beginnings of Panama City. The paper discusses how the city was strategically placed and how, with the canal, it has developed into an important metropolitan city of South America. History of the city since the 1500's is surveyed. The paper deals with the series of foreign rulers and explorers who controlled the city.
From the Paper "In 1501, Spanish explorer Rodrigo de Bastidas discovered Panama in South America, which soon became a major point of dispersal for Spanish conquest and settlement in the New World (Preston 47). But of much greater value to the colonizers at the time was the City of Panama, then the capital of Castilla del Oro (later renamed into the Isthmus of Panama), and discovered in 1519 by Pedro Arias de Avila. The Isthmus served as a passage of advantage to Spanish ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and between continents (Preston 46) in their sea exploration and conquest activities. Panama City's importance derived exclusively from its control of that passage or route (Blouet 726) ? from the City, expeditions set out for the conquest of the Pacific side of Central America up to Nicaragua and that of the entire South American west coast up to Chile (Blouet 729)."
By examining various events in recent history, this paper looks at whether the relationship between the U.S. and Latin America is a healthy relationship.
Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between the U.S. and Latin America, through discussion of the following case studies: Cuba and the U.S. trade embargo; Mexico and the use of U.S. branch plants (or maquiladoras); Colombia and the U.S.A. war on drugs; Brazil and the U.S. environmental standards in the rainforest; PanamaCanal and U.S. actions regarding U.S. involvement; and the Chile-U.S. fair trade agreement. The paper finds that the relationship between the U.S. and Latin America is not a positive one for Latin America.
From the Paper "The issue of Cuba has been a thorn in the side of the US since the Cuban missile crisis. Currently, the US imposes a trade embargo on Cuba, and all of its products. This, coupled with Russia's disengagement from Cuba, has caused huge economic problems for Cuba, which is rich in natural resources, including sugar and tobacco. Without outlets for its products, Cuba is unable to maximize its profits from its natural resources, and remains a poor country. Yet, it is a country with an excellent health and education system, which is the envy of many developing (and even developed) nations: the socialist government ensures that those resources the country does have are used wisely, to the benefit of the majority of the people on the island."
Abstract The following paper examines Panama's impacting prospects for improving her economy. It looks at the way in which she can achieve or maintain democratic reform initiatives in the new century. This paper also includes historical facts and the unfolding of events as well as regional and global environmental factors which help provide a qualitative analysis to support the central thesis that forward movement can be sustained.
From the Paper ?Panama was part of the Spanish empire for 300 years (1538-1821), and its history and current economic and political conditions are rooted in that experience. Panamanian identity has also always been based on a sense of "geographic destiny" and Panamanian fortunes fluctuated with the changing geopolitical importance of the isthmus. The colonial experience also marked Panamanian nationalism causing its politics to be characterized by strongly anti-imperialist themes and sentiment and its society to become racially complex and highly stratified. These factors became the source of internal conflicts that ran counter to the unifying force of Panamanian nationalism. Upon its independence from Spain, Panama briefly joined with Columbia; however, when Columbia refused to allow plans for the United States to build a canal across the isthmus, Panama, with U.S. support, declared itself sovereign in 1903. Immediately, it signed a treaty with the U.S., allowing for the construction of the Panama Canal, which was completed in 1914. The U.S. saw the canal zone as theirs, while the Panamanians claimed actual ownership, causing tensions for decades.?
Abstract This paper discusses the Suez Canal, the origin and outcome of crisis, the impact on the status of Nasser in the Arab world and ramifications of crisis regarding relations between Egypt and Israel.
Abstract This paper examines the Suez Canal crisis and President Eisenhower's anger at Great Britain and France. The paper discusses Eisenhower's anger from the point of view of historians and analyzes it in relation to the historical context at the time. The paper mentions the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and how his reaction was influenced by the realities of geopolitics of the time.
From the Paper "The Suez Canal Crisis: An Analysis of Eisenhower's Response In order to understand the Suez Canal crisis and President Eisenhower's anger at Great Britain and France, it is necessary to examine the historical context of this event. Historians are in general agreement that Eisenhower's reaction to the Suez Canal crisis was influenced by the realities of geopolitics at the height of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Eisenhower reacted angrily to the Suez Canal crisis primarily because his highest foreign policy priority was the containment of communism, but this strategic goal was undermined by the military actions undertaken by Great Britain and France in the Middle East in 1956. "
Abstract This paper explains that, because the forests of central America's western Pacific plains were cleared long ago for export crops and subsistence agriculture, the deforestation which has taken place in the last 50 years has been most severe in the lowland tropical moist forests of the Atlantic, or the Caribbean side of central America. The author points out that Panama has a wide range of environmental protection policies in place which are designed to address the impact of human habitation and land-use techniques and to emphasize environmental education and extension programs. The paper concludes that, because of the competition from multi-national businesses, which are not concerned about the environment, "green" businesses must develop effective business models to survive the rigors of the marketplace as well as the extremes of nature, which effect commercial forestation businesses. Many tables and charts. Annotated bibliography.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Deforestation and Agricultural Expansion
Background and Overview
Distribution of Panama's Forest Lands and Rates of Deforestation
Land Use Changes
Causes of Deforestation
Consequences of Deforestation
Impact on Agriculture and Supply
Climate Changes
Human Health
Forest Management in Panama Signs of Progress
The Economic Value of Forest Benefits and Services
Deforestation and Property Rights
Findings and Discussion
Panama's Environment and the Components of its Eco-System
Economical and Social Consequences of Deforestation in Panama The Climate Affected by the Loss of Forests
Forest Policies and the Existing Instruments to Conserve the Forest Areas
Ecological Viability of a Business in the Production Process, Beneficiary and Commercialization
Business Contribution
From the Paper "As a result of the enactment of a land tenure system in 1962, some small farmers in Panama have managed to acquire some land; nevertheless, by late in the 20th century fewer than one-third of all farms were owned by the people working them. The most common agricultural products include sugarcane, bananas, rice, plantains, corn (maize), and oranges, and the commercial cultivation of these and other crops increased considerably during the 20th century. Livestock raising (cattle, pigs, and poultry) is an important and long-established economic activity, and beef and hides are exported. The country's largest cattle-raising farms are in the southwestern savannas-in Chiriqui, Los Santos, and Veraguas provinces. The provinces of Panama, Los Santos, Chiriqui, and Veraguas raise the most pigs, whereas Panama, Cocle, and Colon are the largest centres for poultry and egg production."
Tags: biodiversity, vanilla, climate, health, rights
This paper is a case study of the environmental disaster at Love Canal in Niagara Falls, which led to new environmental policies and the creation of the Superfund.
Abstract This paper explains that the never completed Love Canal became a dump site for chemical wastes from Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation, a local company and subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum Corporation. The author relates that, in 1978, twenty five years after the Hooker Chemical Company stopped dumping into the Love Canal, it was suspected that carcinogens were leaching from their containers causing birth defects, miscarriages, breathing problems and burns. The paper states that the Department of Justice, acting as a representative of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), won lawsuits against these companies. The author reports that, in 1980, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, known as Superfund, which enforced a tax on industries with chemical and petroleum products and made it easier for the Federal Government to respond to hazardous waste exposure.
Table of Contents:
An Introduction to Love Canal The Love Canal Chemical Incident
The United States vs. Hooker Chemical
Funding for Relief Efforts
Love Canal and the Creation of Superfund
The Road to Recovery and Normalization
Present Day Love Canal
From the Paper "Prosecutors requested that the court order an immediate remediation of all four disposal site, the construction of walls to barricade the chemicals that remained, and to install water and air monitoring systems, all to be funded by Hooker Chemical. Complete medical service for each person living in the Love Canal and Hyde Park areas of Niagara Falls was also requested by prosecutors, at the expense of Hooker. This medical program requested was to include all past and present residents and their offspring, and health coverage was proposed for the rest of their lives."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of poverty in cities following recent mass urbanization. It uses Panama City as an example and looks at the social ramifications of poverty, its effects on the wider population of the city and what the authorities are doing to prevent its spread. The issues of crime, drugs, prostitution and child abuse are discussed.
From the Paper "Just like other capitals and major cities in Latin America and other developing countries, Panama City is the destination for urbanization from the surrounding areas. Forming new communities and enlarging suburban areas, the urban people have added burden to the city sustainable area and deteriorate the whole condition with more social problems as the effect of the urbanization. The poverty level increases as indicated by the number of unemployment, low wages, job cuts, inability to adapt to the fare hike, increasing number of street children from time to time, and the rising social riots and demonstration fashion as well as the crime rate. There is an unbalanced condition caused by social gap, excessive urbanization, poor city planning, corruption, and deteriorating environmental support on the Panama Canal that possibly had caused the poverty."
Abstract The paper compares the method and history of US involvement in Iraq and Panama and looks at how each state internally operated prior to, and following, US intervention. The paper provides a literature review that shows how, although military intervention successfully instilled democracy in Panama, because the US destroyed economic and political institutions within Iraq the struggle will continue to drag on far into the future. The paper argues that US intervention is no longer what it used to be, and the Latin-American model will not be successful in the rest of the world.
Outline:
Introduction
Method
Findings
Literature Review
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since Barack Obama was elected president of the United States on November 4th, many have speculated how he could work to repair the tarnished reputation of the US abroad. Iraq, to much of the western world, has epitomized US ignorance. What many thought would be an easy democratization, has instead turned into a costly prolonged struggle. Because of Iraq, many are now looking to President Elect Obama for answers. Although the US has maintained an impressive sphere of influence in the world as CNN State Department author Elise Labott put it in an article titled, High Hopes and High Expectations Abroad for Obama, "U.S. power is declining, and not entirely by fault of its own. The concept of a single-superpower world no longer fits." However, as history demonstrates, the US has been able to yield hegemonic power in previous attempts to influence politics within nations. For example in 1989, the US was able to single-handedly overturn Panama's government and leave in its place a functioning democracy. What has been different in Iraq, and will the US be able to continue its impressive sphere of influence and intervention in the Middle East as it has in Latin America?"
Abstract This paper looks at how the city of Augusta, Georgia, has faced many challenges over the years. It explains why the Augusta Canal has been an important part of its economic development, with reference to the textile mills. It states that the canal has been a continued source of power and economic support.
From the Paper "Textile manufacturers ?once dominated the Augusta Canal area. Cheap overseas apparel manufacturers have hurt the domestic textile industry, however (Bankston, Woes).? In 2001, the J.P. King Manufacturing Division of Spartan International, which was located along the Augusta Canal, closed their doors after over a hundred years in Augusta. The action put 306 employees out of work with no notice. Many of the employees were members of the same family, thus increasing the impact of the closure. The employees were aware the plant was having financial difficulties, but were not expecting such a drastic action. With the closure of King Manufacturing, the only manufacturer left on the canal is Avondale Mills? Sibley Plant."
