Abstract This paper discusses Pan-Africanism, a movement based on the 19th century desire to end slavery not only in the United States but also in South American and the Caribbean. It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to address many of the issues they experienced as a race was to work together as a team. The paper describes the international meetings held to discuss this issue and also highlights the leadership of the Pan-African movement. The author concludes that the Pan-Africanism movement was and still is a positive team-oriented effort to introduce the African-American culture to the world and to share the common bond among people worldwide who share an African ancestral background.
Outline:
Introduction
In a Nutshell
Harlem Renaissance
The Arts
Conclusion
From the Paper "When one studies the topic of Pan-Africanism one is not studying a single element in history but instead is studying a wide range of events and cultural preferences that go along with African American history and culture. Experts agree that there is not a single definition for the term Pan-Africanism but the term itself does define it as an independent idea. The concept of Pan-Africanism is based in the 19th century desire to end slavery. At that time slavery was not only an issue in the United States but was also an issue in several other nations including South American and the Caribbean(Definition of Pan-Africanism? http://geography.about.com/b/a/012445.htm). It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to solve many of the problems that the race was experiencing was work together as a team."
Abstract An overview of women educators in the Pan-African movement, covering the era of slavery in the U.S. until the 20th century, with comparisons of different approaches and theories of educating Africans.
From the Paper "With every conference that has been held or organization established, Pan-Africanists have espoused the ideals of Black nationhood, economic independence and self-knowledge in order to combat the subjugating values of American and European society. It is only right then, that some would attempt to carry out this task by traveling to Africa, with the purpose of imparting knowledge onto their African sisters and brothers."
Abstract This paper explains that, during the 1900s, Africa had suffered from the repressive establishment of colonialism by European countries, racial discrimination, and slavery. The author points out that, in response to this oppression, the African people created a political and social movement called Pan-Africanism. The paper relates that one of the goals of this movement was to unite native Africans and those of African decent that were forced to leave Africa. The author cites that, in 1900, the first Pan-African conference was organized and American Dr. William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Du Bois was selected as chairman. The paper states that, at the end of World War II, a new wave of Pan-Africanism was formed with, for the first time, a militant demand for complete independence instead of virtuous proposals. The author concludes that the Pan-African movement improved the standards of living for Africans and gave them more political and economic power.
From the Paper "Another event that helped Pan-Africanism gain popularity was the Italian Fascist and occupation of Ethiopia between 1935 and 1941. Italy launched an invasion in Ethiopia, without any Ethiopian provocation in October 1935. Italy succeeded in overtaking Ethiopian towns and main roads. Ethiopians refused to surrender and fought back against the Italians. Italian leader, Benito Mussolini, ordered Italian troops to fight back using whatever measure necessary, including poison gas. The Ethiopians resisted giving up and the Italians were unable to defeat the Ethiopian Patriots."
Tags: colonialism conference, du bois, independence virtuous
Abstract This paper examines the Pan-African movement as a response to modernism by a group of people living outside of Africa, who are trying to connect their experiences to the continent of their ancestors. The paper tries to answer the question as to how successful Pan-Africanism has been in meeting the perils that modernity poses to people of African ancestry.
From the Paper "Is it true that "modernization" and "modernity" have rendered the traditional cultural cores of all ethnicities essentially the same, recasting them in the model of the modern West? To answer this question we must understand what modernization itself is. This is difficult, for we are ourselves so deeply embedded in modernism that it is hard to see outside of it."
Abstract This paper examines how Pan-Africanism is a philosophy or belief that African people have a common bond and share common objectives, aimed ultimately at unifying themselves on their own continent as a dignified race. It points out that the belief has pertained to all black Africans and their descendants in the African continent, including the non-Blacks, and later, those outside the continent. It explores their attempts at expressing a common African personality and coming together as a nation and as one race on their own continent, especially during the period between World War I and World War II.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Method
Summary of Findings and Conclusion
From the Paper "This source describes Pan-Africanism as a socio-political viewpoint and movement for the unification and uplifting of all Africans within the African Continent and outside or those in African diaspora into one global community. It was first conceived of by Henry Sylvester Williams to cover Africans in the Continent and then later broadened to include those throughout the world. Pan-Africanism started in the West Indies, not Africa, and was coined by Williams for his 1900 Pan-African Congress. The leading and largest pan-African movement in the world is the UNIA-ACL organization, founded by Marcus Garvey, an Afro-Jamaican, in Kingston, Jamaica in 1912. His advocacy spread to the United States, specifically to Harlem, New York where he set up his headquarters in 1914. It re-examines African history from a pro-African perspective rather than from a pro-European's and restores traditional African concepts and culture. Other pan-African organizations are Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association-African Communities League, Trans-Africa and the Internal Peoples Democratic Uhuru Movement. It is, however, criticized for ignoring or downplaying cultural and ethnic differences and socio-political circumstances among Black peoples worldwide."
Abstract The paper examines the "South East African Tsonga Ceremonial Rhinoceros Horn and Wood Chief Staff", the "Mother and Child", the "Civilizing Hero", the "Pendant Mask" and the "Ikere door". The paper shows how these pieces of art tell a story that can be different for each individual.
From the Paper "The first piece is the South East African Tsonga Ceremonial Rhinoceros Horn and wood Chief staff, the artist is unknown and the time it was completed is somewhere between 1800 CE and 1900 CE Geographical mobility, during the 19th century was extremely common amongst the communities. Members of the migrating communities included craftsmen and carvers, who were influenced by all the styles amongst their journeys that accurately pinpointing the original location and tribal source of an artifact wasn't unheard of. Though the Staff doesn't have a lot of historical location facts behind, the Staff itself can depict so much."
Abstract African nationalism has played a significant role in the resistance against foreign domination and has been a major influence in the lives of Africans throughout much of the continent. This paper looks at how African nationalism is often defined as the political movement that called for African unity in the struggle for self-determination against colonial regimes. Its general history is summarized in this paper.
From the Paper "Mills (n.d) provides a description of how African nationalist groups were formed during the years prior to resistance. He explains that African Initiated Churches (AIC's) were prominent groups that staged resistance some 10-20 years prior to the formation of actual nationalist groups. AIC's came into existence throughout Africa beginning in the 1890's and were initially in response to African concerns on the domination by whites over church finances and offices."
Abstract This paper discusses the life of Pan-African leader, Marcus Garvey. It highlights some of the key features of his ideology and the impact of Pan-Africanism on world affairs. Additionally, the paper discusses the misconceptions that surround Marcus Garvey's philosophy and particularly explains the reasons for the discontent between Garvey and black Americans today.
From the Paper "Marcus Garvey is a seminal figure in Civil Rights and Pan-Africanism. In his relatively short career as activist, Garvey had numerous accomplishments. While he made great strides for the greater African Diaspora, Garvey was not without his critics or assailants. Despite his obstacles, Garvey was able to unite blacks in a way and to a magnitude that had not been done before. His success is in part due to his philosophical ideals for his movement."
Abstract This paper explains that W. E. B. Du Bois did not suffer economically and had not endured the severe racism most African-Americans, especially in the South, until he went to Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he saw his first lynching. The author points out that Du Bois denounced Booker T. Washington's philosophy of "separate and unequal" because Du Bois saw Washington's ideas on accommodating and compromising with whites as denying citizenship rights for African-Americans. The paper relates that Du Bois struggle with the American government because of his purported activities as a communist; in 1961, Du Bois left the United States and moved to the newly independent West African nation of Ghana; however, before he left the U.S., he openly defied the U.S. government and joined the American Communist Party.
From the Paper "The Niagara Movement had little impact on opinions in America, but it had a lot to do with the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). A group opposed to Booker T. Washington's ideas met in New York City in 1909 to "discuss the formation of a new organization dedicated to improving conditions for Blacks in the United States." The ensuing group was mostly white; despite this, Du Bois was elected as one of the founding officers in 1910."
Abstract This paper explains that Pan Arabism is an ideology encompassing Arab regional unity in the Middle East, which has risen and declined over the past several decades. The author points out that the modern version of Pan-Arabism was first promoted by Amir Hussein, who sought independence from the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a state of Arabia. The paper stresses that Pan Arabism didn't really emerge as a regional force until after the Second World War, when the Baath Party was founded in Syria.
From the Paper "Pan Arabism is an ideology encompassing Arab regional unity in the Middle East, and has risen and declined over the past several decades. The modern version of Pan-Arabism was first promoted by Amir Hussein, "who sought independence from the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a state of Arabia." But Pan Arabism didn't really emerge as a regional force until after the Second World War, when the Baath Party was founded in Syria. The emerging Baath Party government in Damascus sought to unite all Arabs in the Middle East through secular appeal and featured socialist and fascist policies."
Abstract This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.
Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
From the Paper "The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."
An examination of the relationships of three African couples in "So Long a Letter" by Mariama Ba, "The Collector of Treasures" by Bessie Head, and "A Meeting in the Dark" by Ngugi wa Thiong?o.
Abstract This paper discusses and analyzes the above short stories. It looks at the marital relationships of the couples in each of these three works. The writer's focus is on the issue of change and how it can alter a relationship. The paper analyzes each of the African couples and highlights how they are examples of changing African relationships. In conclusion the paper argues that these characters illustrate African culture in vivid detail and portray women as having no rights or rights to feelings. It argues that culturally these relationships seem unacceptable to our western standards and that African women are beginning to recognize this too and stand up for their rights.
From the Paper "Garesego and Dikeledi have a typical African relationship. The man has all the power and does whatever he pleases, even abuses his wife if he chooses. The wives have no power, and that is why so many of them end up in prison for killing their husbands, they have no other alternative in their unhappy and abusive lives. "To this day, women still suffered from all the calamities that befall an inferior form of human life" (Head 59). Garesego does not take responsibility for his family and his actions, and leaves Dikeledi with three children while he carouses and enjoys himself. Dikeledi admits she has never been happy in her life, and her marriage was no exception. Their relationship, and the contrasting relationship of her next-door neighbors, shows how culture clashes in modern Africa."
Abstract This paper discusses how the modern African American musical experience is rooted in ancient times. These roots go back to ancient Egypt and their conquests of the Nubians. The paper further discusses how the language of African tribes is tonal and one word might have several meanings in different tones. The talking drums of several countries mimic this quality of language. Despite the reputation of being a simply aural and oral musical tradition, African tribal music actually did have a complex local style of musical notation available to it.
From the Paper " The musical history of any region is important. African music has taken on an even greater significance due to its importance not only to its country of origin, but also due to its importance in the countries to which it spread. African American music has its roots in tribal cultures. It has lent its influence not only to African American popular culture, but to religion as well. Tribal Music The ancient history of African music is confused at best. It is undoubtedly conflated with the music of the Old Kingdom Egyptian music, when Egypt dominated and colonized the Nubians (Hester, 2005, p. 1). Hester comments that "surprisingly, the history of Egyptian music presents little evidence of the use of drums prior to 2000 B.C." (2005, p. 1). "
Abstract Since the fifteenth century, when explorers first began to discover Africa's wealth of natural resources, European nations conquered and colonized African territories. The imperialists exploited resources while putting little back into the country in terms of industrial development, health and educational facilities, or stable political systems. Believing their ways superior and fearing cultures and religions they did not understand, they brought missionaries to spread Christianity and rescue Africans from traditional beliefs they considered ignorant and superstitious. As a result of European intervention, with Africans forced to accept Westernization, much of the native religion and culture has been lost forever.
Abstract This paper studies the painting "In an African Setting", by Aaron Douglas. As the paper explains, through the Public Works Act, African-American artist Aaron Douglas was commissioned by the Harlem Branch of the New York Public Library to compose works on African-American history. The paper studies the piece's form, technique and symbolic significance.
From the Paper "In this particular work, Douglas' use of sharp edges and repetitive designs was greatly influenced by African sculptures, jazz music, dance and geometric forms. "In An African Setting", was in fact part of a larger collection. The work was a four panel series that was used to communicate the distance that the African American had traveled, from freedom in Africa, to slavery in the United States, to the challenges of freedom after the Civil War. The first panel, and most famous, depicts an African man and woman dancing to the beat of drums."
