Abstract
This paper discusses Pan-Africanism, a movement based on the 19th century desire to end slavery not only in the United States but also in South American and the Caribbean. It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to address many of the issues they experienced as a race was to work together as a team. The paper describes the international meetings held to discuss this issue and also highlights the leadership of the Pan-African movement. The author concludes that the Pan-Africanism movement was and still is a positive team-oriented effort to introduce the African-American culture to the world and to share the common bond among people worldwide who share an African ancestral background.

Outline:
Introduction
In a Nutshell
Harlem Renaissance
The Arts
Conclusion

From the Paper
"When one studies the topic of Pan-Africanism one is not studying a single element in history but instead is studying a wide range of events and cultural preferences that go along with African American history and culture. Experts agree that there is not a single definition for the term Pan-Africanism but the term itself does define it as an independent idea. The concept of Pan-Africanism is based in the 19th century desire to end slavery. At that time slavery was not only an issue in the United States but was also an issue in several other nations including South American and the Caribbean(Definition of Pan-Africanism? http://geography.about.com/b/a/012445.htm). It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to solve many of the problems that the race was experiencing was work together as a team."

Tags:Pan-Africanism, Harlem, Renaissance, slavery

Abstract
This paper explains that, during the 1900s, Africa had suffered from the repressive establishment of colonialism by European countries, racial discrimination, and slavery. The author points out that, in response to this oppression, the African people created a political and social movement called Pan-Africanism. The paper relates that one of the goals of this movement was to unite native Africans and those of African decent that were forced to leave Africa. The author cites that, in 1900, the first Pan-African conference was organized and American Dr. William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Du Bois was selected as chairman. The paper states that, at the end of World War II, a new wave of Pan-Africanism was formed with, for the first time, a militant demand for complete independence instead of virtuous proposals. The author concludes that the Pan-African movement improved the standards of living for Africans and gave them more political and economic power.

From the Paper
"Another event that helped Pan-Africanism gain popularity was the Italian Fascist and occupation of Ethiopia between 1935 and 1941. Italy launched an invasion in Ethiopia, without any Ethiopian provocation in October 1935. Italy succeeded in overtaking Ethiopian towns and main roads. Ethiopians refused to surrender and fought back against the Italians. Italian leader, Benito Mussolini, ordered Italian troops to fight back using whatever measure necessary, including poison gas. The Ethiopians resisted giving up and the Italians were unable to defeat the Ethiopian Patriots."

Tags:colonialism conference, du bois, independence virtuous

Abstract
This paper examines the Pan-African movement as a response to modernism by a group of people living outside of Africa, who are trying to connect their experiences to the continent of their ancestors. The paper tries to answer the question as to how successful Pan-Africanism has been in meeting the perils that modernity poses to people of African ancestry.

From the Paper
"Is it true that "modernization" and "modernity" have rendered the traditional cultural cores of all ethnicities essentially the same, recasting them in the model of the modern West? To answer this question we must understand what modernization itself is. This is difficult, for we are ourselves so deeply embedded in modernism that it is hard to see outside of it."

Tags:free, ancient, modern, life, traditional, agrarian, self, definition, cultural, extra-territorial, civil, rights, marcus, garvey, harlem, renaissance

Abstract
This paper examines how Pan-Africanism is a philosophy or belief that African people have a common bond and share common objectives, aimed ultimately at unifying themselves on their own continent as a dignified race. It points out that the belief has pertained to all black Africans and their descendants in the African continent, including the non-Blacks, and later, those outside the continent. It explores their attempts at expressing a common African personality and coming together as a nation and as one race on their own continent, especially during the period between World War I and World War II.

Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Method
Summary of Findings and Conclusion

From the Paper
"This source describes Pan-Africanism as a socio-political viewpoint and movement for the unification and uplifting of all Africans within the African Continent and outside or those in African diaspora into one global community. It was first conceived of by Henry Sylvester Williams to cover Africans in the Continent and then later broadened to include those throughout the world. Pan-Africanism started in the West Indies, not Africa, and was coined by Williams for his 1900 Pan-African Congress. The leading and largest pan-African movement in the world is the UNIA-ACL organization, founded by Marcus Garvey, an Afro-Jamaican, in Kingston, Jamaica in 1912. His advocacy spread to the United States, specifically to Harlem, New York where he set up his headquarters in 1914. It re-examines African history from a pro-African perspective rather than from a pro-European's and restores traditional African concepts and culture. Other pan-African organizations are Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association-African Communities League, Trans-Africa and the Internal Peoples Democratic Uhuru Movement. It is, however, criticized for ignoring or downplaying cultural and ethnic differences and socio-political circumstances among Black peoples worldwide."

Tags:race, natives, Africa, Continent

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the Pan-African Movement, black women have stood beside black men to combat the indoctrination of the race by Western and European ideals. Next, the author examines the method of educational adaptation, used by these colonizers, which nonetheless was similar to the controversial model of the Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington. The paper details the work of African-American female educators, such as Adelaide Casely Hayford, who sought to free the Africans spiritually and teach them skills to be more self-reliant, unlike the colonizers who used education to keep Africans in their place.

From the Paper
"Though Hayford encountered numerous obstacles while trying to secure funds for her dream, she never gave up. Facing too much opposition from members of the elite, Creole Freetown community, Hayford traveled to the United States to find financial backing. It is important to note that while in the West, Hayford never compromised her pride in her African heritage and wore African clothing everywhere she traveled; as well as displayed African arts and crafts.
"Financially the trip was not a success with Hayford being unable to raise enough money. Still, much can be said about her commitment to cultural nationalism."

Tags:adaptation, subjugating values, cultural nationalism, missionaries, all-african university

Abstract
An overview of women educators in the Pan-African movement, covering the era of slavery in the U.S. until the 20th century, with comparisons of different approaches and theories of educating Africans.

From the Paper
"With every conference that has been held or organization established, Pan-Africanists have espoused the ideals of Black nationhood, economic independence and self-knowledge in order to combat the subjugating values of American and European society. It is only right then, that some would attempt to carry out this task by traveling to Africa, with the purpose of imparting knowledge onto their African sisters and brothers."

Tags:african, americans, movements, social, women

Abstract
The paper examines the "South East African Tsonga Ceremonial Rhinoceros Horn and Wood Chief Staff", the "Mother and Child", the "Civilizing Hero", the "Pendant Mask" and the "Ikere door". The paper shows how these pieces of art tell a story that can be different for each individual.

From the Paper
"The first piece is the South East African Tsonga Ceremonial Rhinoceros Horn and wood Chief staff, the artist is unknown and the time it was completed is somewhere between 1800 CE and 1900 CE Geographical mobility, during the 19th century was extremely common amongst the communities. Members of the migrating communities included craftsmen and carvers, who were influenced by all the styles amongst their journeys that accurately pinpointing the original location and tribal source of an artifact wasn't unheard of. Though the Staff doesn't have a lot of historical location facts behind, the Staff itself can depict so much."

Tags:artifacts, sculptures, artists

From the Paper
" Different circumstances produce different forms of political action, and the plight of black people in different parts of the world has produced different movements for rights and autonomy given the differing political conditions in which the people find themselves and the different specific goals they themselves develop. Pan-Africanism and Negritude are terms applied to certain movements having ideas in common about the way different African populations should view themselves and their relationship to the world. Both approaches have been active and influential in the Caribbean region and in South America where a large black population resides. The two approaches have certain things in common even as they have their differences, and an examination of some of the writings on the subject as well as a specific study of how the movements have developed in Brazil will show the.."

Abstract
"Different circumstances produce different forms of political action, and the plight of black people in different parts of the world has produced different movements for rights and autonomy given the differing political conditions in which the people find themselves and the different specific goals they themselves develop

From the Paper
"Different circumstances produce different forms of political action, and the plight of black people in different parts of the world has produced different movements for rights and autonomy given the differing political conditions in which the people find themselves and the different specific goals they themselves develop. Pan-Africanism and Negritude are terms applied to certain movements having ideas in common about the way different African populations should view themselves and their relationship to the world. Both approaches have been active and influential in the Caribbean region and in South America where a large black population resides. The two approaches have certain things in common even as they have their differences, and an examination of some of the writings on the subject as well as a specific study of how the movements have ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the life of Pan-African leader, Marcus Garvey. It highlights some of the key features of his ideology and the impact of Pan-Africanism on world affairs. Additionally, the paper discusses the misconceptions that surround Marcus Garvey's philosophy and particularly explains the reasons for the discontent between Garvey and black Americans today.

From the Paper
"Marcus Garvey is a seminal figure in Civil Rights and Pan-Africanism. In his relatively short career as activist, Garvey had numerous accomplishments. While he made great strides for the greater African Diaspora, Garvey was not without his critics or assailants. Despite his obstacles, Garvey was able to unite blacks in a way and to a magnitude that had not been done before. His success is in part due to his philosophical ideals for his movement."

Tags:Marxism, Dubois, rights