Abstract This paper discusses the struggling relationship between India and Pakistan, primarily over the region of Kashmir. It details the history of the problem including the nuclear aspect, briefly discusses other possible solutions, and formulates a unique multi-faceted solution.
From the Paper "Ever since 1947, India and Pakistan have waged fierce war over a variety of issues. When India completed nuclear testing in May of 1998, and Pakistan shortly after, the issue was given unique attention. "Because it's spread alongside India, Pakistan has a lack of strategic depth. The danger is that this means that any war would rapidly lead to the possibility of nuclear escalation. As a result, the task of avoiding conventional warfare between the neighbors assumes increased importance (Swarts 10)." Strain between the two States is the effect of a diverse range of problems, including economic conditions, leadership clashes, and primarily religious diversity and territorial contention. The territorial dissension is based principally over the region of Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claim full possession of. There are allegations that as many as one half of a million Indian troops and as many as a fourth of a million Pakistani troops are stationed in Kashmir. What can be done to prevent a nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan? This is a question that has absorbed more unbroken attention than almost any other news subject."
Tags: conflict, india, kashmir, pakistan, war, nuclear, energy, history, tribal, ethnic, border
Abstract This paper compares economic and population data on India and Pakistan, noting that India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. The writer states that over-population is one of the problems facing India, and that data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. The writer notes that one site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India.
From the Paper "India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. Over-population is one of the problems facing India, and data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. One site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India. The most current data on the site is for 2004. According to this site, the population of India reached 1.1 billion in 2003 and remained at that level in 2004, up from 1 billion in 2000. The growth rate has been slowing slightly, down to 1.4 percent in 2004 from 1.7 percent in 2000. For 2000, the last year with full data, the national poverty rate stood at 28.6 percent of the population."
Abstract This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.
Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan Pakistan India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries
From the Paper "In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."
Abstract This paper explains that, in the years leading up to the September 11 attacks, the U.S. had a very limited working relationship with Pakistan, especially in the area of stopping the Taliban. The Taliban's roots in Pakistan go back to the Afghan war from which the struggle against the Soviet occupation and battle for power produced an infrastructure for jihadi activism. After 9/11, the U.S. was unable to stop the Taliban and their supporters because the Taliban retreated underground in Pakistan. Furthermore, the paper relates that a new wave of anti-American sentiment has led to increased recruiting and greater strength for the Taliban in Pakistan. The author urges that the West keeps the pressure on Pakistan to make a peaceful transition away from supporting the Taliban and into democracy.
Table of Contents:
The Taliban's Roots in Pakistan Before September 11
After September 11
Looking Forward
From the Paper "The Taliban continues to use madrasas as recruiting bases, as they had done before the September 11 attacks. As Maceda writes, thousands of young Pashtun men have been recruited from madrasas since the Taliban was forced out of Kabul and into relative safety in Pakistan in 2001. These men are generally recruited with the promise of high salaries and the lure of jihad. But as Shaikh suggests, the Taliban's structure changed after September 11. Instead of a monolithic leadership, the Taliban is made up of a number of different groups with varying backgrounds and motivations."
Abstract This paper explains that the oil and gas industry, which is one of the largest industries in Pakistan, is a major contributor to the serious pollution problem in this country, whose rapidly growing industrialization is creating grave environmental problems. The author surveyed many companies in the oil and gas sector of Pakistan and discovered that these companies are concerned about the environment and are attempting to control the pollution caused by their company. The paper points out that the only thing lacking is the cooperation of government, which has not assisted by funding and providing resources that would help these companies bring the pollution level down.
Table of Contents:
The Issue
Scope of Work
Steps Taken to Resolve the Issue
Oil And Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL)
National Refinery Limited (NRL)
Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL)
Attock Refinery Limited (ARL)
Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL)
Shell Petroleum Limited (SPL)
Pakistan State Oil (PSO)
Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC)
Some Other Steps That Have Been Taken to Solve the Issue
Conclusion
Questionnaire
From the Paper "NRL has developed some guiding principles which commits them to the protection of the environment. They have developed plans to minimize harm from any accident and comply with laws and regulations. NRL believes in interaction with government on environmental issues. The recent introduction of 90RON unleaded motor gasoline is an evidence of their concern towards good health and preservation of environment. A number of energy conservation projects have been implemented at NRL. Improvement programs are constantly undertaken to combat pollution in respect of emission and effluent waste water."
Tags: government, unleaded, spill-response, refinery, zones
Abstract This paper explains that Pakistan's turbulent history over the past fifty years, its geographical proximity to hostile India and the tensions generated by rival Islamic and Western influences have led to frequent changes in its constitution and to a general suppression of citizens' rights. The author points out that Pakistan's economy, throughout much of its relatively brief history, has been hampered by underdevelopment and chronic poverty in parts of Pakistan, as well as by fiscal mismanagement. The paper concludes that Pakistan's outlook over the next three to five years is uncertain and potentially grim because of the political and religious sectarian instability in southwest Asia: The entire region is a powder keg.
Table of Contents:
Prologue
Introduction
Country Essentials
Leadership Profiles
System of Government
Key Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper "Ultimately, classical Islamic thoughts can contribute to the development of modern democratic institutions in Islamic countries, for the theoretical foundations of democratic systems of justice were advocated by the Prophet Muhammad and have been developed by Muslim philosophers and jurists for centuries. But because democracy is equated with the West, non-Western values and practices must shape the conceptualization and utilization of democracy in Pakistan."
Abstract The paper discusses the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan after 9/11 that was a direct military attack leading to the overthrow of the Taliban govenment and its eventual replacement. The paper then looks at Pakistan and shows how there was no need for a regime change, just a cease of support for the Taliban government and co-operation in hunting down the al-Qaeda based in Pakistan. The paper also examines whether the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan was legal according to international law and whether any guidelines for foreign intervention exist.
Outline:
The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks and the U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan
Involvement with Pakistan How is the US Intervention in Afghanistan Different from its Role in Pakistan?
Guidelines for Foreign Intervention
From the Paper "The U.S. intervention in Afghanistan in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and its involvement in Pakistan since 2001, although of diametrically opposite nature, are intertwined in many ways. Its intervention in Afghanistan was essentially a revenge attack for the 9/11 terrorism in order to punish the Taliban for their support of al-Qaeda; it was purportedly also aimed at capturing or killing Osama bin Laden, who lived in Afghanistan at the time, and to destroy the Islamic militant training camps in the country. Its involvement in Pakistan was basically aimed at stopping its government and its intelligence agencies from supporting the Taliban forthwith, to extend full co-operation to the U.S. in its "War against Terror," and to disband the Jihadist organizations in the country."
Tags: international, law, United, Nations, Taliban, al-Qaeda, terrorism
Abstract In light of the growing threat of extremist terrorism based on fundamentalist religious ideologies, the author of this paper examines Pakistan and discusses it's potential to become a fundamentalist stronghold and therefore one of the most dangerous countries in the world today. The writer contends that Pakistan, because of its history and ethnic complexity, has been torn by strife and internal dissension. In the paper, the writer attempts to breakdown and analyze these complexities so as to better understand them, and to attempt to predict the future for Pakistan.
The paper includes 1 table.
Outline:
Introduction
The Tribal Warfare
Military Rule
Works Cited
From the Paper "However, the problem of fundamental Islamic forces is one that casts its shadow over much of Asia and the Middle East, and, since 2001, in America. It is a force that must be reckoned with, as its mission is the eradication of non-Muslims, and, subsequent that, as we have seen in Sudan, a continued cleansing based on race. For this reason, Pakistan, in its weakened political state arising out of the weak stature of Musharraf's leadership, and in subsequent the recent assassination of Benazir Bhutto, and given its nuclear capability, is perhaps right now the most dangerous country in the world."
Tags: islam muslim hindu india nuclear fundamentalist faith, general musharraf, benazir bhutto, tribal jihad taliban, al qaeda, democratic
Abstract This paper examines how Pakistan, which has a constitution that declares freedom of religion, is highly influenced by the Islamic religion. It looks at how there are many "blasphemy laws", which give criminal penalties for offenses against the religion of Islam and serve as tools of religious persecution, and how these laws have been used to unjustly put people into prison for business or economic reasons, as well as religious ones. It discusses how child labor and rights are also big issues in Pakistan and how Pakistan's human rights problems extend to other areas, including police brutality, cruel and unusual punishment, lack of women's rights, rape, the death penalty, and many other violations. It also looks at the work of Amnesty International in easing these violations.
From the Paper "Amnesty International has been working during many of the past years to help end the human rights violations in Pakistan. Amnesty asks Pakistan to release all prisoners of conscience, give all citizens fair trial, train law enforcement to obtain the law, replace cruel punishment with those permitted by international human rights laws, revise women's and children's rights laws, stop all executions and abolish the death penalty, uphold law and order and investigate all human rights violations to ensure more violations do not occur in the future (Amnesty International - Time to Take Human Rights Seriously). Using such methods Amnesty has successfully helped release prisoners of conscience and take youths off of death row."
Abstract This paper takes a look at Pakistan-China bilateral relations. The paper discusses how despite ideological differences, the rationale for Pakistan seeking close bilateral relations with China is obvious. The paper analyzes the reasons why China decided to reciprocate and discusses main factors that helped to forge Pakistan-China bilateral relations from the 1950s onwards.
From the Paper "China had nothing preventing it from establishing strong ties with Pakistan but just because it was possible didn't imply any necessity to pursue the cause. To understand what pushed China into a friendship that -over the years- has been considered by some to be the next best thing to brotherhood, the geo-political labyrinth that China found itself in during the three decades after the revolution must be examined. "
Tags: communism, global, socialist, islamic, ideologies, Kashmir, india, cold, war
Abstract The paper examines the nuclear weaponry proliferation from a "collective goods" perspective and explores the many reasons why a nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan will not lead to a stable balance of power in the region. The paper discusses international terrorism, sectarian and ethnic hatreds, deep-seated paranoia and the fact that Pakistan is overly-reliant upon its nuclear weaponry for its defense. The paper therefore argues that India and Pakistan should be discouraged from their present nuclear build-ups.
From the Paper "To start with, "collective goods" is really a term drawn from economics - albeit it is one that can be applied to a number of different disciplines depending upon the context within which it is being introduced. For our purposes, "collective goods" are really public goods wherein the item in question cannot be withheld from one consumer without also withholding it from all consumers. A classic example of this is national defense whereby a nation cannot defend its borders without also defending all individuals who reside within those borders at any one time - including foreigners or "undesirables". Additionally, the "flip-side" of collective goods is that, not only are they items which cannot practicably be denied to any one person, but they are also items which benefit those who simply refuse to pay for them; suffice it to say, the collective good makes "free-riders" out of many people (Yamagishi & Sato, 67-69). This concept has immediate application to the issue of nuclear proliferation in India and Pakistan."
Abstract This paper examines how Khushwant Singh wrote ?Train to Pakistan? in 1956 when the painful memories of 1947 Partition were still fresh and the wounds hadn?t yet healed. It looks at how the book reflects the true emotions that people felt when they were forced to abandon their homes in both India and Pakistan to move north or south according to their religious beliefs. It analyzes how religion was the biggest cause of this partition and it was what forced people to give up everything they previously had including their old identities.
From the Paper "Muslims knew that if they did not take such a step, they would be forced to become slaves to Hindus majority that was already more educated and hence more suitable for various positions in the government. Muslims had been living a life of complete self-complacency and came to see their position in true light only when last Mughal Emperor was forced to relinquish control of India. All these political reasons were also grounded in religious differences. Muslims and Hindus were two different nations with separate beliefs, different values, different calendars, and hence they felt it was impossible to live together in one land after the British were driven out. Singh writes, "Where on earth except in India would a man's life depend on whether or not his foreskin had been removed?? "
Abstract This paper explains that democracy in Pakistan has failed because the politics of the country are based on dictatorial democracy and full of corrupt practices. The author points out that the Pakistani society is poverty-stricken; urban sprawl has caused the people to lead miserable lives and, like all poor nations, it is burdened with debt and military rule, seeing little hope of development in the future. The paper states that women in Pakistan have not been given full rights equal to men; they face shocking levels of domestic violence, including acid attacks and burnings by fire, which are estimated to occur in 80 percent of all households in the country.
From the Paper "Democracy needs institutions, such as viable political parties, an independent judiciary, a free and responsible press and a professional civil service. Pakistan inherited these from the British, but with elected leaders governing like the worst autocrats elections alone were no guarantee of democracy. Failures of consecutive democratically elected leaders in Pakistan cast serious doubts about reinstating such leaders through fresh elections."
Abstract This paper presents a comparative review of two books dealing in different ways with political development in Pakistan and Iraq. The common thread is the difficulty of establishing unity, stability, and a civil society. The books are "Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: the Search for Saladin" and "Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq".
