Abstract
This paper discusses cultural competence within the context of the Pacific Northwest Indians and the Alaskan Native American. The paper describes family and community approaches to child welfare practice and also looks at social and (to a lesser extent) racial constructs in these societies. Finally, the paper at various times touches upon the lessons that a careful study of Pacific Northwest culture can offer to a child welfare agent eager to do the right thing.

From the Paper
"About the Coeur d'Alene tribe somewhat less is known but it is known that kinship was bilaterally based and that the same terms were used to address a cousin from the mother's side of the family as from the father's side of the family (Frey, n.d.). Whether or not this sort of practice is still in place is hard to determine (the evidence is scant) but, to the extent that any members of the Coeur d'Alene still cling to the "old ways", it is advisable that child welfare representatives respect the fact that Coeur d'Alene families are extended and close-knit and that a child's well-being is everyone's concern."

Tags:Native American Washington State, Alaska

Abstract
This paper discusses the role natural resources played in the peopling of the Pacific Northwest, including the natural resources that became commodities and how the commercialization of those resources affected interactions between various groups. It looks at what impact the exploitation of natural resources had on the region's environment. The Pacific Northwest is a diverse area full of natural resources that helped it grow and prosper as the population moved west. The writer concludes that many of these resources have been exploited for years at the expense of the area and its people.

From the Paper
"Comprising the areas of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Canada's British Columbia, the Pacific Northwest is an area known primarily for its natural resources and relationship to the environment. The area is primarily broken into two parts by the ridge of the Cascade Mountains. To the west lies the humid and lush western coast, and to the east lies the drier, arid eastern plains. These environmental areas can be broken down into smaller, more detailed regions that relate to their own specific resources. One Northwest historian notes, "Principal resources include: soils, grasslands, minerals, fisheries, water for power and irrigation, forests, wildlife, and scenic attractions" (Freeman and Martin 119). From the explorations of Lewis and Clark to the first trappers who visited the area, it was quite clear it was an area rich in resources and wildlife, and abundant potential."

Tags:environment, region, exploitation

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the history of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, it discusses how the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War impacted regional demographics in the Pacific Northwest.

From the Paper
"Before the Great Depression in 1929, the Pacific Northwest had been growing significantly. By 1920, the area had grown by 254 percent from 1900 (Schwantes 365). However, the Great Depression put a stop to the growth and migration. By the time the Great Depression hit, the area was economically sound, but still rural in much of its' character. The Great Depression had a deep effect on the economy of the region, because so much of the area relied on agriculture, timber, and mining for their livelihood, and these industries suffered as the nation suffered. Historian Schwantes writes, "The Pacific Northwest as a whole experienced mortgage foreclosures, delinquent taxes, and sharply rising unemployment. A sense of desperation led to protests and in some cases to direct action and other forms of self-help by angry farmers and industrial workers" (Schwantes 382). To make matters worse, arrivals from the Midwest Dust Bowl arrived in the area looking for work, but there was none. They simply added to the problem of unemployment and public assistance that was facing the entire area."

Tags:growth, migration, rural, agriculture, timber, mining, livelihood, suffered, protests

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the history of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, it discusses how the lives of Mary Arkwright Hutton, Annie Pike Greenwood, and Teiko Tomita, are representative when considering the racial and class tensions of the twentieth century.

From the Paper
"Mary Arkwright Hutton was a union supporter and organizer early in the history of the area. She worked in the mining towns of Idaho, and became an avid union supporter and organizer of the men who labored in the mines. Many politicians and mine owners found her abrasive and difficult, but the men loved her, and listened to her impassioned words about fairness and justness for the mineworkers. After their small mine, The Hercules, made them wealthy, she and her husband moved to a mansion in Spokane, where she continued to work for social causes such as women's suffrage, orphanages, and day-care centers (Schwantes 324). Her social status may have changed from boarding house matron to society matron, but her work continued to champion the disadvantaged and poor. More importantly, her work crossed political boundaries."

Tags:lower, classes, women, unions, farmers, water, boundaries, japanese, poet, internment, camps

Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of the Pacific Northwest and the clashes of nations and cultures that dominated the history of the region in the 1800s. These clashes were mainly between American settlers and the Native American tribes who already lived in the area. It looks at the attempts of the settlers to change and dominate the native population and various treaties that were signed.

From the Paper
"During and after the so-called "Great Migration of 1843" which included settlers from all over the United States, it became abundantly clear to the native Indians of the Pacific Northwest that what is now Oregon and Washington State were destined to become strongholds of American culture and society. According to Secretary of State John Calhoun, more than one thousand Americans had relocated to Oregon by 1843 and that twice this number would arrive in 1844 (Fuller, 258); Calhoun also stated "the migration forces which had driven the tide of population in earlier days would drive it on with increasing power across the Rockies to the banks of the Columbia River which was destined to be peopled by us" (Fuller, 259). Thus, this migration of settlers proved to be a turning point in the history of the Pacific Northwest and was even eclipsed in 1845 when more than three thousand "immigrants" poured into Oregon which effectively doubled the white population. With this event, it is comparatively easy to understand how the native Indians of Oregon and Washington were affected, for the white settlers had obviously "expected certain American cultural traditions to be carried over to the Pacific Northwest" (Tisdale, 298), such as commerce, religion and other societal traits. In the end, the Pacific Northwest became part of the true American landscape and, like in so many other regions of the country, the native Indians were either "assimilated" or outright destroyed."

Tags:migration, settler, native, american, indian

Abstract
This paper explains that while the 1994 President's Northwest Forest Plan remained controversial, a number of benefits have emerged from the ongoing efforts associated with the old-growth and spotted owl controversy. The paper points out that the spotted owl was most definitely protected and workers were retrained with aid from the government, which was a part of the 1994 bill. The author relates that new methods have been acquired in forest management; there has been an increased recognition that public lands represent something more than just producers of commodities.

Table of Contents
Overview of the Problem
Key Stakeholders
Policy Initiatives
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In spite of this victory for the environmentalists, the battle over the Northwest old-growth forest continued to rage between the two groups. While the northern spotted owl became a symbol for the ongoing struggles between the two groups and what became known later as the "owl-recovery-plan", it failed to end the problems at the center of the debate. As one Oregon state official is said to have remarked in relation to the spotted owl: "People have loaded so much baggage on the shoulders of this 15-inch bird". This baggage represented the ongoing need for further efforts to develop and implement public policy aimed at resolving the problem."

Tags:plan, worker, benefits, protection, retraining

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the book "The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River" by Richard White, a book that provides a new 'organic' model for environmental history. The paper further discusses the history of the environmental movement in the area, as well as, factors such as technology, that influence the environmental movement today.

Outline:
Part I - What is the Organic Machine as Described by Richard White
Part II - Environmental Movement Since 1970

From the Paper
"White suggests that mankind has manipulated nature to meet his own needs, stating "we treated science as if it were literally a machine that can be disassembled and redesigned largely at will" (White, 111). Further White suggests that the organic machine man has created consists of "various parts" that "can be assigned different functions" (White, 111). The Columbia River is not longer views as a whole, but rather as parts of a larger machine whose purpose includes serving the needs of many. The organic machine has been conquered and divided to fulfill the desires of mankind, with humans now capable of controlling every aspect of the rivers functioning. This fits in line with the new model of the environment, suggesting that society will only attempt to control every aspect of the environment to suite his own needs. Many will develop what they need to and split any environmental natural resources to match our wants and perceived desires."

Tags:scientists, conservation, environmentalists, ecology, nature, preservation, dams, water, power

Abstract
All major historical movements can be examined, not only in terms of conquests, battles and industry, but also in terms of the damage, alterations, and bio-population shifts these events left in their wake. Looking at the expansion of the West through the prism of ecological change is a particularly useful introduction to environmental history, because it is relatively recent, the variety of ecosystems is rich, and the effects have been dramatic and well documented.

Abstract
"The Frontier Against Slavery by Eugene Berwanger traces the l9th century struggle to prevent the extension of slavery in the areas Northwest of the Ohio, California, the Plains states, and the Pacific Northwest.

From the Paper
"The Frontier Against Slavery by Eugene Berwanger traces the l9th century struggle to prevent the extension of slavery in the areas Northwest of the Ohio, California, the Plains states, and the Pacific Northwest. History has documented the moral and economic issues behind the question of slavery and its extension.

Berwanger goes further and provides evidence that the resolution
of the "Negro Question" was fraught with deep racial hatred as
well. The prospect of residing in close proximity to free blacks,
who whites assumed would flock to their states to associate with black slaves, was a determining factor in the decision by nonslave states to reject the extension of slavery.

Supporters of slavery were extremely proactive in getting
state legislators to send petitions to Congress on the matter in
the area Northwest of the Ohio between 1787 1824. The main ..."

Abstract
This paper explains that transforming the concept of creating a green building, which interacts with the planet's ecosystem, into a coherent, rational and specific plan and constructing it is a challenge. The author points out that the conditions of a green building design process are low construction impact, resource efficiency through the life of the building, long lasting, nontoxic and aesthetically pleasing. The paper relates that choosing wood, especially large timbers, for a green home may seem odd; however, wood is the greenest of green building materials because it is a dense collection of cellulose that is strong, flexible, and eminently workable and is a renewable resource.

Table of Contents:
Introduction: A Wealthy Celebrity's Green Dream
The Location: The Inland Pacific Northwest
The Design: Materials and Structure
The Design: Peripheral Systems
Conclusions: The Green Home

From the Paper
"With the client's requirements in mind, the site considerations, and the aforementioned green building criteria, I have determined that the most appropriate building style for this site will be pole construction, in which large round timbers provide the skeletal support structure on which the roof and floors are hung. Pole construction has the benefit of being easily adaptable to most sites, including the steep site that the client owns. In addition, the simplicity of the construction method means that both material and labor costs are reduced dramatically, further limiting resource and energy depletion."

Tags:site, wood, pole, independent, energy