Abstract The paper analyzes the article "Preventable Adverse Patient Outcomes", which states that since 1995 Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) have been doing closed claim analyses on adverse anesthesia outcomes from cases supplied to them by insurance companies. The paper examines how, by doing this analysis, a board of eight certified nurse anesthetists found that of the cases they studied thirty-eight percent of CRNA-related claims involved a respiratory incident as the primary cause of the negative patient outcome. The paper discusses how, by attaining this information, the research assists in ensuring that hospitals, clinics and surgical centers are made safer.
From the Paper "The article also states that errors in clinical judgment and failure to adhere to standards of practice and/or recommended protocols also were identified as patterns in practitioner behavior that contributed to the negative outcomes. Also stated was the importance of identifying patients before the procedure, who might have a higher risk of aspiration."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines whether the use of the different DIBELS measures and the results are reliable in predicting the academic outcomes of a bilingual student. An evaluation of the different literature that concerns this study and other related issues are used to attain this objective. The writer maintains that the continuing research on the reliability and validity of the DIBELS measures clearly shows that it is a reliable source in predicting the academic outcomes of the students. The writer points out that the results obtained from the students are valid such that a comparison with other measures may be encouraged for more validation of results. The writer concludes that using the DIBELS in identifying the possible academic outcomes of English language learners is a helpful tool in assessing their English language proficiency.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendation
References and Works Cited
From the Paper "The increasing population growth among immigrants plays an important role in the demographic changes in the United States' school system. Given that the conditions regarding the students' English proficiency - which is a vital element in their academic performance - is not given proper attention, the country may not be able to produce competent students and human resources. This is the reason why the US educational system now works directly in its English language programs, which is a challenging task for them. In Los Angeles, there are already some eighty different languages spoken throughout the Los Angeles school system that addresses this issue.
In addition, in order to develop the US's human resources potential will mean keeping their educational opportunities open to minorities and to educationally disadvantaged students. The manner in which the US government addresses this issue will help shape their economic status and competitive position in the world. It will also affect the social and economic well being of every American in the United States. Emphasis on language training and the preparation of our youth for future jobs will be a critical task for the decade of the 90s."
Abstract This paper will analyze this clear distinction between NAFTA's intentions and outcomes. By looking at the arguments for and against NAFTA, it will be possible to evaluate whether or not its lofty ambitions are on their way to being fulfilled, or whether the outcomes are as cloaked, complicated and jagged as the NAFTA text itself. It must be noted at the outset that, as the impact of NAFTA is different for each of its participants, it is impossible to engage in a precise analysis of its specific effects in each country. To circumvent this problem, general themes will be brought to light where appropriate and more specific examples will be developed when necessary.
Abstract In order to get the most accurate perception of a desire or belief, researchers must go to the source - those affected by the research subject or involved in the research subject. The paper argues that those who have no connection to the subject and no clue as to the impact their input can have will only distort the eventual outcome. Further examination of the world of misconception and vague ideas is presented in this paper in order to hear what the people really have to say. The paper includes tables and diagrams.
From the Paper "Could the variation in priorities be a result of the times? Or is it that people are just more honest in their answers today? Do money and benefits mean more today because people are materialistic and self-indulgent? These are random, general questions and not meant to intimidate or infuriate anyone. They are meant to encourage thought and provoke workers and management alike to honest, open discussion in order to come to an understanding of mutual priorities. A positive outcome that can be shared by workers and management alike resulting from this understanding will far outweigh any expense incurred or time needed to get there."
Abstract This paper discusses the economic, family, legal and religious stereotypes that often exist against homosexual individuals. It then demonstrates the effectiveness of three counseling theories and techniques in aiding a client wishing to "come out of the closet" - person-centered theory, reality theory and behavioral theory. The paper explores the strengths and limitations of these theories, as well as counseling outcomes, multicultural concerns and the ethical implications of this issue.
Table of Contents:
Client Problem
Counseling Theories
Rationale For Techniques
Implementing Techniques
Effectiveness of Techniques
Strengths and Limitations
Multicultural Issues
Ethic Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper "A 17-year-old male is getting ready to attend an out-of-state college in a few months. He reports spending massive amounts of energy disguising the fact he is gay. He currently attends a small, rural high school. He has never told any of his family or friends that he is gay due to fear of isolation and abandonment. He reports having limited homosexual experiences. He declares that he is tired of living a lie and being lonely. He proclaims that he is afraid to "come out" to family and friends but needs some encouragement to do so."
An analysis of the research study, "Preoperative Teaching and Hysterectomy Outcomes," written by S.L. Oetker-Black, S. Jones, P. Estok, M. Ryan, N. Gale and C. Parker.
Abstract This paper provides a qualitative analysis of the article "Preoperative Teaching and Hysterectomy Outcomes", a research study by Oetker-Black, Jones, Estok, Ryan, Gale and Parker. The paper describes the study purpose, as well as the nine hypotheses of the study. It then reviews the literature that was used and analyzes the study design used in the research. Finally, the paper looks at the strengths and limitations of the study.
Table of Contents:
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Question(s)
Hypothesis/Hypotheses
Study Variables
Conceptual Model\Theoretical Framework
Review of Related Literature
Study Design
Sample and Setting
Study Instruments/Tools
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths\Limitations
From the Paper "Two threats to the internal validity of the study both were based on the data collectors used that were also the individuals selected to provide efficacy-based training to the study group. It is possible that patients responded to factors based on the collector's tone, demeanor or level of perceived compassion and interpreted this as nursing support to calm their anxiety rather than actually responding to the efficacy training. Similarly, the data collectors in post-surgical follow-up at six weeks and six months might have had the same effect and elicited different data than would have been provided on a self-reported questionnaire on paper."
Abstract This paper assesses the social history approach and aspects of economic history and middle range theories coupled with smaller concepts or heuristic devices that have been utilised in Dora L. Costa's research "Race and Pregnancy Outcomes in the Twentieth Century: A Long-Term Comparison". The paper looks at how this piece of research centres on a middle-range theory concerning race and not a metanarrative like Marxism, and subsequently theories concerning the family, kinship, status and community are also subsidiary factors in this research.
From the Paper " Data, can be easily skewed to fit the researcher's hypothesis, and the method used for sample selection; from what class, race, religion etc... that the sample is selected can be 'coloured' by the researcher's opinions of a class, race or religion and/or by what class, race or religion that the researcher belongs to. Some researchers may argue in an a posteriori way and omit or dismiss as "accidental, historical data" which does not support their theory. Many scientists are correct to criticise the "the socially manipulative ideological agendas of much social and historical enquiry" , which is often present-centred and policy orientated .However, a strength of Costa's work is its approach to the problem of multiple causation. As Sewell remarks, the notion of most analysts in simply choosing a prime cause and then trying to convey this through a chronological narrative, is not sufficiently analytical. "
Abstract In this article, the writer firstly critically analyses the health and well being outcomes for young people leaving care; addressing the areas of mental health, physical and learning disabilities. Secondly a critical evaluation of both national and specific LAC focused health promotion strategies is discussed and the impact of these on the young person's journey through care is provided, with particular attention paid to young people affected by disability and mental health problems. Throughout the essay an awareness of oppressive and discriminatory practices is demonstrated.
From the Paper "As mentioned earlier, mental health problems are very prominent in care leavers. Once a young person reaches 18 years of age, there are often problems with accessing adult services. Young people with mental health problems can find it very difficult when they become care leavers. Mental health issues are sometimes left undiagnosed in looked after young people as doctors and psychologists sometimes feel that they do not want to "label" young people. This could be because there is still a stigma attached to having a mental health issue. However, on the opposite side of this, if a mental health issue is not diagnosed then resources are not made available to the young people when they may need them in order to lead a full and health life. Another difficulty for care leavers who move on to adult services, is that they may forget appointments and no-one is there to remind them or take them to appointments, this means that the young person is not receiving the care and support they may need."
Abstract The paper provides a literature review on the effect that family and community support has on the outcomes of drug abuse treatment programs and then presents a proposal that will study the impact of family and social support on prison inmates who are attempting to successfully complete drug treatment programs. The paper explains the design of the study that will be both qualitative and quantitative in nature and will be conducted through the instrument of a survey/questionnaire administered to a randomly selected sampling of female inmates in the prison system. A survey that will be utilized in the study is included with the paper.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Data and Methods
From the Paper "An evaluation funded by the National Institute of Justice entitled: "An Outcome Evaluation of the Forever Free Substance Abuse Treatment Program: One-Year Post-Release Outcomes" states that women who are drug-dependent "pose a serious problem for criminal justice authorities for several reasons" as the rate of women imprisoned has grown at a rate much faster than that of men and the needs of female prisoners are different and more diverse that that of male prisoners. This is problematic because jurisdictions generally do not have treatment programs that are specifically appropriate for and designed for females in prison with drug abuse and dependence problems. Because of relapses in use of drugs the rate of women turning around and heading right back to prison are extremely high. Previous research findings suggest that drug abuse treatment in combination with family and social support is more successful than treatment in the absence of such support."
This paper is a review of research literature to identify and evaluate where voids or gaps currently exist in identifying how emotional intelligence (EI) relates to sales outcomes.
Abstract This research study examines how emotional intelligence may impact sales outcomes, and to what extent the research conducted in the past has effectively explored the direct relationship between sales outcomes and emotional intelligence. The paper explains that the literature review focused on previous methodologies, hypothesis, concepts and analytical procedures to help establish whether data correlating emotional intelligence scores to sales outcomes was more qualitative or quantitative in nature. The author points out that, from the review of the literature, it is clear that much of the research focused broadly on the ways emotional intelligence may impact outcome without too much specificity given to the topic of sales outcomes. The paper concludes that future research needs to focus on exploring the exact impact emotional intelligence has on sales outcomes, exploring how negative emotional intelligence affects the organization and examining what tools, aside from applied learning or goal orientation, can be used to transform negative emotional intelligence into positive intelligence.
Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Emotional Intelligence Defined
Review of Popular Studies
Summary of Literature Analysis of Gaps
From the Paper "Ashkanasy (2002) conducted a study of emotional intelligence and perception of emotion in organizations in an attempt to improve understanding of "organizational behavior through investigation of the cognitive and affective processes" underlying attitudes among employees and behavior. The author hypothesized that leaders within an organization are characterized by certain traits or outcomes that may predispose them to their roles within the organization, concluding that attribution theory is most likely the best causal explanation for why people act the way they do, and how this may impact organizational efficacy, as in the case of sales.
Looking at an experiment performed involving the effects of personality characteristics on the proportionality principle of attribution and how the explanation for an event is proportional to the magnitude of the outcome of the event.
Abstract This paper describes a study which investigated attribution, specifically the proportionality principle, in 185 undergraduate students. Participants were divided into several conditions and completed questionnaires that tested; that the outcome of a scenario was appropriately rated, that the magnitude of the outcome determined the likelihood to which the cause of the event was attributed to predictable or unpredictable causes, and the extent to which personality characteristics (belief in a just world and locus of control) affected behaviour in accordance to the proportionality principle. It was hypothesized that the level of the two personality characteristics being tested would have a significant effect on behaviour, that the scenarios and magnitudes were designed appropriately, and that the magnitude of the outcome predicted how the participants would explain the event. It was found that the magnitudes of the outcomes supported our hypothesis and were successfully manipulated but that personality characteristics did not have as much of an effect on ratings as was originally proposed. These results were attributed to participants? level of cognitive satisfaction as well as typical human tendencies in logic and reasoning.
From the Paper "Social psychologists are largely interested in how humans explain the causation of a behaviour or an event. Making a judgement on behaviour is essentially making a claim as to the causation of the behaviour and this is commonly known as making an attribution. Heider (1958), who was the first to officially propose the idea of a person bias, suggested that humans attribute most behaviour to personality rather than to situational causes. The person bias, now known as the fundamental attribution error, is both a useful and harmful characteristic of humans; it allows for easy formation of a mental model of an individual's personality to occur. Often, however, during the formation of this model, situational causes are ignored, and negative characteristics are attributed wrongfully to an individual's personality when in fact, the exhibited behaviour was more a product of the environmental circumstances. A more recent, and less researched proposal involving attribution is the proportionality principle. This suggests that humans have the tendency to seek explanations for behaviour or events that are equal in magnitude to the outcome of the event, even if this is not the most logical explanation. For example, McCauley and Jacques (1979) found that important events with drastic outcomes, such as presidential assassinations are attributed for causes equally as important or drastic."
Tags: attribution, belief, control, just, locus, world
This paper is a research proposal that compares the career outcomes and perceptions of the quality of mentoring experiences for racio-ethnic and male/female protege subgroups.
Abstract This research proposal will investigate formal mentor programs and protege outcomes with regard to the perceptions of proteges of their mentoring experience within the mentor relationship composition. The author will measure proteges perceptions of the quality of mentoring programs and the actual outcomes associated with mentoring experience in relation to both position promotion and compensation. The study will use variations in perceptions and in actual outcomes associated with the mentoring experience as dependent variables, which will be analyzed in relation to protege gender and protege racial/ethnic background as independent variables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Research Hypotheses
Background on the Issue
Importance of the Study
Scope, Delimitations and Limitations
Definitions of Terms
Review of Literature
Introduction
Mentor Functions
Formal vs Informal Mentoring Programs
Composition of Mentoring Relationships
Career Outcomes Related Topic ? "Glass Ceiling" Phenomenon
Summary of the Literature Review
Methods
Research Design
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Study Variables
Instrumentation
Data Collection
Population and Sample
Data Analysis
Draft Survey Instrument
Cover Letter for Participating Companies
From the Paper "The composition of the mentoring relationship is an important factor related to its success. It is theorized that perceived similarity and identification is found more in same-gender as compared to cross-gender relationships, thus the same gender mentoring relationship would yield more positive results with regard to both psychosocial and career development functions. It is also speculated that higher-ranking positions have more influence within the organization and therefore the mentoring relationship, and males tend to have this power."
Abstract As young children are increasingly enrolled in various forms of non-parental education outside of the home, there has been a growing interest since the 1960s in determining the degree to which preschool programs influence children's learning, development and later educational outcomes. A particular concern raised by those interested in the influences of preschool participation focuses on the degree to which inequalities in early care and education may be responsible for much of the inequality in later educational outcomes within the U.S. On the basis of the ongoing questions that have emerged regarding the benefits of preschool, this research report addresses and clarifies the influence of preschool on educational success in kindergarten. In addition, the research identifies factors that have been found to influence the degree to which preschool participation impacts successful educational outcomes in kindergarten. Factors under consideration are child characteristics, program characteristics and social/environmental characteristics. The study is conducted via the use of the heuristic research method in which six studies were examined for the purposes of determining the association between preschool and educational outcomes in kindergarten.
From the Paper "Similar findings were reported by Campbell, Pungello, Miller-Johnson, Burchinal & Ramey (2001) in their study of the Abecedarian Project. The study was initiated more than twenty years ago and has followed over one hundred low-income children from infancy to young adulthood. As reported by the researchers, of the 111 infants originally involved in the study, 57 were assigned to an early intervention child care program and 54 received care in some other setting. Each child in the early intervention program had an individualized program of educational activities which was designed to enhance social, emotional, and cognitive development. Children in the program received at least five years of this specialized care until they left the program for kindergarten. On the basis of ongoing measurement, the researchers reported that children who participated in the intervention program had higher cognitive test scores from the toddler years through the age of 21, as well as higher academic achievement in reading and math from the primary grades through young adulthood".
An examination of the predicted outcome of the Cuban missile crisis using the policy forecaster model and whether these correlate to the actual outcome of events.
Abstract This paper discusses the Cuban missile crisis and explains that the discovery by surveillance planes of Soviet missile silos being built in Cuba was one of the major confrontations of the Cold War. The paper analyzes the Cuban missile crisis with the use of the policy forecaster model. It then looks at the predicted outcome using the policy forecaster model and whether it corresponds with the actual outcome of events.
From the Paper "The next variable that I will discuss is that of salience. The United States had a high salience regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis. Almost immediately following the discovery of the Soviet missiles in Cuba, it became the most pressing issue to the country. The Cuban Missile Crisis was of great importance to every actor involved, and even those not involved, as a wrong move could have triggered a chain reaction of nuclear attacks. I believe that the issue was of added importance to the US because of the closeness of Cuba to the mainland. The issue was also of high importance to the Soviet Union, as the United States already had missile bases located close to their border. At the time, the US held the advantage over the Soviets in most areas. The salience variables I will use for the Policy Forecaster are ninety for the United States, and eighty-three for the Soviet Union."
Abstract Discusses factors that affect reading outcomes for young children, especially those at risk for academic failure. Cites three scholarly research studies that discuss early childhood develoopment programs. Issues of socioeconomic status, learning disabilities, behavioral conditions, instructional deficits. Need to develop interventions to enhance long-term rewading outcomes. Importance of assessment procedures.
From the Paper "Predicting Reading Achievement
One of the most significant areas of concern in American public education centers upon reading achievement among young students who are regarded as being at-risk for academic failure and/or unacceptably low levels of achievement because of a variety of factors such as low socioeconomic status (SES), behavioral conditions, learning disabilities, and instructional deficits. To examine this question and to determine trends in the empirical literature related to these effects, three separate research studies were selected from the literature. Each of the studies targets early childhood development programs such as Head Start and posits a relationship between attentional problems/hyperactivity and reading achievement at both the prereading and first through fifth grade levels."
