Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth examination of the origins of World War II, based on the perspective that this can be traced to the Treaty of Versailles. The paper further describes how the Treaty incited bitter German resentment and made World War II inevitable by placing sole blame for World War I on Germany. This is contrasted with popular belief regarding the origins of World War II, which some see as a vague notion that Nazi Germany wanted to take over the world.

From the Paper
"From a scholarly perspective, the origins of World War II can be traced to the Treaty of Versailles, which was an unmitigated disaster. The Treaty incited bitter German resentment and made World War II inevitable by placing sole blame for World War I on Germany, by imposing massive war reparations payments, and by virtually eliminating the German military. In contrast, popular belief regarding the origins of World War II consists of vague notions that Nazi Germany wanted to take over the world because..."

Tags:origins, of, wwii

Abstract
This paper compares the popular beliefs regarding the origins of World War II with scholarly books and journal articles on the subject. The paper reveals that public interpretations of the causes of the war tend to be based upon an inadequate awareness of the complex factors which combined to produce a second world war only twenty-one years after the first one ended. The paper demonstrates that the public often misunderstands why a historical event occurred and tends to form beliefs that are only partially accurate. The paper includes the full text of some of the sources at the end.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, it is the consensus of scholars and historians that the origins of World War II can be traced to the disastrous Treaty of Versailles. This Treaty incited bitter resentment throughout Germany and enabled Hitler to rise to power because it placed sole blame for World War I on Germany, imposed draconian war reparations payments, and turned the German military into a feeble militia. In contrast, popular belief regarding the origins of World War II is based upon vague notions that Hitler and the Nazis wanted to conquer the world because Germans considered themselves to be the master race."

Tags:Hitler, Germany, WWII, reich, Jews

Abstract
This paper identifies the major causes of World War I and World War II. The causes of both wars lay in the political and military rivalries and consequent alliance building among major European powers. However, the rise of fascism and the Great Depression put World War II in different contexts. The scale of destruction is greater in World War II, but major changes in Western ideas emerged from the destruction of World War I.

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the different Jewish resistance groups that were active in World War II, fighting against the Nazi "Final Solution." First, the paper describes the tactics used by these groups of Jewish fighters that were hiding in forests and trying to survive brutal winter conditions. Then the paper notes the interactions between Jews and the Partisans they encountered in the forests. Next, the paper focuses specifically on the Jewish resistance movement, presenting a literature review on this subject. Finally, the role of Jews in the Polish and Russian partisan movements is addressed and includes a literature review as well. The paper concludes by noting the Nazi sweep of the forests late in World War II to destroy Jewish Partisan groups.

Outline:

Introduction
The Partisan Movement
Background on Jewish Resistance - with Partisan Support - in Poland
Origins of Soviet Partisan Forces - and Jewish Involvement Therein
Other Authors' Views of the Jewish Resistance in Poland

From the Paper
"If a group of Jews escaped to the forests and had weapons with them, meeting up with a partisan group meant that the Jews "were relieved of their arms and clothes and given token substitutes in return" (Bauer, p. 271). Resistance to this automatic exchange between Jews and partisans "...was not possible in forest conditions" (Bauer, p. 271). While explaining that "a few Jewish units" of partisans survived - albeit the Soviets did not want armed Jews roaming the forests - Bauer points specifically to the Bielski brothers (seen in the film "Defiance") who kept hundreds of Jews alive in the Naliboki forests."

Tags:Partisan Movement, Bielski Brothers, Nazis, Holocaust

Abstract
A look at the impact of world wars on abstract expressionism, a genre of art. The author examines what paintings under this genre represent and how they come to play significant roles in the expression of historical events.
Table of Contents

I. Introduction

A. Brief definition of abstract expressionism

B. Examples of other relationships between artistic movements and political happenings

1. Romantic movement

2. Vietnam

C. Brief description of the effects of World War

1. effects on the U.S. economy/politics

2. effects on the people

D. Thesis as to the relationship of World War II and the rise of Abstract Expressionism

1. Three major influences

a. immigration of European artists, writers, intellectuals, scientists

b. the Surrealist movement

c. ancient influences (art)

II. Body

A. Before World War II

1. Depression

2. Thirty Years War

3. World War I

B. Historical Roots

1. the 1930s

a. political happenings/economy

b. art & the relationship between the two

2. late 1930s early 1940s

a. political happenings/economy

b. art & the relationship between the two

C. Intellectual Roots

1. Themes of Abstract Expressionism

a. the return to origins

b. the human continuum

c. conflict and the dualistic pattern of human life

d. opportunities/new beginnings

2. Heritage (Ancient influences)

3. Nature

4. the subconscious

D. Artists

1. Gesture

a. style

b. specific artists

2. Color Field

a. style

b. specific artists

3. In-between

a. style

b. specific artists

III. Conclusion

A. The evolution of art starting from the period of the 1930s (WWI, Depression, etc.) to

after World War II

1. Content

2. Purpose

3. Style

B. How World War II molded Abstract Expressionism and how the artists drew from World War II

1. the people's responses to the war

2. united aspects of the art that showed a general feeling towards WWII

C. How, by the rising of Abstract Expressionism, modern art was affected, and how it

changed the way that people expressed their sentiments

From the Paper
"At first, there was an initial resistance to Abstract Expressionism, but by the 1950s it was recognized as the dominant force in American painting, encouraged by the government while being considered a symbol of American cultural freedom.For the first time ever, American art received widespread and serious attention in Europe. Abstract Expressionism can hardly be characterized as a single movement due to the diversity of the art it encompasses. Despite this variety, Abstract Expressionist paintings share several broad characteristics they are basically abstract, emphasizing free, spontaneous, and personal emotional expression, and they exercise considerable freedom of technique in order to attain this goal. The artists of this period manipulate the physical variables of the paint in order to convey expressive qualities, often on large canvases to give the visual effects an engrossing power. Abstract Expressionist artists can be divided into three categories based on style - gesture painting, such as done by Jackson Pollock, color field painting as done by Mark Rothko, or an in-between style as done by Robert Motherwell."

Tags:art, history, movements, paper, term

Abstract
This paper discusses two views on the causes of the Cold War: Russian treachery and a long history of lack of trust. The author points out that the roots of the Cold War go much further back into history than the events of World War II. The paper concludes that Russia?s clear attempt to do what Hitler had failed to do, dominate Europe, made the Cold War inevitable.

From the Paper
"The United States and its Western allies saw this as little more than the colonization of Eastern Europe. These countries knew first hand what the U.S.S.R. was doing. As the Soviets emerged as a world power, they were expanding their economic base just as many Western powers had done in the previous three - four centuries -- by conquering other lands and people."

Tags:wwii, colonization, eastern, wall, treachery

Abstract
This paper discusses the World Trade Organization. The WTO is the most influential body regarding trade, trade relationships, and trade disputes in the world. While the US is obviously one of its leading members, it has not been the dominant force in this organization that it has in other major international organizations. Although only organized since 1995, the WTO also has its roots in the post World War II era.

From the Paper
"The WTO is the follow-on organization to GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) that guided international trade since the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 attempted to form the International Trade Organization (Condon, 2002). While the ITO was never successful due primarily to US lobbying, GATT guided world trade matters until the Uruguay Round in 1995 created the..."

Tags:world, trade, organization

Abstract
This paper put forward the argument that the Cold War was the direct result of Soviet expansionist policies, coupled with Joseph Stalin?s paranoia, in the years following World War II. It looks at how the Soviet Union, in effect, annexed Eastern Europe, which became a conglomeration of Soviet vassal states with puppet governments controlled by Stalin through various purges.

Outline
Introduction
Background
Build Up
Conclusion

From the Paper
"World War II also taught Stalin and the Soviet Union to mistrust the West. Although the last two years of the war saw a remarkable level of cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Allies, the two year delay by the United States and Great Britain in launching the second front was interpreted negatively by many Soviets. As the Soviet Union waged a bloody and devastating campaign against the Axis powers on its own territory, the West's reluctance to take some of the pressure off Russia by attacking Germany fostered deep seated Soviet suspicions that the West wanted to see Germany and Russia cripple each other."

Tags:airlift, berlin, curtain, doctrine, expansionism, iron, origin, policy, roosevelt, soviet, stalin, truman

Abstract
This paper examines a chapter from Hannah Arendt's "The Origins of Totalitarianism" in which she theorizes about the composition of and relevance of the masses in totalitarian regimes. It looks at how her definition of 'masses' does not include specific classes or citizens, but incorporates the section of the population that does not belong to a class or any other kind of social group. It also discusses how many of the first critiques of the book, first published post World War II, were negative and how more recent texts have seen Arendt's work in its historic context, i.e. as an important piece of post war, totalitarianism historiography.

From the Paper
"A Classless Society appears in the third section of the Origins entitled Totalitarianism. In this chapter, Arendt theorizes about the masses - the people who followed Hitler and Stalin unquestioningly. The masses are politically indifferent or disillusioned men, who had become isolated due to the disintegration of the class system, who did not belong to any professional or social organizations, and who had become atomized, lonely individuals. Arendt claims that this atomization occurred 'naturally' in Germany but that in Russia, Stalin created an atomized society 'by the skillful use of repeated purges' that eliminated social groups who appeared to be stable and therefore threatening to his regime. As Canovan points out, this suggests that while certain
'natural' circumstances led Hitler to totalitarianism, Stalin deliberately anticipated totalitarianism, or perhaps he was merely fulfilling his (Hegelian) historic role."

Tags:fascism, germany, hitler, class

Abstract
Whether the Cold War was inevitable or whether it could have been avoided is something that has plagued historians and researchers for many years. In this paper, the position is taken that the Cold War was indeed inevitable because of all of the issues and problems that came before it. By the time the Cold War started in 1947, there was little that could have been done to avoid it. The paper explains that the Cold War originally came about due to a strong breakdown in the post-war relations that were seen between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. These two powerful nations were the main victors in WWII, and they both stated in 1945 that they were committed to showing cooperation and unity.

From the Paper
"As soon as the cold war began, historians and researchers began to debate what had caused it. There were several phases for these debates, and they came with different time periods (McCauley, 1990). For example, from the time the cold war started through most of the 1970s, American foreign policy was the focus of the issue (McCauley, 1990). Some believed that the cause of the cold war was the fact that America resisted the expansion that the Soviet Union was trying to make (Roberts, 1999). Others were more critical of America and argued that the cold war actually came about because the United States was both unreasonable and aggressive after WWII, which provoked the Soviet Union (Roberts, 1999)."

Tags:international, soviet, union, america