Abstract The paper discusses the development of organiclightemittingdiodes (OLEDs), one of the major technological breakthroughs since the invention of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in providing digital lighting and display. The paper examines how these components display brighter colors, produce faster refresh rates, consume less power, and cost less to manufacture. The paper further discusses how OLEDs are being used in consumer electronics such as cellular phones, personal digital organizers (PDAs), and flat-screen televisions. The paper examines how these can be used in virtual reality, heads-up display (HUDs), and in the military. The paper concludes that the technology looks very promising, and may provide us with a cheaper and better alternative to current LCDs and LEDs in displaying bright and crisp digital images.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction to Topic
History / Background
Current Technology/Implementations/Understandings
A. OLED Structure
B. OLED Operation
C. Advantages
D. Disadvantages
Analysis of Existing Knowledge
Summary of Topic
Short Term Outlook
Recommendations and/or Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper "When electricity is applied to the OLED (around 2 to 10 volts), the electrical current is received by the cathode and gives electrons to the emissive layer. At the same time the anode also receives an electric current and it sucks electrons from the conductive layer. This creates "electron holes" between the emissive and conductive layers, which are then filled up. This is the step which creates light. To create brighter light, it is only necessary to increate the electrical current. To create colors, several OLED layers are used which contain color components for red, green, and blue (Freudenrich, n.d.)."
Abstract This paper discusses how lightemittingdiodes (LEDs) work, materials used to make them, their significance in everyday appliances, and what they may be used for in the future by employing new technologies. The full utility of these devices has not yet been realized; they are highly efficient and have many applications in illumination and storage technology. This paper ?sheds some light? on the many uses for this seemingly simple device.
From the Paper "Before discussing semiconductors and semiconductor devices we should first cover the basics of conduction. Conductivity of a material is dependent on three factors. First is the number of charge carriers per unit volume or carrier density. Charge carriers can be electrons, holes or ions or any combination thereof. The second factor is the charge per carrier. This is typically measured in Coulombs so it is the elementary charge in the case of electrons and holes or is the charge of the ion in that case. The third factor is the charge mobility. This factor is a little more complicated and will be covered in more depth later. It is dependent, however, on acceleration of the carrier, dependent on electric field strength, and the average time between collisions, which is dependent on temperature and defect concentration. The conductivity is then the product of these three terms."
Abstract This paper examines how "Northern Lights" by Philip Pullman revolves around Lyra and her daemon Pantalaimon who are journeying North to rescue their friend Roger from an evil organization run by Lyra's estranged mother. It looks at how set in an alternate dimension, daemons are a huge factor in the story and evaluates how people and their daemons are connected and cannot survive apart. It shows how daemons can be considered our thoughts, feelings, personalities and consciences personified so that they can walk, talk and feel like us.
From the Paper "Pantalaimon represents Lyra's soul in a visual form. He also acts as a conscience working in a visual manner. The 'shrill cries' represents the hidden pent up anger and secret fear that Lyra is experiencing. These emotions would normally be hidden from the reader if it was not for the daemon. These 'hidden emotions' bring us closer to the characters. 'Lyra had to stop herself crying out , and Pantalaimon fluttered his wings so sharply that the other girls noticed.' This shows that the characters also relate to each other using the daemons. I think that the girls would not have known Lyra's intimate feelings if it were not for Pantalaimons unstoppable jolts of emotions. This also allows us to see deeper into the character's emotions. The daemons express the truth about human nature."
Examines the risk and hazard factors of bright blue light in the workplace and compares the use of green light in the work place and examines the safety issues relating to green light use.
Abstract This research paper examines the hazards and risks associated with the use of blue light in the work place. In addition, the paper examines the use of green light in the workplace and the safety issues relating to the use of green light. Also examined is the fact that blue light marketers inform the public that lamps with 'enhanced' UV will ensure better health.
From the Paper "Photometric quantities such as luminance (brightness in cd/cm2 as perceived by a human "standard observer") and illuminance in lux (the "light" falling on a surface) indicate light levels spectrally weighted by the standard photometric visibility curve which peaks at 550 nm for the human eye. To quantify a photochemical effect it is not sufficient to specify the number of photons-per-square-centimeter (photon flux) or the irradiance (W/cm2) since the efficiency of the effect will be highly dependent on wavelength."
Abstract The paper discusses how the private security industry as a whole tends to benefit in times of social unrest and tension, such as during periods of concern about crime, or when other fears spur the public to seek ways to reduce the likelihood of becoming a victim.This paper further discusses security lighting, emphasizing that one of the best approaches to security is to illuminate the vicinity in order to increase one's sense of security, drive away intruders, reduce the likelihood of accidents, and at the same time create a more pleasing look for a building, a yard, or a parking lot. Lighting is required for many types of security system. For some, the lights themselves are a deterrent and constitute the primary security element. In other cases, lighting serves a secondary purpose as well.
Abstract This paper examines two distinct inventions: light bulbs and solar energy. First it discusses the incandescent light bulb and its inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, and explore the differences between incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs. Then the long history and increasing importance of solar power and its modern applications are discussed.
From the Paper "On December 31st, 1879, after years of work and many experiments, Thomas Alva Edison gave the first demonstration of the incandescent light bulb at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He was assisted in his invention by Francis Upton, a Princeton Graduate who supplied the mathematical and theoretical expertise that Edison lacked. This invention established Edison's reputation as the world's greatest inventor. Before his invention, electric arc lighting was used to produce light. In this lighting system, lights were connected in a series circuit, so if one failed, the rest of the bulbs on the circuit also failed. (First Public Demonstration?)
Edison was able to spend so much time and money on the invention of the light bulb because of his reputation as an inventor. He had the support of financiers such as J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts. They established the Edison Light Company and loaned Edison $30,000 for research and development. (First Public Demonstration?)"
Abstract Sources of light have different characteristics and properties. In this paper, we will study the metal filament lamp and the arc lamp in order to determine some of these differences.
Abstract This paper explains the uses, price, size and techniques involved in the workings of a black light. Black lights are UV rays that fascinate the young due to their fluorescent qualities and mystic effect.
Abstract In this article, the writer offers the examination of "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", as a look at the postwar nihilistic ideas of Hemingway and others after World War I. The writer states that many view the images of light and darkness in Hemingway's work as an escape from reality in the real world. The writer discusses the view that this story also portray Hemingway's view of society following the war.
From the Paper "It has been argued that in 'A Clean Well-Lighted Place' Hemingway uses images of light and darkness to convey the need for refuge and escape from the darkness of reality in the outside world. While this is certainly true, it is possible to look deeper into this idea and see the story as Hemingway's nihilistic view of society after the horror that was World War I. Ernest Hemingway was a modernist and a philosopher. Just as important to this argument ... "
Tags: hemingway, nihilism, world war I, a clean well-lighted place
Abstract This paper reviews the 2004 movie "Friday Night Lights" about high school sport in America. The author includes an introduction, analysis, justification for the movie, relationship of the movie to sport in American life, contribution to society and conclusion.
From the Paper ""Friday Night Lights" starred Billy Bob Thornton, Tim McGraw, Derek Luke, Jay Hernandez, Lucas Black and Garrett Hedlund. "Friday Night Lights" is a movie that chronicles the true story of the Odessa Texas high school football team the Permian Panthers and ..."
Tags: Friday Night Lights, sports, obsession, movie review
Abstract This paper deals with the legal, medical and ethical implications of the sale of human organs from live people and the selling of cadaveric organs. The paper explores the opinions of those both for and against legalizing organ selling, as well as describing the current situation, and concludes that organ selling should be legalized.
From the Paper "Recently the topic of organ selling has become a popular topic for debate among bioethicists. As thousands of human beings continue to suffer, many people are beginning to explore the option of human organ sales; however, while there are those who argue for such an option, they must first consider those who stand by the government and completely abhor the idea. The arguments against the sale of organs are driven by the following concerns: it could exploit poor people who are willing to donate their organs solely for payment, it might favor the wealthy, and it could motivate families to withdraw treatment. Many ethicists also believe organ selling demeans the human body. They feel that if you allow organ selling to take place, the Nation's faith in human pride will be shattered. Those opposed to organ selling raise the issue that although a Market Economy is relatively beneficial, unless it is monitored correctly, our human rights, such as social justice, bodily integrity and political freedoms will be stripped away. The greatest fear among those who strongly oppose the sale of organs is that people may murder each other in order to obtain money for their victim's death."
This paper gathers and elucidates evidence and knowledge of organized crime, and the work being carried out towards the eventual freeing of society from it.
Abstract In this study the following groups are studied: The Italian Mafia, organized crime in the United States, Russian Organized Crime (ROC), Chinese Crime Groups in North America - Tongs, Gangs, and Triads, the Japanese Yakuza, the South American Cartels, and outlaw motorcycle gangs . Each of the following questions are answered: What were their origins? What factors affected their constant growth? In what sectors do these groups operate? In what hierarchy are these groups structured? What is their modus operandi? And, are individual groups linked to other crime syndicates"locally or internationally"
From the Paper "Organized crime has existed in society for hundreds of years in some form or another. It generally exists in prosperous societies where strong class distinctions"sometimes brutally enforced"exist. The history of some major crime organizations has been well documented; in this paper, a few of the well-known organizations are described briefly. The Italian Mafia originated in Sicily. Sicily, the biggest island in the Mediterranean, has always been subject to foreign occupation: At any point in its documented history, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Normans, French, Spanish and Austrians have ruled Sicily. The island residents were considered slave labor and were exploited. The Mafia, a secret society that provided for the poor was born as a solace for the sufferings of the poor and the oppressed. Vendetta was justice for the Mafia in rural Sicily along with the golden rule of omerta (honor). The clannish nature of the Sicilians, and their instinctive dislike for inconsistent law enforcement and a repressive hereditary aristocracy, created a favorable climate for the Mafiosi, the forefathers of the present day Italian Mafia. (Porrello, 1999)"
Abstract The issue of trade in human organs is a loaded gun in the health care industry, where profit generated from the sale of human organs is substantial yet the ethical concerns are almost beyond measure. This paper explores the ethical and the philosophical nature of trading in human organs with the intention of demonstrating why organ trade is so highly controversial that a great deal more investigation is needed before wholesale organ trade is permitted
Abstract This paper firstly discusses the state of organized crime in Russia, its spread around the world, barriers to prosecution and other related issues. It continues to trace the history of Russian organized crime, identifies the types of criminal activity and areas of business penetration achieved by the Russian Mafia. It also explores the movement of Russian organized crime to the United States and other nations. In conclusion, the author expands on the legal implications of prosecuting these criminals.
From the Paper "Organized crime is seen by Gennadii Khokhriakov as ranked second only after war in terms of the danger that it poses to society. Indeed the Ninth United Nations Conference on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of ..."
Tags:organized crime, Russia, oligarchs, international cooperation
