Abstract
This paper critically explores and analyzes the origins, defining features, and practical implications of Oliver Cromwell's vision of the English Republic. The thesis is argued that Cromwell's vision was defined not so much by ideology, belief or philosophy as by a conviction that compromise and moderation were central to the government of England during the particularly divisive seventeenth century. The paper contends that, only through an understanding of Oliver Cromwell's vision of moderation as key to the resolution of civil strife, can we be begin to understand his achievement in navigating the ship of state during this highly disruptive period.

Outline:
Introduction
A House Divided
The Divisive Seventeenth Century
Squaring the Circle: Resolving Cromwell's Contradictory Vision

From the Paper
" Critics argue that it was Cromwell's youth growing up within an England in which the commercial classes and local squires were growing in power that contributed to his vision of an English Republic: "To all this new idea of government by squires and merchants Cromwell was born; in all this he grew up; all this was native to him when he appeared, almost thirty, in the first of the new rebellious Parliaments" (Belloc 13). Indeed, Cromwell's behaviour during the Long Parliament gives us critical insights into how at this early stage in his political career - long before he rose to near absolute power - Oliver Cromwell perceived the English Republic."

Tags:Parliament, Civil, War

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the controversial figure of Oliver Cromwell in British history. The writer discusses contradictions within this complex character and looks at the political philosophy of this politician in England in the 17th century.

From the Paper
"Oliver Cromwell is one of most controversial and contradictory figures in British history. A revolutionary with conservative sympathies, a regicide who tried to stop the execution of Charles I, a parliamentarian who ruled as a military dictator; all of these contradictions were embodied in the complex character and political philosophy of the man who dominated England in the middle years of the seventeenth century. Even for historians of today, with access to a wide range of documentary materials ..."

Tags:republic

From the Paper
"Oliver Cromwell and British Destiny

Introduction: The Reformation
The Reformation was a political and religious revolution that was ongoing in Europe throughout the 16th century. Turmoil was created within many European monarchies when the central tenet of state religion, in most cases Catholicism, was challenged for political or religious reasoning (Tudors and Stuarts, 1997).

In England, Henry the VIII sought to break the ties to the Catholic Church in 1529. His reasoning dealt with centralizing power and obtaining an heir to the throne. In order to work his will, Henry the VIII convened a Parliament to help him draft new laws and policies. In this way, Henry the VIII set a precedent for latter clashes of power between Parliament and ruling authority."

Abstract
This paper analyzes Andrew Marvell's 'An Horation Ode Upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland' and explains why it is significant as a primary source of historical evidence. The writer discusses the poem's style and use of language, along with its content, and shows how it contributes to a wider sense of political, literary and historical theory during the civil war period in England. The fact the poem was never published in Marvell's lifetime is examined to question whether it can provide a reliable reflection of the public mood on the political upheaval evident during the mid 17th century.

From the Paper
"It is interesting that Charles is alluded to as 'Justice' whereas Cromwell's succession is seen as Fate. Society, as said, was clearly divided, those who aligned them selves with the 'antient rights' of the Monarchy against those who looked forward to a new age of the Republic. In this time of crisis Marvell seems to indicate that only those who are strong and true to their beliefs will prevail, whether their cause is 'just' or not. Marvell portrays an admiration for Cromwell's strength of character during such indecisive times. The regicide, although described, is never questioned as a social or moral dilemma; it is Cromwell, the man of action, who takes centre stage."

Tags:stanza tension monarchy nationalism tension culture classical, civil war, intellectual

Abstract
This paper reviews the classic novel of "Oliver Twist" written by Charles Dickens. The paper presents a tone of hopelessness that shows how Oliver handled many hardships. The paper elaborates on Dickens's use of imagery and setting to convey the harsh day-to-day life that Oliver had to endure.

From the Paper
"For the next eight to ten months, Oliver was the victim of a systematic course of treachery and deception" (28). This passage from Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist resembles the horrible environment that Oliver was born into. Nobody cared for Oliver; the workers at the orphanage probably did not even know his name. Oliver lives a predominantly sad life of loss and despair. Dickens uses imagery and setting to create a tone of hopelessness."

Tags:bumble, sikes, brownlow

Abstract
This paper examines how in the novel "Oliver Twist", Oliver lives a predominantly sad life of loss and despair and how Dickens uses imagery and setting to create a tone of hopelessness.

From the Paper
"Dickens uses imagery to support a tone of hopelessness. Dickens employs the phrase "despised by all, pitied by none" (28) to suggest the hardships that Oliver was born into, and the hardships that would carry on for a great portion of his life. His father died before Oliver was born, and his mother died while giving birth to him. He was born into the poverty of a horrifying orphanage where he would spend the first nine years of his life. He was lucky enough to survive the harsh conditions of the orphanage where the overseers would keep the money from the government and starve the children. Oliver had learned, in a non-respectable way, "that self-preservation is the first law of nature" (53). He became dependent on thievery as a way of survival. "

Tags:orphanage, bumble, poverty

Abstract
This paper reviews Charles Dicken's "Oliver Twist" with a focus on chapter 20, taking into account his use of environment, personality, social class and faith. It looks at how Dickens presents a heavily cliched novel in which good and evil are divided completely, but also in which good (Oliver) defeats evil (Fagin and Sykes, who both die). It demonstrates how this is the basic tenet of Christianity " that good will always overcome evil " no matter what the odds are and how, Dickens is showing that Christianity is the way to overcome evil.

From the Paper
"The last two of these foreshadowed events relate to Chapter 20, and the deliverance of Oliver to Sikes, and the subsequent break-in. Housebreaking was very serious in Victorian times, and burglars were usually executed for their crimes. Therefore, Oliver's introduction to housebreaking was a pivotal moment for him " it was the place in the novel where he finally met a good person " his savior from Fagin and Sikes in direst hour of need."

Tags:fagin, jew, nancy, sykes, victorian, england, christianity

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the political docudrama "JFK", Oliver Stone asserts that Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone, that the F.B.I. had a vested interest in hiding important information from the public and that the C.I.A. had an active role in the assassination in hopes of fueling the military industrial complex of the United States. The paper further explains that, in the film, Stone attempts to make viewers conscience of the possible tampering of evidence and lack of investigation into the murder of the president. The author stresses that Oliver Stone does not want his viewers to accept all of the events portrayed in the film. Rather, Stone directed this film to act as a "counter-myth" in reaction to the "myth" he believes the Warren Commission Report fed the public. The paper stresses that Stone's accusation that the Archives somehow lost the brain, which it did not, affects the viewer's understanding of what actually happened.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most shocking claim that Oliver Stone makes in his film in relation to the autopsy is that John F. Kennedy's brain has been lost by the National Archives. This particular claim arose in 1972 when pathologist Cyril Wecht was allowed to examine the Kennedy autopsy records at the National Archives. Wecht tried to open the footlocker where the stainless steel container and microscopic tissue slides were held, only to notice that they were gone. Wecht then blames the Archives for losing an important piece of physical evidence due to negligence and carelessness."

Tags:controversy, brain, counter-myth, warren, facts

Abstract
This paper explains that Hill's book, which broke new ground in historical investigation, brings forth a story of a revolution that was quietly taking place in England while Oliver Cromwell ordered the beheading of Charles I. The author points out that the Levellers, Quakers, and Diggers, together with other minor shared a common vision and tried to introduce change in the strict political and social systems of Britain. The paper relates that, while the movements fell apart with the restoration of monarchy, these visionaries are responsible for implanting the seeds of change, which later led to development of a modern, more equal, and fairer society.

From the Paper
"The one major weakness of the book is the inability of the author to trace the true identity of these radicals. Who were they, which income group did they belong to, which area had they come from and were there more radicals in one area and less in another. Well these questions have largely remained unanswered as Hill focuses on their aims and accomplishments. We must also not forget that while these radical groups had one specific aim such as social and political change, they did not stand united on every issue. There were some division of thought, which might have been the cause of their failure later in 17th century, but their unity for most part was the main highlight of this radical period."

Tags:cromwell, visionaries, quakers, levellers, restoration

Abstract
This paper explains that the English Civil War, (also called the 'Puritan Revolution' or 'English Revolution') was really a series of wars fought during the mid-1600s in England and exacerbated by battles with the Scottish, the Irish, and the Welsh. The author points out that not only did the Puritans oppose King Charles but also the middle class opposed the wealthy and the titled; the result of the revolution was that the wealthy and titled no longer held all the power and that the Puritans ousted the Anglican Church but, at the death of their leader Oliver Cromwell, the Anglicans returned as the Church of England. The paper relates that the English Civil War gained the territories of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which would form the backbone of the British Empire.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the biggest difference in England from 1600 to 1700 related directly to the outcome of the English Civil War. In 1600, a popular queen, Elizabeth I was on the throne, and England was supreme in many facets of the world, including her naval superiority and her economy. In 1600, the throne was secure, and England was relatively peaceful. By 1700, England had been a Commonwealth, ruled by the self-righteous Puritan Oliver Cromwell. King Charles had been executed, and the Puritans, who had opposed him, had rid themselves of the ruling bishops of the Catholic Church. The economy and trade had begun to rise during Tudor times, but by 1700, there was a distinct middle class in England, and it was many of these people who had risen up against the king and attempted to find a voice for themselves in English politics."

Tags:series, puritan, middle-class, irish, empire