Abstract
Maria Montessori was a modern woman in a man's world. In times when women were expected to follow procedure and know their roles in society, Montessori made her own rules. This paper shows how she continuously broke tradition and expectations by forcing her thoughts and ideas onto society. She was the first female to enroll in two all-male institutions, showing no fear when the male students ridiculed her. She dominated the medical profession, which was more of a fraternal brotherhood in those days, and she completely transformed the world of early childhood education. The paper shows that Maria Montessori's willingness to take dramatic steps away from the accepted methods of her era allowed her to create a ground-breaking teaching technique that has withstood the test of time.

From the Paper
"As a physician, Montessori specialized in pediatrics and psychiatry. Through this contact with children, she began to acquire an awareness of child development. In 1901, she was appointed director of the Orthophrentic School at the University of Rome. The school had been used as an asylum for "deficient and insane" children of the city. Many of the children were most likely retarded or autistic. She walked into a room to discover children sitting on old benches for hours at a time. She was told that the children were "savage and dirty" because they would scramble to pick crumbs up off the floor after a meal. Montessori was appalled by the scene and began to develop a way to reform the school (Standing 28)."

Tags:psychiatry, Orthophrentic, School, Children's, House, education

Abstract
In this paper the author takes a different perspective of the Second World War, citing it as not a single armed clash. He looks at the Second World War as a collection of three different conflicts, the Japanese-League war in Southeast Asia and China, the German war in Eastern Europe, and the German-League war in western and central Europe that happened to overlap in time and causes. The author discusses in the paper that despite the different causes, theatres, and strategies of the three conflicts, their simultaneity and their direct challenge to the custom of the global community leads historians and other spectators to classify them as a single worldwide war. He looks at all of the effects of the Second World War on the different participants in terms of political, economic and social issues. In conclusion, the author addresses how in destroying the old world order, the Second World War demanded the formation of a new world order, one shaped by the triumphant, defeated, and neutral powers.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Home Front
Social Solutions
Political Maneuvering
Military Strategies and Operations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many pieces of reorganization legislation were rolled back in wartime. A longer working day was reestablished to boost industrial productivity. The federal government made anti-trust legislation a very low precedence. In order to struggle the labor shortage, child labor laws and women's labor regulations were overlooked. With very little public protest, the number of high school dropouts increased notably. During the war, the teenage workforce grew from 1 million to 3 million; about 1 million of these novel workers had dropped out of high school. Traditional politicians had fought against these agencies when they were established, but now that FDR was focusing on winning a war as a substitute of reforming society, they could slash funding for the CCC, WPA, and National Youth Administration (NYA). These programs had always been intended to help those who would be hired last even in favorable economic conditions, so their cease was especially ####### blacks, women, and the elderly."

Tags:regulations, clothing, workforce, agriculture, public, warfare, victory, vessels

Abstract
The paper begins by discussing why the pilgrims left the Old World and what means they utilized in order to get to Massachusetts. After discussing the motives and means of the Pilgrims, the essay subsequently discusses why the Puritans left for the New World and how they made their voyage. All in all, the essay emphasizes how religious idealism and a fervent desire for religious freedom compelled both parties to begin the dangerous trek across the Atlantic to a world they knew little - if anything - about.

From the Paper
"Outline of paper * Introduction * Religious persecution as one reason why the pilgrims left England * Emigration to Holland * Return to England for departure * Description of the mayflower * Description of puritan persecution by the state as another factor calling for departure..."

Tags:departure, pilgrims, puritans

Abstract
This paper examines how the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492 changed the the geography of the world with an entire new continent appearing on maps of what would soon be seen as a globe instead of a flat surface. In particular it looks at how the geography of known disease also changed as Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza found a new population with no immunity because it had had no exposure to these diseases before. It examines how this effect became known as the Columbian Exchange and evaluates the result of this exchange of diseases between the Native Americans and the Europeans.

From the Paper
"To this day there are arguments among researchers about the presence or absence of some diseases in the population of the New world, such as tuberculosis and syphilis. These may or may not have been found among the population before Columbus. Recent research suggests that there was some sort of "tuberculosis-like pathology" in the population before 1492, though it was of a type not associated with pulmonary disease. There was also a relatively benign nonvenereal (meaning not sexually transmitted) treponemal infection that was related to syphilis. There is no evidence, however, that either disease was at all widespread in either North or South America. Recent studies conducted in great detail show that large-scale sedentary societies in the Americas, where such diseases could have taken hold, did not."

Tags:columbian, exchange, smallpox, death

Abstract
This paper explains that Amy Tan and Maxine Kingston's central themes reflect the inherent difficulties faced by the foreigners in a different land. The author points out that, in "Joy Luck Club," Amy Tan employs the stories of four Chinese women and their highly Americanized daughters, bred and born in America. The paper states that Maxine Kingston reveals a great deal about the Chinese convictions pertaining to their culture and traditions, which have many superstitious beliefs in her book, "The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts."

From the Paper
"However, the basic problem that thoroughly reflects the uneven, unbalanced and highly disturbing transformation from the old world to the new world is that of the lack of comprehension and interest of the young girls that belonged to these four Chinese women. Born and brought up in America, Jing-Mei, Lena, Rose, and Waverly all exhibited little emotional attachment to the culture they never experienced living in a foreign land and consequently showed clandestine aversion towards their own native cultural values. The four Chinese women who were also good friends, wanted comforts, luxuries and all the positive American values for their Chinese American daughters but also desperately wanted to inculcate a strong sense of discipline arising out of the Chinese traditions and cultural values into their daughters."

Tags:mother, daughter, culture, tradition, medicine

Abstract
The paper explains the main theme of Cormac McCarthy's "No Country for Old Men", which is the sideslip of the modern world towards evil and depravity. The paper goes on to show how the book emphasizes the dark side of American life, with its extreme corruption and violence. The paper also highlights how the world constructed by McCarthy appears as an entrapment for the modern man, which not only encloses him tightly but also blinds him to anything else. The paper concludes that in McCarthy's novel, evil in the modern world is not so much perpetuated through actual perpetration, but through the modern's universe lack of concern for the distinction between good and bad.

From the Paper
"Cormac McCarthy's novel No Country for Old Men takes its title from William Butler Yeats' famous poem Sailing to Byzantium. The title therefore already announces the main theme of the book: the sideslip of the modern world towards evil and depravity. The fast paced action of the novel and the sketchy descriptions make of the book a Western and even a literary thriller, but, at a deeper level, the text is fraught with profound meanings about the battle between the forces of evil and the forces of good. McCarthy's world is filled with too much corruption and evil and too little good. The chain of gruesome crimes and amoral deeds pervades the whole of the novel. McCarthy thus depicts the modern world as a state of things in which the equipoise between good and evil is lost. This why the world is no longer fitted for old men who belong to a more balanced and ordered state of things."

Tags:good, evil, depravity, immorality, corruption, violence

Abstract
This paper explains that, in Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea", Santiago fights mightily to catch a huge marlin fish and triumphs, only to lose the fish to sharks on his way inland, and yet remains undefeated in spirit. The author points out that the sea represents many things, including the feminine and life itself, and also the unknown and adventure. The paper relates that Santiago, an old man undefeated by time, age, and the sea, is a hero because he keeps going back into the fight, undefeated in spirit.

From the Paper
"Age does slow Santiago down, but he scoffs. His left hand cramps when he's cutting tuna: "What kind of hand is that? Cramp then if you want..it will do you no good." (p. 58) He even draws strength from his younger days. He recalls an arm-wrestling match that lasted a day and night. He takes a nap, and dreams of lions on an African beach when he is young. It is as if, in old age, Santiago draws spiritual sustenance "and thus, he hopes, physical strength" from images and memories of strength. He is awakened by the marlin leaping out of the water, dragging him down to the bottom of the boat, and circling the boat slowly as Santiago holds the line."

Tags:marlin, triumph, spirit, representation, hero, undefeated

Abstract
This paper proposes to analyze the contemporary manifestation of "New Media" - more commonly referred to as IT (Information Technology; i.e. personal computers; the Internet; the World Wide Web) - conglomerates such as AOL/Time-Warner in comparison with the market practices and monopolies in the "Old Media" as represented by the Bell company. It will be argued that the emergence of media monopolies appears to be cyclical over the course of history and is inherent in the nature of the networks required to support the media dissemination of information. Moreover, in respect to both Old and New Media, it will be shown how monopoly invariably leads to a resistance to innovation and predatory pricing tactics.

Abstract
This paper consists of a hypothetical memo from an assistant editor of a magazine to his editor reviewing and analyzing a possible article for consideration for publication in the periodical. The writer analyzes subject matter and overall quality of the proposed article submission, which concerns the importance of "old media" investigative journalists in the current atmosphere of new media, and the risks that journalists face around the world in their efforts to expose corruption.

From the Paper
"The article being considered for publication deals with what its authors call "indispensable old media." The authors' thesis is that current societal attitudes and anti-democratic pressures are rapidly destroying the long standing value placed on serious, objective reporting by committed journalists. The authors attempt to catch and hold our attention ..."

Tags:journalism, media, crime

Abstract
The paper relates that Ernest Hemingway's work, "My Old Man", remains one of the quintessential examples of an unreliable first-person narrator and a modernist piece that deals with issues of how to assimilate the modern world with traditions from the past. The paper analyzes how Hemingway's utilizes the tactic of irony to juxtapose what the boy idealizes his father against what his descriptions of his father's actions are through our more jaded perceptions. The paper also shows how, through this work, Hemingway inaugurates a long career in the use of modernist melancholy and bitter irony.

From the Paper
"Ernest Hemingway, in one of his earliest short stories, "My Old Man", found himself dealing with one of the key issues that he dealt with throughout his early stories and, in particular, his first collection of short stories: that of establishing a point of view. Of all the stories collected in In Our Time, two are told in an omniscient third-person narrative and this, "My Old Man", remains one of the quintessential examples of an unreliable first-person narrator. Unreliable mainly because the narrator is a child and the subject is the titular father. As a modernist piece the story also deals with issues of how to assimilate the modern world with traditions trailing from the past. It's a theme well-explored with the coming-of-age of young Joe as he goes from venerating his father, a crooked jockey, to understanding his loss and, with it, that his father's image was considerably different in the eyes of his father's peers."

Tags:narration, modernism, tragedy