Abstract
This paper presents a review of "Honor and Violence is the Old South", which is actually an abridged version of Bertram Wyatt-Brown's "Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South". The book presents an objective and highly well-researched account of life for women and slaves in the South who were considered devices with which to maintain family honor. The subject of honor is studied from a historical and anthropological perspective. The author seeks to explain why white masters treated slaves in an inhumane manner and similarly how women were expected to behave in patriarchal societies of the South.

From the Paper
"The author explains that there were two extremely important driving forces behind South's obsession with preservation of honor. For one, it was believed that since Northerners were the enemy, they must never be allowed to ridicule South's men of honor. It was essentially a defensive tactic that helped South keep its head high against a more sophisticated, civilized and successful enemy. In the antebellum period, South was mainly an agrarian society while North had become a major industrial force. It was clear that South's economy was waning with most immigrants settling in Northern region and contributing to the development of industries there. Cotton plantations were one of the main sources of income for the rich South and with decrease in its production, South was losing to North on the economic front."

Tags:south, north, black, slave, plantation

Abstract
This paper discusses, summarizes and reviews Dudley Johnson's article "William Harris Garland: Mechanic of the Old South," describing the life led by the main character, William Harris Garland, the economic situation of the era and the character of Garland. The paper also discusses the importance that Johnson places on the role Garland played in American history along with the thousands of other like Garland.

From the Paper
"Today, too many of us still think of "The Old South" at the beginning and middle of the Nineteenth Century as either made up of wealthy plantation owners, or slaves. Garland's experiences which he wrote down in a lot of letters were those of an itinerant mechanic, moving from place to place, trying to find work, and often trying to travel without a cent in his pocket. William Garland, as described in Johnson's article. Was one of "a number of skilled workmen in the South prior to the Civil War, and the work they did was vital to the region (Johnson 41). Like so many itinerant workmen today, "he and his friends had no interest in the political situation. They were more concerned with obtaining and keeping jobs and with reducing their financial insecurity" (41)."

Tags:labor, management, trade, class, engineer, riverboat, job, wages, low, economy, depression

Abstract
This paper explains that both American poets, Natasha Trethewey in "Native Guard" and Marilyn Nelson in "A Wreath for Emmett Till", tackle aspects of the American history of racial intolerance. Their interconnected poems are united by common themes and structures as well as their enclosure within the covers of a single volume. They pay their respect to seismic historical events in American history, which are of personal significance to the poets. The paper then points out that Nelson's book is a text of anger at present and past racism; however, Trethewey's gentler volume is a homage to her family and to anonymous soldiers. The paper reviews the content and structure of both sets of poems.

From the Paper
"The voice of the lost, nameless (unlike Till) soldier becomes a poetic voice of memory, in short he becomes like Trethewey herself as this modern woman takes on the voice of the memory of fallen men and also the Black woman and a White man who gave her life and raised her even when their marriage was illegal and it was still technically illegal in 1966 Mississippi to have a mixed marriage. Like the South still remembers the Civil War and the Confederacy, Trethewey tries to remember--but with a difference."

Tags:wreath, homage, ghosts, sonnet, racism

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the novel "A Gathering of Old Men" by Ernest J. Gaines. Specifically it describes and assesses how the novel depicts the culture that it is portraying. "A Gathering of Old Men" indicates that even in the relatively modern South, hatred and old ideas still exist. Slavery may have ended in the 19th century, but the residual effects of that institution still follow blacks and whites in the South. The historical context of this moving book illustrates that quite clearly.

From the Paper
"Ernest J. Gaines was born on January 15, 1933 on the River Lake Plantation in Louisiana. He worked in the cane fields of the plantation when he was a child, and the setting offers the background for much of his fiction. He says, "Though the places in my stories and novels are imaginary ones, they are based pretty much on the place where I grew up and the surrounding areas where I worked, went to school, and traveled as a child. My characters speak the way people speak in that area" (Bauer). He has written numerous novels and short stories, and almost all of them tell the emotional stories of black people struggling to live in a largely white world, just like this one. He has won numerous awards and recognition for his novels, including a National Endowment for the Arts grant, a Guggenheim fellow, and a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation fellow (Bauer). He is a professor of English in Lafayette, Louisiana, and he continues to write compelling tales about black life and social issues in his home state."

Tags:lynching, prison, social, issues

Abstract
This paper reviews the short story "A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings" by Gabriel Garcia Marquez about a poor couple who live with their son in a poor South American village, who come upon an angel lying on the ground. It shows how the plot is unique because it is grounded in reality yet Marquez also introduces magical realism as a form of sublimity. It examines how Marquez's imagery comes into play because it is key to how he wishes the plot of unfolded. It considers how he deliberately makes the angel ungainly and ugly so that he can justify behavior of the villagers towards the angel and how Marquez presents to the reader a magical journey with overtones based in realism that everyone can identify with. Parallels are made between the novel and magical nature reminiscent of Franz Kafka's short story, "The Metamorphosis."

From the Paper
"The angel also does nothing angelic. He behaves almost like an old man; crotchety, senile and ill. But in the grand scheme his fortuitous discovery by Pelayo and Elisanda near their home brings them fortunes. The angel takes nothing. He however, gives them riches beyond their earning capacities. At the end, the family reaches a level of comfort with the angel. After initial misgivings, they trust their child with him. When the angel finally leaves, one does not know if they miss him. The story ends as it begins. The angel enters a slice of life of the village and the family of Pelayo and leaves it a little richer but without any other significant change."

Tags:kafka, angel, village

Abstract
This paper introduces five different reviews of the short story "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" by Gabriel Garcia Marquez which is set in a poor South American village and which discusses various themes and purposes for the readers. Three of the analysis examine the theme of magical realism in the story and one discusses the political allegory that Marques utilizes to express his political thoughts about Colombia. The last analysis is a discussion of how the existence of poverty in the story, reinforces the fact that the people depended heavily on religion and "folklore" in order to understand the sudden descent of an angel to their village.

From the Paper
"After formally defining the term Magic Realism, Gioia provides further historical background about the nature of this new genre in fiction, and finally starts analyzing the short story (A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings) by providing a brief summary of it. Gioia's analysis of the story focuses on how the magic and the real are blended or fused together in order to come up with an interesting and good story. The author criticizes that Marquez's realistic characters are "positively drab," and that his style of narration is "impersonal," similar to that of "a newspaper article, and as a episodic as a legend." Gioia states that the story's impersonal style of narration gives Marquez an air of detachment with the story."

Tags:folklore, angel, magical, realism, political, allegory, colombia

Abstract
The main tenets of NPM are explored and their application to the U.S., New Zealand, and the U.K. is documented. The application of the NPM to developing countries of Africa, Latin America, South East Asia and the Anglophone Caribbean is also evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses.

From the Paper
"Like the Traditional bureaucracy, the New Public Management approach is yet another "problem-solving tool" in the schema of public administration, that has emerged with a style of ordering the delivery of public goods and services, however, with a different method in mind. In discussing the so-called "shift" from Old or Traditional forms of Public Administration, or as some such as Christopher Hood term it, Progressive Public Administration, quite a number of circumstances, situations, contexts as well as a variety of explanations should be proffered and assessed. One needs to critically examine the concept of a shift to New Public Management. The term "shift", if one is not careful, could indicate a sharp distinction in the change from Old to New styles of Public Management, or a leap from one paradigm to the other excluding essential features of the old, by replacing such features of the old with the new. This is certainly not the case. It should be noted tentatively, that New Public Management, as Hood, Patrick Dunleavy and others will later confirm, not only exists alongside other aspects of the traditional Model, but also that other features of other "Intermediate Models" such as those of the Management, Comparative Development and the influences of earlier Market Models, still persist alongside NPM."

Tags:asia, bureaucracy, caribbean, developed, developing, America, New-Zealand, Britain, Government

Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the book, "Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South," by Victoria E. Bynum. Specifically, it looks at why the writer found the book to be interesting and valuable for research on how women lived in the Old South. The writer claims that the book provides insight into the very personal and intimate lives of women that many male historians have not previously documented.

From the Paper
""Unruly Women" is more than just a book about how women lived in the South in the 19th century. It is a graphic history of how husbands, masters, and owners treated their women. It is a tale of women who did not fit in their society, and how society regarded them. It is the story of black women, and white women, and how they considered each other, and interacted with the men in their lives. It is often fascinating, and often disturbing. Bynum has taken a difficult subject, and made the reader want to learn more. Bynum herself says in the Introduction, "Why should historians interested in the dynamics of power and politics in the antebellum South investigate this politically powerless minority of women? This book addresses these questions by examining three broad categories of women who behaved in atypical fashion" (Bynum 1)."

Tags:america, female, women, south, intimate, personal, husband, marriage, sex, life, slave, master

Abstract
This paper discusses the ways that Eudora Welty uses characters and circumstances in her books to illustrate a conflict between the Old South and the New South. The paper presents many examples from many different books of hers to demonstrate her portrayal of this conflict. It examines the role of the characters and the language that she uses to describe the conflict.

From the Paper
"In "A Worn Path," we see the Old South represented in the character of Phoenix, an African-American woman who was "very old and small" (Worn Path Welty 26). The setting of this story is post-Civil War and Phoenix is still living a realm that has not quite caught up with the real world. Phoenix represents the Old South not only with her journey but also the love she carries for her grandchild. In Phoenix's character, we find determination and a strong will that does not bend easily. She meets the forest with a feisty attitude, telling the "foxes, owls beetles, jack rabbits, coons, and wild animals" (26) to keep their distance. She makes it through the forest and crawls beneath a barbed-wire fence in the name of love. Every step of the way, she represents a segment of the Old South, bubbling with superstition. For instance, she mistakes a scarecrow for a ghost. She also crosses a swamp where she says, "Sleep on, alligators, and blow your bubbles" (29). Here we see how Phoenix is living in a culture that while it is slightly skewed, it holds a certain amount of respect for the earth."

Tags:class, submissive, style

Abstract
The paper focuses specifically on Beau Boutan, a central character in the novel, who appears dead at the opening of the story, but is the pivot to the rest of the action in the book. The paper discusses how Beau represented everything bad about the interracial relationships in Louisiana during that time, a white man hated by the blacks, and how all the men in town had a reason to kill him.

From the Paper
"Throughout the book, the old black men remember the horrors the Boutan family have wreaked on the community. These represent the horrors the blacks have faced at the hands of whites for centuries, emancipation or not. Boutan's death draws the community together so they can take back their sanity and their manhood, as the narrator shows late in the book when he is talking with Candy. "That old man is free of you now. When he pulled your hands off his arm and went into that room, he was setting both of you free" (Gaines 287)."

Tags:cruelty, change, equality, pride