Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of terrorism in America, specifically focusing on why Timothy McVeigh bombed the Oklahoma City Federal Building. The author also assesses whether this type of attack could occur again. The paper describes the actual attack, and then gives a detailed description of the perpetrators, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols. The author also examines McVeigh and Nichols' political ideologies and how they contributed to their extreme act of terrorism. The author concludes that an incident such as the Oklahoma City bombing could happen again.

From the Paper
"Waco was not the only governmental standoff between anti-government sects and the FBI. Ruby Ridge, Idaho, was the scene of another violent confrontation between Randy Weaver and his family and FBI agents who overreacted and killed two members of the family over a minor weapons charge, which Weaver was eventually acquitted of. More importantly, on April 19, 1985, the FBI leveled an anti-government group's compound in Arkansas. In fact, even before the Murrah building bombing, in anti-government circles, April 19 has become known as the "Day of Doom." It is no wonder McVeigh and his cronies chose April 19 to bomb the Federal building in Oklahoma City. In their world, it was the only day possible to make their statement and "get back" at the government who was so often getting back at their friends and relatives. "

Tags:domestic, terrorism, Oklahoma, City, bombings, Timothy, McVeigh, Terry, Lynn, Nichols, Alfred, P., Murrah, Federal, Building

Abstract
The paper reviews the literature to determine the impact of the Oklahoma City terrorist attack on emergency responses in the city and state. The paper describes how the police, firefighters, ambulance drivers and other emergency responders went above and beyond the call of duty in their actions, with some of them violating departmental policies and regulations in the process. The paper reveals that the authorities in Oklahoma City chose to reevaluate their policies rather than discipline these individuals who were awarded the city's highest award for honor instead. The paper notes the subsequent changes in federal policies concerning suitable responses to natural and man-made disasters.

Outline:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The first responders on the scene of the terrorist attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Building in Oklahoma City in 1995 found themselves confronted with a scene that nobody could reasonably expect to encounter in America's heartland, and this is apparently the reason this federal building was targeted in the first place. In this regard, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, the two individuals charged and convicted of the attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Building in Oklahoma City in 1995, reported that their actions were motivated by the federal government's for its botched handling of the Waco affairs and the general feelings among the right-wing militants at the time that the U.S. federal government was attempting to suppress their activities (Hulnick)."

Tags:procedure, guidelines, police, firefighters, ambulances, ethics

Abstract
The paper discusses the background behind the tragedy of the Oklahoma City bombing and describes how McVeigh and his accomplices, Terry Nichols and Michael Fortier, carried out this bombing. The paper then focuses on the emergency response and identifies several failures that occurred that have become powerful lessons for contemporary emergency management planners. The paper also discusses how the aftermath of the bombing revealed a network of domestic terrorists who, in retrospect, the FBI could have recognized. The paper reveals that in terms of public health, the attack was the worst that had happened on American soil, but today, public opinion and domestic intelligence have reduced the threat of such radical anti-government factions within the U.S..

From the Paper
"The tragedy of the Oklahoma City bombing began two years before the actual event on April 19, 1995. It started the day that the FBI gassed the Waco compound of radical cultist David Koresh which ended in the tragic deaths of many noncombatants. Among the many Americans who were glued to the event was Timothy McVeigh, a proclaimed survivalist, former U.S. Army military man, and a man with a lifelong distrust of the American government (Wright, 2007, p. 3). This soft-spoken man would become the face of a domestic, anti-government movement and, although it was dismantled following the Oklahoma City bombing, prevention rather than response has become the central focus in combating domestic terrorism (AUTHOR, DATE).
"Part of a generalized and non-centralized Patriot Movement, McVeigh and others like him felt that the government was taking away the rights of citizens and leaving them vulnerable to governmental abuse. Two Acts of Congress that especially angered members were the 1993 Brady Gun Control Bill and the 1994 Crime Control Bill, both of which sought more gun control. Members perceived FBI attacks at Ruby Ridge and Waco as state-sponsored acts of domestic terrorism. McVeigh and his two known accomplices, Terry Nichols and Michael Fortier, followed through on their outrage (Wright, 2007, p. 166). Since the federal building in downtown Oklahoma City, called the Alfred P. Murrah building, held offices of federal agencies such as the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) that this group of men blamed for Waco, they chose this building as their target (Jones and Israel, 2001, p. 7)."

Tags:McVeigh, emergency, management, FBI, Patriots

Abstract
This paper looks at the Oklahoma City bombing. The paper first examines the facts, based on published information and investigations, about the pre-bombing preparedness of the federal, state and local officials on the date of the bombing. The paper then discusses the emergency disaster response to the bombing by the respective official agencies at the local, state and federal levels.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Before April 19, 1995
Emergency Response on April 19, 1995
Profile of a Domestic Terrorist
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Would Terry Nichols have withheld the name of the unidentified John Doe alleged by some witnesses to have been with McVeigh on the day of the bombing? Only if, as a conspirator, as a disgruntled American convinced that he was guaranteed the right to revolution under the Constitution of the United States, and because Nichols already knew that he would not receive the death penalty it is very possible that there exists a third man that has gone unidentified. Or whom the FBI is still investigating and, therefore, the element of withholding information on such a suspect would still be rational and logical and acceptable."

Tags:ATF, investigation, disaster

From the Paper
"Purpose Statement
The purpose of this analysis is to present an alternative interpretation of what actually happened in Oklahoma City. This discussion draws together the evidence that two or more explosions took place in the Alfred P. Murrah federal building. If such evidence proves to be credible then the federal government's one-bomb theory is thrown into serious question, and this terrorist act would have to be completely re-examined.

On April, 19, 1995, powerful explosions destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. One hundred sixty-eight people died as a result of this terrorist attack (Quayle, 1995). Within hours the FBI had captured a suspect named Timothy McVeigh and within days they arrested an army friend of his, named Terry Nichols, as an alleged accomplice. The FBI and ..."

Abstract
The paper discusses Oklahoma's programs for higher education and for housing assistance, as well as those services geared towards helping homeless children, the elderly and disabled individuals. The paper notes that Oklahoma City also has many shelters that can provide services to people who are at risk or who are already homeless. The writer of this paper believes that with proper education and access to facilities that can help an individual get back on their feet, Oklahoma can reduce its homeless population.

From the Paper
"Homelessness is an epidemic that is spreading all through the United States, not just Oklahoma. This problems stems from lack of education as well as mental illnesses or even drugs. But that is not the only reason men, women and children become homeless. Many children are runaways leaving abusive homes. Women sometimes have been battered, left a dangerous situation and are left on the streets. Men who have become disabled are not able to work and are unable to support themselves. Oklahoma already has many resources to help these people, through GED and higher education programs as well as shelters and services that help homeless people."

Tags:shelters, housing, ownership, education, elderly, disabled

Abstract
This paper explains that the Office of Emergency Management (OEM) in Oklahoma City requires funding because disasters and emergencies cause great human suffering and loss of life. Thereby, the public needs assistance for disaster preparedness and dealing with its aftermath. Next, the author relates that the many detailed and coordinated activities to effectively prepare for and manage a disaster or an emergency require that public offices seek funding through special grants. The paper reports that the purpose of this particular grant for the OEM in Oklahoma City is to facilitate research activities aimed at producing vaccines for diseases such as anthrax, public health informatics, drug testing to reduce bioterrorism, improved surveillance and increase research to enhance preparedness efforts, purchase equipment and building capacity for staff members.

From the Paper
"Disaster preparedness is a very critical aspect of social welfare. It is of great importance for all cities to formulate appropriate strategies to ensure that they are well prepared to handle any emergency. The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) in Oklahoma City, the sole institution that is concerned with emergency situations, must identify the most basic resources to have in place during a crisis. How should a city prepare its budget allocation? What items should the budget capture and how can it be implemented successfully? Available funds of 1.2 million US dollars will set the framework and constraints for the budget.
"One of the most important parts of the budget is buying equipment. Medical equipment will be necessary for administering first aid, carrying out medical tests, preserving medicines and drugs, preparing injections, performing surgery and many others medical tasks. In an emergency situation such as a new disease, staff can use equipment to demonstrate to the public how to prevent the disease. Equipment used to transport patients such as ambulances, fire fighting equipment, and other equipment must also be included in the budget. Equipment expenditure should not take more than half of the budget which is 0.6 million dollars."

Tags:floods, training program, professionals strategies research

Abstract
The paper considers the use of non-fiction in two pieces, one an observation and the other a recollection. The first is "Talk of the Town: September 11, 2001" by John Updike, and the second is "Life in Oklahoma City" by Ralph Ellison. The paper describes how the Updike piece is about his witnessing of the 9-11 attack on the World Trade Center from his window and the Ellison piece is about his development as a writer.

From the Paper
"The two nonfiction pieces by John Updike and Ralph Ellison relate directly to the society of their time and to their own responses to that society. Each writer shows himself to be part of a community he values, and each community is tested by some of the forces of the time. The society described by Updike is more familiar to us all because it is more recent and because even if we were not in New York on 9/11, we may feel as if we were, because we saw on television the same thing he saw from his window. Indeed, he states at the outset that he saw the events of that day as if he were watching television, for television is a window on the world in some cases, making people who see real events experience a certain distance from the reality before them."

Tags:non, fiction, ellison, updike

Abstract
This paper discusses the widespread belief that Timothy McVeigh didn't act alone in blowing up the Oklahoma City federal building. The belief is that he and Nichols plotted the event with "others unknown." The paper looks at the evidence presented in court, including reports from eyewitnesses and the initial reaction from the government, that seems to back up this idea.

From the Paper
"Timothy McVeigh was convicted of setting off the April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and his ex-Army buddy, Terry Nichol, was convicted of assisting him. McVeigh was sentenced to death; Nichols, to life imprisonment and a third man, Michael Fortier is serving a 12-year sentence for not warning authorities about the plot. As plans are being made for McVeigh's execution debates and lawsuits ensue over the public's right to see the closed-circuit broadcast planned for victims and relatives, some argue that a pervasive reason for not executing McVeigh is the loss of the possible opportunity in the future that he might be persuaded to name other accomplices."

Tags:conspiracy, theory, law, prosecute, witness, government

Abstract
This paper is in the form of a book review of "Rural Radicals: From Bacon's Rebellion to the Oklahoma City Bombing", by Catherine McNicol Stock. The author provides a synopsis of the book, reviews the author's main ideas, and offers a critical analysis of them.