Abstract The following paper explores various types of pollution in the ocean. Pollution from oil spills, run-offs that result in toxic wastes in the ocean and the dumping of foreign particles in the ocean are discussed.
Abstract The paper focuses on a Pentagon Report that was released to the world media in 2004 predicting that the north Atlantic current would stop in the near future, bringing global catastrophe. The paper explains how ocean currents work and describes the phenomenon of global warming. The paper concludes that the events put forth in the Pentagon Report are a plausible scenario, although many scientists contest the events as something which is not likely to happen in the near future.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Theory
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
From the Paper "The Pentagon Report was released to the world media in 2004 predicting that the north Atlantic current would stop in the near future, bringing global catastrophe. It is known that in the past the ocean currents have been affected by changes in climate, although the lack of direct observations make it difficult for scientists to discover the exact nature of changes which are currently being observed. There have however been changes noted in currents in the Pacific and in the Atlantic Oceans related to climate change, suggesting that the events predicted in the Pentagon Report may occur at some stage in the future, although it is difficult to predict exactly when. If such changes in ocean current did occur, it is likely that the changes would impact on a global scale."
Abstract Different views on the causes of the Second World War in the Pacific. The author discusses three possibilities for the outbreak of the war: Roosevelt's hard-lined advisors with their harsh policies towards Japan were responsible for the outbreak of war, that the situation in Russia defined American policies in the Pacific and therefore caused the outbreak of war and that the war was caused by Japan breaking the Washington Conference system.
From the Paper "Many people today believe that Franklin D. Roosevelt was alone responsible for the outbreak of war in the Pacific against Japan in 1941. Many historians contest this view. There were many causes for the start of World War II in the Pacific but no one person is to blame. In an essay by Akira Iriye, ?Clash of Systems: The International Community Confronts Japanese Aggression,? he says the overall situation in Asia caused the war and not F.D.R. in particular. In another essay by Hosoya Chihiro, ?Miscalculation & Economic Sanctions: U.S. Hardliners Ensure War with Japan,? states that Roosevelt was not responsible for this war but his advisors were. In an essay by Waldo Heinrichs, ?Roosevelt's Global Perspective: The Russian Factor in Japanese-American Relations,? in which he states that Roosevelt had policies against Japan so they would not invade the Soviet Union. There were many factors that led to war in the Pacific but there is no central cause."
Tags: causes, franklin, origins, pacific, roosevelt, japan
Abstract This paper examines the political philosophy of
pacifism which holds that the use of violence by the state, under any circumstances is unethical and counterproductive. The paper assesses whether pacifism can be effective against Nazi-like dictatorships and includes a brief examination of nonviolence, the philosophy of Gandhi and King.
From the Paper ?If we had neither weapons nor soldiers, what would we do if an enemy tried to conquer us,? asks Liane Ellison Norman in her essay, Nonviolent Civilian Defense. "What would we do if our government suspended civil liberties, imprisoned, tortured and executed people like us"? (McCarthy, ed. 189). Advocating the pacifist principle, Norman goes on to contend that the modern state does not need a conventional army to protect itself. Nonviolent defense strategy, Norman goes on to argue, provides an effective defense mechanism that surpasses that of conventional armies, the cause of so much chaos and destruction throughout history. Relying on the principle that the ?conquer is meaningless unless the conqueror is able to govern,? and evoking the beliefs and practices of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Norman and other pacifists argue that the methods of nonviolent civil disobedience ? strikes, marches, sit-ins, etc. ? can replace modern warfare. It is therefore argued that the use of violence by the state, under any circumstances, is unethical and counterproductive."
Abstract This paper explains that Asia-Pacific has become a region of hothouse growth, outpacing for the past decade both North America and the Euro Zone in the production of goods and services. It points out that with the march of some Asia-Pacific countries into the ranks of advanced economies and abundant signs that the others lagging behind are soon expected to follow, consumer spending is on the upswing. This paper further explains that due to multi-national level investments, the human resource departments have great challenges when dealing with cross-continent cultural barriers. This paper uses the case study of an Australian-based multinational corporation to understand these issues further.
From the Paper "Actually, the vast investment and business opportunities offered by Asia-Pacific to foreign entities have always been there. But many were initially discouraged by the generally enigmatic character of this combined market. MNCs, for example, used to find the Japanese market inhospitable, even impenetrable. As for China, the previous attitude of Saudi Arabia towards that country tells the whole story. Until the 1980s, observed the Brooking Institution in Washington, Saudi Arabia was loathe to sell oil to China because of perceptions that it was a godless, revolutionary threat. Now, foreign investors and MNCs tread into the markets of all the Asia-Pacific countries on a welcome mat, such that the region has outflanked even EU as host to the most number of MNCs . But it would seem that MNCs have to sweat it out first to make their standard management and employment practices work in this region of widely divergent cultures."
Abstract This paper reviews the Union Pacific Corporation (UPC), one of the largest rail transportation companies in the world and the leading rail transportation enterprise in the United States. Its primary industry is the rail freight industry, and as such it is headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska where it manages its overall operations which include over 48,000 employees. This paper reports that UP's operations span both the railroad and trucking industry by virtue of its trucking operations that work in tandem with its rail operations through inter-modal transportation strategies. It further discusses how UP maintains and operates over 33,000 miles of rail which connect the Pacific, Gulf and Eastern ports ("Union") and maintains active partnerships with other rail carriers to move a substantial amount of cargo between the US coasts and across both the Canadian and Mexican borders.
Abstract This research paper assesses the impact of introduced disease on Pacific Island communities such as Polynesia, Fiji, New Zealand, and the Philippines in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, analyzes how the epidemics spread, and what methods of missionary medicine were available to the victims.
Abstract A SWOT analysis that examines the potential internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the potential environmental opportunities and threats to Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts (CPHR). The analysis concludes that CPHR has an essentially sound strategy that should operations into Europe in order to tap into unrealized operational income and to absorb potential reduction in North American income.
Abstract This paper explains that Saburo Lenaga's novel "The Pacific War, 1931-1945" provides a highly informative commentary regarding the role of China and Japan in a war. The author points out that Lenaga recreate the turmoil and confusion that plagued China and Asia during this particularly difficult period in history. The paper suggests that the war might have been prevented if circumstances were different.
From the Paper "A novel by Saburo Lenaga entitled "The Pacific War: 1931-1945" provides a highly informative commentary regarding the role of China and Japan in a war that propelled these nations into a tailspin of confusion and regret. The invasion of China by Japan served as the beginning force in a war that was largely undertaken due to misunderstandings and confusion at all sides of the fence, and the continuous conflicts between China and Japan with regards to policy were truly obvious in the war effort. In many ways, it is evident that these misunderstandings created many of the problems leading up to the invasion of China, and therefore, the conflict might have been prevented if each side had taken the time that was necessary to consider their roles."
Abstract One of the key players in the establishment of fur trade routes linking the Atlantic ocean with the Pacific and Arctic oceans via a quite complex route through various lakes and rivers of the Canadian shield was Scottish explorer, Alexander Mackenzie. This paper explains how Mackenzie's voyages to the Arctic ocean in 1789 and the Pacific coast in 1792-93 proved to be paramount for the continuation of Westward expansion, and perhaps even more pertinent for the expansion of the fur trade, the major economic means of pre-confederation Canada and a major contributor to Britain's economy. By analysing Mackenzie's own account of his journeys, as well as other supplementary sources, the paper defines exactly how crucial his two voyages were to all elements of the fur trade and just how extraordinary his journeys were in historical perspective. It explains that the establishment of trade routes to the North and Northwest, establishment of relations with the native tribes along the various waterways, and the discovery of a vast, relatively unexplored territory (unexplored by whites), with much in the way of wildlife and the potential for great wealth and economic prosperity, were all positive aspects in regard to Mackenzie's voyages.
From the Paper "Alexander Mackenzie was once described, in his younger years, as a man who would take second place to no one whether it be as an explorer or as a fur trader.1 Mackenzie's voyages of 1789 and 1792-93 are conveyed in his journal entries as ?strangely unspectacular,?2 quite odd considering the importance of his travels to the well being of the fur trade industry, the chief economic means of British North America at this point in history. In the years prior to his exploration of Northern and Northwestern Canada, Alexander Mackenzie served as an employer to the Northwest fur trading company. Mackenzie, who was young and ambitious at the time, declared his certainty that greater successes for the Northwest company lay in the far West and North of the Canadian territory.3 Mackenzie's only problem lied in company kingpin Simon McTavish whom had a particular dislike for Mackenzie for one reason or another; fuelled by his dislike for Mackenzie, McTavish refused to support the young explorer in his wishes to explore the far North and West of Canada. After continuous unsuccessful harbouring with McTavish, Mackenzie defected from the Northwest company and found himself employed with rival company, the XY company, with whom Mackenzie expanded with in order to challenge the Northwest company.4 Eventually, after the death of Simon McTavish, the Northwest Company and the XY Company merged in 1787;5 Alexander Mackenzie was stationed at Lake Athabasca, the Company's westernmost post, with fellow explorer and trader, Peter Pond. Both men were determined that great wealth lied in the lands to the North and to the West.6 This determination drove the men to curiosity as to where the Great Slave River running North from Lake Athabasca would lead to. Mackenzie and Pond were also determined to create a continuous trade route linking all three oceans which contained Canada: the Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Pacific.7 Mackenzie's first voyage would be to the Arctic, where he hoped to find a link to the ?frozen sea.? "
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes pollution in the PacificOcean over the last ten years, and identifies the various sources for the worsening pollution.
This paper explores the dynamics of a U.S.-Japan security alliance in the Asia-Pacific where America's national interests would be preserved in tandem with the emerging global order.
Abstract The paper discusses the factors that govern the present and likely future dynamics affecting the Asia-Pacific region. The paper relates the history of America's relationship with Japan, the rise of China, the North Korean military threat, the global war on terror, piracy and the potential melting of the Arctic ocean. The paper considers a range of policy options that will ensure the Asia-Pacific security framework is maintained. The paper includes several maps and an interview with a professor.
Outline:
Historical Perspective
The China Factor
The North Korean Conundrum
The Global War on Terror
Piracy and SLOC Security
The Polar Great Game
A Concert of Democracies
Policy Options for U.S.-Japan Security Alliance in the Asia Pacific
From the Paper "America has shared a bittersweet relationship with Japan since the colonial days. "In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry aboard the battleship Mississippi arrived in Uraga, Edo Bay, demanding the opening of trade." The symbolism of the incident was not lost on the Japanese who had taken note of the carving up of China into 'Spheres of Influence' by the colonial powers and decided to sign a Treaty of Peace and Amity with the United States and then with other Western powers. Thus, an uneasy peace prevailed which continued until the U.S. declared an economic boycott of Japan in the 1930s to protect its interests in China "leading to Pearl harbor" . Japan's defeat in the Second World War led to its reinvention in the American mold with a pacifist constitution, 'Made in America' with strict stipulations on its adherence. According to the basic principles of that constitution, Japan fore swore resort to war, gave up the right to have armed forces and agreed to follow the tenets of peaceful existence in exchange for a security guarantee by the United States."
Abstract This paper defines and discusses this unique culture of sailing the oceans and examines the history of this practice. It explores how the skills and heritage of these seafaring people, that laid dormant for generations, is experiencing a revival amid the Polynesians of today, giving them pride and purpose in the ancient arts and culture of their ancestors.
From the Paper "The Pacific Ocean is the earth's largest geographic feature, occupying more than one third the surface of the globe, an area greater than all the landmasses put together. The some 25,000 islands, roughly 1.6 million square kilometers, are scattered about a sea area of more than 88 million square kilometers, stretching 16,000 kilometers along the equator and 15,000 kilometers from the Bering Strait to the Antarctic Circle (Kiste 1991). More than one half of the world's islands are found in the Pacific Ocean. These islands comprise an area known as Polynesia, which means ?many islands,? and is geographically the largest of the Pacific's cultural areas, with distances between the island groups the greatest (Kiste 1991). An imaginary triangle from Hawaii in the north to the southeast at Easter Island then to New Zealand in the southwest defines Polynesia. The Pacific Ocean is so vast that even with some 25,000 islands dotting its waters, the majority of the area is empty. In fact, if Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, had missed Guam in 1521, he would have believed that there was no human inhabitants in the entire region (Kiste 1991). Today, "the combined exclusive economic zones of the countries in the region is approximately 30 million square kilometers, an area almost the size of Africa or three times the size of the continental United States" (Zurick 1995)."
Abstract The deadliest tsunami in the Indian Ocean ever occurred at 7:59 AM local time on 26 December 2004. This paper looks at how the tsunami was one of the most damaging tsunamis observed in recent times and caused death to hundreds of thousands of people alongside billions of dollars worth of damage to the towns and villages affected. The paper examines the oceanic processes which led to the extent of the tsunami as well as the damage which was caused and the ways in which oceanographers can contribute to limiting damage from future tsunamis through monitoring the oceanic processes.
Outline:
Introduction
Oceanic Processes
Observations of Oceanic Processes
Data from Indian Ocean Area
Data from Outside Indian Ocean Area
Satellite Altimetry
Near Field
Far Field
Impact of the Disaster
Effects Near the Epicenter
Effects on Human Environments
Effects on Natural Areas
Monitoring and Prevention
Use of Data from the 2004 Tsunami
Predicting Future Tsunami Effects
Conclusions
From the Paper "The 2004 tsunami was originally caused by an earthquake which occurred on the ocean floor, out at sea in the Indian Ocean. The specific type of earthquake was crucial in the type of tsunami which formed as a result. The specific earthquake was caused by thrusting type of source rupture. It created a megathrust earthquake which was moment magnitude 9.3. The earthquake occurred along 1300km of oceanic subduction zone in the eastern Indian Ocean which is located 100km west of Sumatra and the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (Stein & Okal, 2005). The seismic changes which occurred caused vertical displacements of up to 10m in the ocean floor. These were accompanied by sudden horizontal movements of up to 20m in adjacent plates. Overall it was a combination of these two thrusting movements which led to creation of highly destructive waves (Bilham, 2005)."
