Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes pollution in the Pacific Ocean over the last ten years, and identifies the various sources for the worsening pollution.

Abstract
The paper provides many interesting facts about the planet's oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Antarctic. The paper explains how the Earth's oceans are divided into various regions depending on the biological and physical conditions of the area in which they are located and also explores why the water in the ocean is blue. The paper also notes that the oceans still hold as many mysteries today as they did for the first brave explorers who ventured out into the expansive waters.

From the Paper
"The Earth's oceans are divided into various regions depending on the biological and physical conditions of the area in which it is located. The pelagic zone includes all open ocean regions and is further divided based on light abundance and depth. The photic zone is the area from two-hundred meters down and is the region where photosynthesis most often takes place. It contains the most biodiversity of the ocean. The pelagic part of the photic zone is called the epipelagic and the pelagic part of the aphotic zone is further divided into areas that succeed each other vertically. The uppermost region is the mesopelagic zone and the lowermost is the thermocline of 10 degrees Celsius. Along the top of the abyssal plain is the abyssal pelagic with its lower limits lying at approximately 6,000 meters. The lowest zone, which falls into the oceanic trenches, is the hadalpelagic; it is the deepest of the ocean zones and spans from 6,000 meters to 10,000 meters (Ocean, 2007)."

Tags:water, land, seas

Abstract
The paper discusses the factors that govern the present and likely future dynamics affecting the Asia-Pacific region. The paper relates the history of America's relationship with Japan, the rise of China, the North Korean military threat, the global war on terror, piracy and the potential melting of the Arctic ocean. The paper considers a range of policy options that will ensure the Asia-Pacific security framework is maintained. The paper includes several maps and an interview with a professor.

Outline:
Historical Perspective
The China Factor
The North Korean Conundrum
The Global War on Terror
Piracy and SLOC Security
The Polar Great Game
A Concert of Democracies
Policy Options for U.S.-Japan Security Alliance in the Asia Pacific

From the Paper
"America has shared a bittersweet relationship with Japan since the colonial days. "In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry aboard the battleship Mississippi arrived in Uraga, Edo Bay, demanding the opening of trade." The symbolism of the incident was not lost on the Japanese who had taken note of the carving up of China into 'Spheres of Influence' by the colonial powers and decided to sign a Treaty of Peace and Amity with the United States and then with other Western powers. Thus, an uneasy peace prevailed which continued until the U.S. declared an economic boycott of Japan in the 1930s to protect its interests in China "leading to Pearl harbor" . Japan's defeat in the Second World War led to its reinvention in the American mold with a pacifist constitution, 'Made in America' with strict stipulations on its adherence. According to the basic principles of that constitution, Japan fore swore resort to war, gave up the right to have armed forces and agreed to follow the tenets of peaceful existence in exchange for a security guarantee by the United States."

Tags:China, piracy, North, Korea, Russia, Taiwan, oil, Arctic, ocean

Abstract
One of the key players in the establishment of fur trade routes linking the Atlantic ocean with the Pacific and Arctic oceans via a quite complex route through various lakes and rivers of the Canadian shield was Scottish explorer, Alexander Mackenzie. This paper explains how Mackenzie's voyages to the Arctic ocean in 1789 and the Pacific coast in 1792-93 proved to be paramount for the continuation of Westward expansion, and perhaps even more pertinent for the expansion of the fur trade, the major economic means of pre-confederation Canada and a major contributor to Britain's economy. By analyzing Mackenzie's own account of his journeys, as well as other supplementary sources, the paper defines exactly how crucial his two voyages were to all elements of the fur trade and just how extraordinary his journeys were in historical perspective. It explains that the establishment of trade routes to the North and Northwest, establishment of relations with the native tribes along the various waterways, and the discovery of a vast, relatively unexplored territory (unexplored by whites), with much in the way of wildlife and the potential for great wealth and economic prosperity, were all positive aspects in regard to Mackenzie's voyages.

From the Paper
"Alexander Mackenzie was once described, in his younger years, as a man who would take second place to no one whether it be as an explorer or as a fur trader.1 Mackenzie's voyages of 1789 and 1792-93 are conveyed in his journal entries as "strangely unspectacular,"2 quite odd considering the importance of his travels to the well being of the fur trade industry, the chief economic means of British North America at this point in history. In the years prior to his exploration of Northern and Northwestern Canada, Alexander Mackenzie served as an employer to the Northwest fur trading company. Mackenzie, who was young and ambitious at the time, declared his certainty that greater successes for the Northwest company lay in the far West and North of the Canadian territory.3 Mackenzie's only problem lied in company kingpin Simon McTavish whom had a particular dislike for Mackenzie for one reason or another; fueled by his dislike for Mackenzie, McTavish refused to support the young explorer in his wishes to explore the far North and West of Canada. After continuous unsuccessful harboring with McTavish, Mackenzie defected from the Northwest company and found himself employed with rival company, the XY company, with whom Mackenzie expanded with in order to challenge the Northwest company.4 Eventually, after the death of Simon McTavish, the Northwest Company and the XY Company merged in 1787;5 Alexander Mackenzie was stationed at Lake Athabasca, the Company's westernmost post, with fellow explorer and trader, Peter Pond. Both men were determined that great wealth lied in the lands to the North and to the West.6 This determination drove the men to curiosity as to where the Great Slave River running North from Lake Athabasca would lead to. Mackenzie and Pond were also determined to create a continuous trade route linking all three oceans which contained Canada: the Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Pacific.7 Mackenzie's first voyage would be to the Arctic, where he hoped to find a link to the "frozen sea."

Tags:arctic, athabasca, canada, coast, exploration, interior, journey, northwest, ocean, pacific, passage, west

Abstract
The writer gives examples of damage done to the country of Ecuador as a result of heavy rains. El Nino battered Ecuador harder than almost any other country. The paper also cites long-term effects of the damage, such as crop destruction and loss of property. The paper then looks at ways in which the country is learning to predict future storms, thereby allowing for preparation.

From the Paper
"The Bermeo family had been driven from their small home and farm, looking for dry ground, unable to get into the overcrowded refugee camps. They had to swim to safety after a food swept through their valley and buried their farm in mud. Their pigs and chicks drowned and the smallest children were saved by climbing into a high tree until a neighbor with a boat rescued them. They said they were afraid of the passing cars and trucks, but more afraid of the water."

Tags:storm, damage, weather, destruction, ocean

Abstract
This paper explains that the portfolio of Perry Ellis International, Inc. includes men's and women's brands, which it designs, sources, markets, and licenses nationally and internationally at multiple price points and across all major levels of retail distribution. The author points out that during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004, approximately 91% of the company's net sales were from branded products The company owns 13 and licenses five brands, such as Perry Ellis, Jantzen, Munsingwear, and Manhattan; has developed over 42 sub-brands, such as Perry Ellis Portfolio and Penguin Sport; and distributes the PING, Nike, Tommy Hilfiger, NAUTICA ,and Ocean Pacific brands under license arrangements. The paper reports that, for 2005, Perry Ellis expects to report record revenue and net income; earnings per fully diluted share are projected in the $2.10-$2.20 per fully diluted share range, below their previous guidance of $2.35. Tables and graph.

Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Background
Current Status of Perry Ellis (2004)
Perry Ellis 1999-2004
Total Revenues
Royalty Income
Cost of Sales
Gross Profit
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Depreciation and Amortization
Interest Expense
Long-Term Debt
Future Positioning
Perry Ellis Income Statement

From the Paper
"Perry Ellis' President acknowledged disappointment in the swimwear business for 2004, but plans to take actions such as a rationalization of product offering, changes in sourcing and overhead expense structure and a significant reduction in inventory levels. Perry Ellis intends that those measures will position the company for a profitable swimwear line in fiscal 2006. Perry Ellis predicts that the menswear brands, especially Perry Ellis, Original Penguin, Cubavera, PING, and PGA Tour will achieve record sales with a continuing momentum to continue into next year."

Tags:brands, revenue, projections, statement, cost

Abstract
The writer explains the causes and effects of the El Nino, which has an ocean warming effect, and the La Nina, which creates unusually cold ocean temperatures. The paper describes how the winds, the ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation affect the natural climatic conditions in the Pacific region. The writer explains the impact these effects have on weather and climate in the United States. The paper examines the effect that climatic changes have on the economy. In conclusion, the paper states that the effects of the El Nino and La Nina create significant changes to the weather patterns, which are naturally created and affected, by changes in sea temperatures.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Causes
Ocean Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulations
- During Normal Conditions
- Conditions During El Ni?o
- Conditions During La Ni?a
Effects of El Nino and La Nina
Impact on Weather and Climatic Changes
Impact on Economy
Ecological Impact
Conclusion
Bibliography
References

From the Paper
"Under "normal" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west, collecting warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters down the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a predominantly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that "radiate" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast area of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are dispersed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Ni?o, this situation is interrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and permits the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator decline, and the trade winds lessen even more."

Tags:geography, weather, el, nino, la, nina, pacific, ocean, warm, current, cold, current, temperatures, climate, equator, ocean, surface, temperature, atmospheric, circulations

Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the Lewis & Clark expedition. Specifically the writer discusses how the expedition came to be and looks at what findings with which the explorers returned. The writer explains that Lewis and Clark and their Corps of Discovery traveled across America to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806, and then returned east to report their findings. The writer notes that it was one of the greatest exploratory expeditions in American history, and it resulted in a much greater understanding of the lands "out west."

From the Paper
"He chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead the expedition, and asked Congress for the money to fund it ($2500). They chose 40 men to accompany them, trained them throughout the winter of 1803, and set off from St. Louis, Missouri in May 1804.
"Toussaint Charbonneau and his young wife, Sacagawea joined the expedition in North Dakota at the Mandan Indian settlement. Lewis & Clark hired Charbonneau, a French fur trapper, to act as a guide for the next leg of their journey, and he brought his wife and young son along. Sacagawea was a young Shoshone girl, who provided much help during the expedition."

Tags:Pacific, nation, Indians, land

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the islands of New Zealand lie at a subduction zone between the Pacific plate and the Indian-Australian plate. This location on the unstable edge of the tectonic plates, part of the Pacific Ocean's "Ring of Fire", has resulted in an active geological history and present. Surrounded on all sides by undersea ridges and trenches, faults crisscross both islands. The writer discusses that these major Pacific fault lines account for volcanic activity, frequent earthquakes, glaciers and a mountain range that stretches almost uninterrupted from Milford Sound at the bottom of the South Island to Cape Reinga at the uppermost tip of the North Island. This paper includes descriptions of the most dramatic examples of geothermal activity around the country.

From the Paper
"Earthquakes are another manifestation of the collision of the Pacific tectonic plate and the Indian-Australian tectonic plate. On average, 14,000 earthquakes are seismographically recorded in the New Zealand area each year. Of these, 100 to 150 are large enough to be felt. Since 1855, there have been fourteen earthquakes recorded that registered over 7.0 on the Richter scale. According to The Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences web site, to the south of New Zealand the Australian plate is being forced under the Pacific plate. Under the South Island, the two plates push past each other sideways, and east of the North Island the Pacific plate is being forced under the Australian plate.
"In Wellington, New Zealand's capital city, earthquakes thrust land upward more than five feet in 1848 and 1855, creating a peninsula out of an island. The area lies directly across on of the most active fault lines on the North Island. In 1931 an earthquake registering 7.9 on the Richter scale struck Hawkes Bay, destroying almost the entire town of Napier and causing damage along most of the coast. Two hundred fifty-eight people were killed and tens of thousands were left homeless."

Tags:New Zealand, geology, volcano, geothermal, earthquake, subduction zone

Abstract
This paper explains that the invention of the steam engine, which led to the steamboat and the steam locomotive, began mankind's technological leap forward that continues today. The author points out that, secondary to the invention of the steamboat was the locomotive steam engine, which allowed direct transportation from cities on the Atlantic Ocean to cities on the Pacific Ocean without having to traverse the Cape of Good Hope in the extreme southern hemisphere, making it more affordable to ship goods and farm products. The paper relates that public transportation was not available in the United States until after the Civil War; its availability was responsible for the creation of the suburbs.

Table of Contents
Transportation Prior to the 19th Century
The Steamboat
The Steam Wagon
Conclusion

From the Paper
"How did the invention of the steam engine change the face of American history? The United States was rich in rivers, most especially the Mississippi Rivers that connected the Great Lakes (eventually connected by the Hudson River through the Erie Canal from Chicago to Louisiana. The Louisiana Purchase would have been a poor bargain if it did not include access through the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Until the steamboat became practical, large river barges were poled by hand and smaller boats such were paddled. Both methods were highly labor intensive and slow. Sailboats were not practical outside of the oceans and Great Lakes. Even then, the vessels were dependent on prevailing winds (or lack thereof)."

Tags:steamboat, steam-locomotive, direct, public, power