Abstract
This paper examines how the worldwide problems of global warming are not new to the average American citizen and how attempting to control them through managed forestry of the ocean would be a new and interesting topic of discussion. It looks at how this type of scientific exploration is the topic of the article, "The Ocean's Invisible Forest," by Paul G. Falkowski in the August, 2002, issue of "Scientific American".

From the Paper
"Phytoplankton, as well as all land dwelling plants, use the energy in sunlight to convert CO2 into organic matter. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere which makes possible all animal life on Earth. This is known as primary production. Until recently it was unknown just how great the productivity of phytoplankton actually was. In 1997 NASA launched the Sea Wide Field Sensor (SeaWiFS). This was the first satellite that was capable of monitoring phytoplankton populations on a global level every week. By 1998 it was realized that phytoplankton are responsible for incorporating 45 to 50 billion metric tons of inorganic carbon into their cells."

Tags:global, warming

Abstract
This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal pattern of Alabama's forested landscape as well as the implications for the future of forest management on NIPF lands. This paper defines forested land as a parcel of land that is producing or capable of producing more than 20 cubic feet/acre/year of industrial wood and is land not withdrawn from timber production. Much of this land is held by private landowners not involved directly in the timber industry. Extensive studies have been conducted in the southern states concerning the motivation behind usage of NIPF land, its impact on the regional economy and environmental factors. The counties chosen for this particular study are those which had the highest reported income from forest products. The six counties chosen were Clarke, Marengo, Pickens, Monroe, Hale and Wilcox. These counties are located in highly forested areas and have a high amount of NIPF land. According to several surveys, the areas of greatest softwood shortage are those located near large paper and pulp mills. This paper discusses the impending shortage in economic timber that the U.S. will be facing by the year 2020. The writer of this paper examines the various strategies available to halt the dwindling timber supply which include changing the manner in which NIPF lands are managed as well as stricter government regulations which would deter the conversion of native grasslands and wetlands into croplands.

From the Paper
"To determine if timber production is likely to be able to meet future needs, the ratio of growth to removal is measured. Timber inventories give an indication of how much timber is currently available. Using this model, it was found that only one state had a positive ratio, North Carolina at 1.15. Alabama's ratio was 0.91. Softwood removal rates consistently exceed growth rates. Hardwood removal ratios faired slightly better at above 1.3. Timber inventories increased from the 1960s through the 1970s, but leveled off in the 1990s. According to SERTS, softwood supplies are expected to decrease 30% by the year 2020. According to an FIA survey, the areas of greatest softwood shortage are located near large paper and pulp mills (Cubbage and Abt, 1998a). According to the SERTS model the southern US will be facing an economic timber shortage by the year 2020."

Tags:environment, land, forest, deforestation, regulation, government, management

Abstract
The paper is an assignment for a fourth year forestry course. The paper is about forest management area planning. The topic is the three t's approach (triggers, targets and thresholds) and the use of fuzzy sets. The paper demonstrates how this process can combine other methods and achieve great results with minimal conflict.

From the Paper
"Forests are extremely valuable resources. According to Jules Dufour in Towards Sustainable Development of Canada's Forests states. According to the Canadian Forest Industry council, forest product deliveries were evaluated at $14.9 billion in 1991. Forests Canada Estimated the annual contributions of wood products to Canada's trade balance at over $19 billion (Defour 188). Although the harvesting of trees can be used to aid in economic growth, forests also a source of other resources."

Tags:triggers, targets, thresholds

Abstract
The paper discusses how Canadian forests have been significantly depleted due to poor management practices centered solely on production and monetary gain. The paper shows how forests need to be managed in a sustainable fashion, allowing the industrial exploitation without endangering the many other vital roles this natural resource plays.

From the Paper
"Almost one half of Canadian landscape is covered in forests that extend from the one coast to the other (Dufour, 267). According to the 2001 inventory, the Canadian landmass covered in forests was 402.1 million hectares (National Resources Canada, 2001). However, the distribution of forested areas varies between the provinces with British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario having the most forested area. In this light, it is not surprising that forestry plays an important role in the Canadian economy. In fact one fifth of the world's forest products are exported from Canada (Dufour, 268). The forest industry provided over 750 000 direct and indirect jobs in 1991 with this number steadily increasing during the next decade. In the same time period the income for forestry doubled: from $17 billion in 1991 to $34 billion in 2001. (Dufour, 271)."

Tags:ecology, timber, habitats, wildlife, industry, economy, environment, regeneration

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that forests are one of the most important natural resources. They play an important role in world industry and economy. However, the writer points out that they are also an important factor in global ecosystem. The writer discusses that forests provide habitat for numerous plant and animal species. They are crucial for production of oxygen and removal of CO2 from the atmosphere, prevention soil erosion and renewal of freshwater resources.

From the Paper
"Almost one half of Canadian landscape is covered in forests that extend from the one coast to the other (Dufour, 267). According to the 2001 inventory, the Canadian landmass covered in forests was 402.1 million ..."

Tags:resources, management

Abstract
In this article the writer mentions that as metropolitan communities grow and as government budgets grow tighter the challenges of forestry management in Ontario have become enormous. The following paper discusses this matter by focusing explicitly upon the economic factors which make protecting Ontario natural forestland so daunting. To begin with, the paper reviews the domestic economic factors - new locations for urban businesses and the rise of mass production farming, to name but two - which are threatening the indigenous forests even as this paper is being written.

Tags:forest, management, ontario

Abstract
This paper analyzes the issues surrounding timber supply in Southern U.S.A. The paper illustrates factors which contribute to timber supply, such as environmental constraints, demographic trends, public opinion, land owner objectives, slope, water availability, lack of access roads, urbanization, urban sprawl, and stands which are too small to harvest in an economically profitable manner. The paper brings another factor to be considered, that being that many municipalities have restrictions that do not allow timber harvest within their boundaries.

From the Paper
"The subject of NIPF land has received much attention from both the academic world and the United States Government. Recent studies indicate that the demand for timber will overtake that supply sometime before 2020. Extensive studies have been conducted in the southern states concerning the motivation behind usage of NIPF land, its impact on the regional economy and environmental factors. The counties chosen for this study are the counties, which had the highest reported income from forest products in 2000. (Mix, 2000). The six counties chosen were Clarke, Marengo, Pickens, Monroe, Hale and Wilcox. These counties located in highly forested areas and have a high amount of NIPF land. "

Tags:trees, timber, logging, wood, environment, economy, restrictions

Abstract
This paper focuses upon one small part of the on going problem of forestry management in Ontario. Specifically, this paper examines the economic factors which are constraining efforts to conserve and protect the province forests. In particular, the paper examines the international trade factors relations with the United States and international trade pressures which are preventing or at least distracting the province from putting forward a clear and comprehensive plan on forestry management.

From the Paper
"Suffice it to say, forestry management in Ontario has become increasingly important in recent years as the province's Crown Lands slowly give way to urban sprawl. But beyond the fact that effective forestry management can protect a vulnerable natural resource from (unnecessary) depredation, managing Ontario's Crown Lands is more complicated now than ever before because the world itself has grown more complicated. For example, trade relations with the United States are worse today than they have been for many decades. In addition, the rise of a global economy means that Canada can no longer take it for granted that there will be "easy" markets for its resource products."

Tags:forestry, management, planning

Abstract
The world's forests are under threat from illegal logging and deforestation generating damaging global environmental change. While the forestry sector can contribute to reducing poverty and enhancing sustainability, this can only occur with the right forest policies and practices. Through a literature review, this paer attempts to show that appropriate forest policy, democratic leadership, strong institutions, bottom-up decision making - in short good forest governance arrangements - are increasingly recognized as essential to achieve sustainable forest management. The paper also develops the concept of good forest governance and uses it to compare the policies and practices of forested countries in Asia and the Pacific.

Outline:
Background
Literature Review

From the Paper
"The work of Antonio P. Contreras (2006) entitled: "Civil Society and Forest Governance in Southeast Asia: Towards an Alternative Model in Addressing Transboundary Forest-Related Conflicts" states that the relations "...between states and civil societies have long been established as a critical and complex one. States emerge and gain legitimacy from civil society institutions and processes, even as the sate limits civil societies through legal-bureaucratic mechanisms manifested in law and public policy. With the increasing role of civil society institutions in recent years, state policy, including foreign policy, has become a new domain for civil society engagement." (Contreras, 2006) It is stated however, the there has been an increasing in the participation of civil society in both domestic and regional environmental governance in Southeast Asia. "

Tags:policy, logging, trade

Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that a healthy forest environment and good forest management is essential in that forests are important for the general environment. The paper's thesis further states that maintenance and restoration of the forest systems in the United States and other areas of the world is directly related to the health of the global environment and related ecosystems. The paper provides a literature review and summarizes its findings in the conclusion.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is a plethora of evidence from studies on environmental research to suggest that healthy forests are of vital importance to the balance in nature and ultimately for human existence. Forests not only provide clean water but also "...support livelihoods, shelter wildlife and help maintain a stable climate" (Fire and Conservation). The last mentioned aspect, the maintenance of a stable climate, has in recent years become a central focus of ecological and environmental concerns in the light of global warming."

Tags:environment, ecosystems, conservation, logging