Abstract
This paper researches the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in children. It begins by examining the characteristics of the disorder and then discusses what causes OCD. The paper also explores different treatment options, as well as prevention methods.

From the Paper
"Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder. By definition, anxiety disorders are "psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety" (Myers, 2001, p. 557). In the case of OCD, it falls under the categories of both persistent anxiety and behaviors used to reduce this anxiety. Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder consists of two main behaviors: obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are "recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas, and impulses that interrupt normal thinking, cause anxiety or fear, and will not go away" (The Cleveland Clinic [TCC], 2002). Compulsions are "behaviors or rituals that are repeated intentionally to try to control the obsessions" (TCC, 2002). This disorder usually manifests in childhood or early adolescence, and occurs equally in men and women, and in people of all different races and socioeconomic backgrounds. Currently, this disorder affects approximately 3.3 million adults and over 1 million children and adolescents in the United States (TCC, 2002). The review of this disorder will focus on four different aspects: 1. Diagnosis and characteristics of the disorder; 2. Causes of the disorder; 3. Treatment of the disorder; 4. Prevention and outlook of the disorder."

Tags:anxiety, cause, characteristic, child, compulsion, obsession, ocd, outlook, prevention, treatment

Abstract
This paper briefly explains neurotransmission, further discussing how neurotransmission abnormalities have been linked to psychological disorders, more specifically obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The work reviews literature beginning with a few secondary sources which define terms and provide a basic explanation of neurotransmission and OCD. Then, the paper delves into a deeper analysis of primary research associated with psychotropic treatment of OCD as it applies to the biological processes of neurotransmission abnormalities and corrections via pharmacological means. The paper concludes by noting that clinicians and parents must carefully weigh concerns of symptoms versus potential alternative psychotic outcomes when treating OCD with psychotropic medications.

Outline:

Abstract
Literature Review
Discussion

From the Paper
"Unlike many other psychological disorders pharmacological means are a first line treatment and no alternative treatments, i.e. nonbiological treatments are recommended until after pharmacological drug treatment has helped develop a baseline of effectiveness. At this point effectiveness of symptom reduction is evaluated and drug treatment can be altered or alternatives added to treatment. This as well as the understandings of the disorder lend credence to the idea that OCD is very much considered a biological disorder, having a great deal to do with neurotransmission abnormalities and dysfunctions. The accepted efficacy for treatment of OCD and anxiety disorders in general is a combined pharmacotherapy with other non-biological alternatives. (Otto, Smits & Reese, Spring 2006) Challenges to this protocol, by the removal or reduction of pharmacological interventions (SSRI) being replaced with behavioral therapy alone have proved ineffective."

Tags:protocol, drug therapy, paroxetine, lithium, relapse, serotonin

Abstract
The paper begins with an annotated bibliography and a review of the research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The paper examines these studies' focus on a therapy or pharmaceutical approach and looks at whether the approach was found to be helpful in the treatment of OCD, and what recommendations the author makes in terms of his or her study results. The paper offers the thesis that although a number of studies have been conducted regarding OCD treatment and conclusions are being drawn based on these results, more research needs to be conducted to better refine the data and to consider alternative approaches.

Outline:
Annotated Bibliography
Literature Review
Discussion

From the Paper
"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a potentially disabling syndrome that can last throughout an individual's lifetime. Those suffering from OCD become enmeshed in a pattern of repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are senseless and distressing, but extremely difficult to overcome. Disagreement exists about the number of people afflicted with OCD. In the recent past, mental health professionals considered it a rare disease, because only a small minority of their patients had the condition. That was because many people with the illness did not seek treatment. However, a survey conducted in the early 1980s by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) showed that OCD affects more than 2% of the population, or more common than such severe mental illnesses as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or panic disorder. The social and economic costs of OCD were estimated to be $8.4 billion in 1990."

Tags:obsessions, compulsions, therapy, pharmacy, treatments, side, effects, brain

Abstract
The paper examines the case of "Jake," who has an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) which has reemerged after the birth of his child. The paper explains the diagnosis for OCD and outlines the probable causes that can be broken into neurobiology, etiology and genetic factors. The paper offers recommendations for the treatment of this condition.

Outline:
Introduction
Diagnosis
Possible Causes
Recommended Treatment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Jake had been able to cope with his panic attacks and compulsive concern for cleanliness at various points in his life, including in college and when he met and married his wife, Ally. He was able to tune his environment to cater to his desire for low stimuli: this extended to his wife (who liked quiet, indoor activities), his profession (accounting, which is an individual and rather isolated profession) and his choice of a place to live (not moving away from his home town).
"A major change came in Jake's life with the birth of his daughter."

Tags:Asperger, syndrome, autism, cognitive, behavioral, therapy, serotinin

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a nine year-old male child with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The paper begins by describing OCD and its symptoms and causes. Next the paper presents traumatic early life events experienced by the subject. The paper also discusses his diagnosis by the school psychologist. The paper concludes by offering suggested treatment regiments.

From the Paper
"David is a nine-year-old boy who has been recently diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by his school's psychologist. OCD occurs in approximately percent of all children and is considered to be one of the..."

Tags:obsessive, compulsive, disorder

Abstract
This paper discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In particular, the paper describes what the disorder is, how prevalent it appears to be among Americans, what the etiology of the disease is, and what treatments are available to combat it. In addressing these matters, the paper looks at some empirical studies that have emerged in recent years and how they shape our understanding of this still largely inscrutable illness. In conclusion, the paper shows that it appears as though behavioral therapy is the best course of action - and considerably more preferable than any drug regimen.

From the Paper
"The same path-breaking empirical work also goes further with regards to evaluating sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive neuroses. For one thing, there are six discrete sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive thoughts that researchers as early as the middle 1970s found enormously important and pervasive among patients. For instance, there is the motif of "dirt and contamination"; the theme of "aggression"; the theme of "inanimate-impersonal"; religious motifs; sexual obsessions; and miscellany of one sort or another that could not be comfortably placed in any of the preceding categories."

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, psychology, children, adluts

Abstract
This paper discusses how cognitive behavioral therapy suggests that the individual has learned negative thoughts or behaviors over time and has ultimately applied these thoughts and behaviors to life. These cognitive and behavioral processes may occur because of a specific event in life this is recalled through associations with like stimuli during other events. According to the paper, as time progresses the individual may distort these concepts which leads to detrimental cognitive or behavioral approaches to existence. The paper further discusses how in therapy the counselor works with the individual to first identify what the negative thoughts or behaviors are and allow the individual to comprehend how they began. What is significant in this process, is the patient then learning new thoughts or behaviors that will replace the negative ones over time.

Tags:ocd, career, placement

From the Paper
"Established in 1946, the IMF was formed as an international organization of 182 countries, established to promote international monetary cooperation, orderly exchange arrangements; that fosters economic growth and high levels of employment; have exchange stability, and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries under enough safeguards to help ease balance of payments adjustment. It was now time for Russia to turn to the world for help."

Tags:remedies, symptoms, mental, illness

Abstract
This paper describes what the disorder is, how prevalent it appears to be among Americans, what the etiology of the disease is, and what treatments are available to combat it. In addressing these matters, the paper discusses some empirical studies that have emerged in recent years and how they shape our understanding of this still largely inscrutable illness. The paper concludes that it appears as though behavioral therapy is the best course of action - and considerably more preferable than any drug regimen.

Tags:obsessive, compulsive, disorder

Abstract
The paper refers to the literature concerning obsessive compulsive dsorders (OCD) in children and adolescents that shows how the disorder is not only debilitating but also lacking in the necessary tools for assessment and treatment. The paper discusses the classification of OCD as an anxiety disorder and reveals that the prevalence of the disorder is under diagnosed and underestimated. The paper includes the writer's personal reaction that much more research is necessary within this area of psychology.

Outline:
Lack of Research
What is Known about Childhood and Adolescent OCD
Classification of OCD
Some Additional Research
Prevalence
Personal Reaction

From the Paper
"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and potentially disabling neuropsychiatric condition, which often emerges during late childhood or early adolescence. This disorder is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions which are deemed to be excessive to the extent that they cause distress in a person's life, and disrupt daily living patterns and functioning (APA, 1994). OCD in children tends to dominate every aspect of the affected child's life (Wolff & Wolff, 1991). The presence of obsessive thoughts and the overwhelming need to perform compulsive rituals may adversely affect the child's family and peer relationships, school performance, vocational functioning, participation in extracurricular activities, self-esteem, and emotional well-being (Wand, Furer & Shady, 1993; Thomsen & Jensen, 1991; Toro, Cevera, Osejo & Salamero, 1992)."

Tags:symptoms, rituals, assessment, treatment, depression, suicide