Abstract This paper researches the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in children. It begins by examining the characteristics of the disorder and then discusses what causes OCD. The paper also explores different treatment options, as well as prevention methods.
From the Paper "Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder. By definition, anxiety disorders are "psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety" (Myers, 2001, p. 557). In the case of OCD, it falls under the categories of both persistent anxiety and behaviors used to reduce this anxiety. Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder consists of two main behaviors: obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are "recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas, and impulses that interrupt normal thinking, cause anxiety or fear, and will not go away" (The Cleveland Clinic [TCC], 2002). Compulsions are "behaviors or rituals that are repeated intentionally to try to control the obsessions" (TCC, 2002). This disorder usually manifests in childhood or early adolescence, and occurs equally in men and women, and in people of all different races and socioeconomic backgrounds. Currently, this disorder affects approximately 3.3 million adults and over 1 million children and adolescents in the United States (TCC, 2002). The review of this disorder will focus on four different aspects: 1. Diagnosis and characteristics of the disorder; 2. Causes of the disorder; 3. Treatment of the disorder; 4. Prevention and outlook of the disorder."
Abstract The paper examines the case of "Jake," who has an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) which has reemerged after the birth of his child. The paper explains the diagnosis for OCD and outlines the probable causes that can be broken into neurobiology, etiology and genetic factors. The paper offers recommendations for the treatment of this condition.
Outline:
Introduction
Diagnosis
Possible Causes
Recommended Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper "Jake had been able to cope with his panic attacks and compulsive concern for cleanliness at various points in his life, including in college and when he met and married his wife, Ally. He was able to tune his environment to cater to his desire for low stimuli: this extended to his wife (who liked quiet, indoor activities), his profession (accounting, which is an individual and rather isolated profession) and his choice of a place to live (not moving away from his home town).
"A major change came in Jake's life with the birth of his daughter."
A look at social deviance and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), using James Henslin's work, "Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach", as a basis for the discussion.
Abstract The paper refers to James Henslin's "Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach" and explains Henslin's belief that our notions of deviance are tied to our culture. The paper explores how people with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are a category of 'deviants' who do not share other common characteristics. The paper discusses how some forms of deviance are only a liability if society penalizes such traits, but for deviant traits like OCD, treatment might be better for the sufferer than tolerance.
From the Paper "One of the most emotionally charged concepts in the study of sociology is that of what constitutes "deviance." In common conversation, to call someone is a "deviant" is usually meant as an insult to that individual's character. It suggests that he or she lives beyond the pale of the law, or engages in aberrant sexual or social behavior. However, in James Henslin's Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, it becomes clear that our notions of deviance are tied to our culture, and what constitutes deviant behavior as a category is not a pre-existing 'fact.' For example, some Indian tribes accept hallucinogenic drug use as natural, rather than as illegal, unlike our own society (Henslin 2005: 139)."
Abstract This paper discusses how cognitive behavioral therapy suggests that the individual has learned negative thoughts or behaviors over time and has ultimately applied these thoughts and behaviors to life. These cognitive and behavioral processes may occur because of a specific event in life this is recalled through associations with like stimuli during other events. According to the paper, as time progresses the individual may distort these concepts which leads to detrimental cognitive or behavioral approaches to existence. The paper further discusses how in therapy the counselor works with the individual to first identify what the negative thoughts or behaviors are and allow the individual to comprehend how they began. What is significant in this process, is the patient then learning new thoughts or behaviors that will replace the negative ones over time.
Abstract This paper discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In particular, the paper describes what the disorder is, how prevalent it appears to be among Americans, what the etiology of the disease is, and what treatments are available to combat it. In addressing these matters, the paper looks at some empirical studies that have emerged in recent years and how they shape our understanding of this still largely inscrutable illness. In conclusion, the paper shows that it appears as though behavioral therapy is the best course of action - and considerably more preferable than any drug regimen.
From the Paper "The same path-breaking empirical work also goes further with regards to evaluating sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive neuroses. For one thing, there are six discrete sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive thoughts that researchers as early as the middle 1970s found enormously important and pervasive among patients. For instance, there is the motif of "dirt and contamination"; the theme of "aggression"; the theme of "inanimate-impersonal"; religious motifs; sexual obsessions; and miscellany of one sort or another that could not be comfortably placed in any of the preceding categories."
Abstract This paper explores in-depth the various underlying causes of OCD which is diagnosed like all Neuropsychiatric disorders by history, physical symptoms and lab tests. OCD is diagnosed as a psychiatric disease characterized by obsessions, repetitive thoughts, compulsions and ritualistic behaviors. This paper also discusses the myriad of treatments and medications available in controlling this mental disorder.
Topics covered in this report include:
Introduction
Causes of OCD Genetics
Abnormality of the Brain
Diagnosing OCD Mistakes in Diagnosing OCD Treating OCD Footnotes
References
From the Paper "A more controversial theory on what causes OCD may come from some research in the last couple of years on how infections can cause OCD. In order to explain why this theory has been considered, we must look at a similar problem with Strep. Rheumatic fever is a heart disease caused by a person getting Strep throat. In the process of their body's fighting off the disease, the person's body begins to have an autoimmune response to the bacteria. What happens is the person's body starts confusing the cells on the heart valves with the Strep bacteria."
Abstract This paper looks at obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a psychological disorder that causes the same stressful or alarming and worrisome thoughts to occur over and over, obsessively, in the mind of the person with the disorder.
Outline
What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
What is OCD Like?
How does One Get OCD?
How is OCD Diagnosed?
How is OCD Treated?
From the Paper "Children tend to show specific patterns. They may avoid sharp things out of a concern regarding injuring self or others. OCD often makes a child appear to dawdle when the child is actually repeatedly checking or counting something. They may appear to daydream when they?re actually stuck in an obsessive thought. If they have hand-washing rituals, they may spend extended amounts of time in the bathroom. Repeated checking and insistence on a stylized perception of perfection can cause late schoolwork. There may be signs of many erasures on papers. It may be hard to spot these things, because people with OCD often work hard to hide their traits so no one will try to make them give them up (Gale Ency., 2001)."
Abstract The paper refers to the literature concerning obsessive compulsive dsorders (OCD) in children and adolescents that shows how the disorder is not only debilitating but also lacking in the necessary tools for assessment and treatment. The paper discusses the classification of OCD as an anxiety disorder and reveals that the prevalence of the disorder is under diagnosed and underestimated. The paper includes the writer's personal reaction that much more research is necessary within this area of psychology.
Outline:
Lack of Research
What is Known about Childhood and Adolescent OCD Classification of OCD Some Additional Research
Prevalence
Personal Reaction
From the Paper "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and potentially disabling neuropsychiatric condition, which often emerges during late childhood or early adolescence. This disorder is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions which are deemed to be excessive to the extent that they cause distress in a person's life, and disrupt daily living patterns and functioning (APA, 1994). OCD in children tends to dominate every aspect of the affected child's life (Wolff & Wolff, 1991). The presence of obsessive thoughts and the overwhelming need to perform compulsive rituals may adversely affect the child's family and peer relationships, school performance, vocational functioning, participation in extracurricular activities, self-esteem, and emotional well-being (Wand, Furer & Shady, 1993; Thomsen & Jensen, 1991; Toro, Cevera, Osejo & Salamero, 1992)."
This paper discusses Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), a brain-based psychological disorder characterized by uncontrollable obsessions to perform repeatedly behavioral rituals.
Abstract This paper discusses that Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) must be distinguished from Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD), which is a completely different psychiatric disorder. Despite some similarity between the irrational themes underlying each disorder, OCPD patients do not typically perform compulsive rituals; rather, they tend to become preoccupied with perfectionism or with ordered regularity or rules. The author points out that Behavioral Modification Therapy is unsuccessful by itself, but it is often combined with Cognitive Therapy, in which the therapist discusses the irrationality of the specific fears underlying the patient's fears and compulsions. The paper states that the first goal of pharmacological treatment of OCD is to maintain a sufficient level of serotonin in the brain to eliminate OCD symptoms.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Symptoms
Treatment
Prognosis
From the Paper "The first line of medications used in conjunction with treatment of OCD is anti-anxiety medications or mild sedatives to counteract the increased anxiety that is often brought on by behavioral and cognitive psychotherapeutic approaches. If the patient is unresponsive (or not satisfactorily responsive) to a combination of behavioral and cognitive therapy, the next approach is usually the prescription of a Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor. Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors are classified either as Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRI) or Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI). As their names imply, both SRI's and SSRI's block the reuptake (or absorption) of the neurotransmitter seratonin to address seratonin insufficiency in the brains of patients exhibiting OCD symptoms. SSRI's are usually employed first because they affect only seratonin; whereas, SRI's also impinge upon other neurotransmitters that are unrelated to OCD symptoms. Consequently, SRI's are more likely to result in coincidental unwanted side effects, such as weight gain, tiredness, dizziness, as well as blood pressure changes and even cardiac irregularities."
Tags: cognitive, modification, drugs, seratonin, control
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the obsessive-compulsive disorder. The paper also discusses the treatments that are currently available to deal with this disorder. Other questions addressed include when and how OCD was recognized as a mental disorder and how OCD affects the neurological and physical capabilities of patients who are diagnosed with the disorder. The writer points out that while OCD can interfere with normal functioning and make life extremely difficult for the patient, there is no cure for the disorder, but treatment does result in control of symptoms.
From the Paper "All people need routine, rituals and habits in order to organize their daily lives. For example, organization and arrangement of belongings and supplies is essential both at home and at work. People who have obsessive-compulsive disorder, however, are often so concerned with order and ritual that these activities require a great deal of time and become a real problem in their daily lives. Basically, obsessive-compulsive disorder is disorder that "causes a person's thoughts to repeat. These repeating thoughts, called obsessions, lead a person with OCD to perform certain tasks over and over in an effort to make the obsessions go away"."
Abstract The paper discusses how obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is strongly anxiety-based. The paper examines how the nursing professional must be aware of the possible causes, symptoms and various treatments that are related to this disorder. The paper further examines how caring for these patients involves stress and anxiety reduction techniques, which the nurse can use to alleviate and ameliorate the symptoms of the OCD patient.
Outline:
Synopsis
OCD and Nursing Care
From the Paper "Appropriate nursing care of this disorder firstly involves firstly a deep understanding of the disorder. The full comprehension of facets of this disorder will enable the nurse to deal with the patient in a supportive way and work with doctors and therapists. One of the aspects that has been successful and which the nurse can be aware of in the treatment of these patients, is the use of exposure-based behavioral treatments. These can also be used in conjunction with anxiety management strategies. In essence the nurse can "Learn how to recognize these disabling disorders and help your patient take control of her life." (Antai-Otong D. P. 36)"
A critique of the film "What About Bob?" by Frank Oz and book
"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: The Latest Assessment and Treatment Strategies" by Gail Steketee.
Abstract This paper presents a critique of a film, What About Bob", and a book, "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: The latest Assessmentand Treatment Strategies, which are both about obsessive compulsive disorder. The paper explains that the author learned from the film that the sociopathic, interpersonal behaviors, which the character of Bob in the film exhibits, are some of the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD). The paper then relates that a major area of contention in the book is the use of medications to help resolve the common symptoms of OCD. The author stresses that Steketee provides a great deal of insight about behavioral therapy, which provides far more solutions to OCD than the medicinal and surgical treatments often found in other studies done for patient treatment.
From the Paper "Some of the others question about Steketee's reliance on behavioral therapy for treatment is the Appendix where she describes many of the findings of clinical studies that provide information about behavioral therapy. Certainly, the success rates of behavioral therapy need to be addressed far more often than the heavily sponsored pharmaceutical studies being done due to their massive financial resources. Steketee provides the foundation for behavioral studies that give her the premise of providing more behavioral solutions for patients that are suffering from this disorder."
Abstract This paper studies obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children. The paper begins by discussing the lack of a precise known cause of OCD. Next the paper looks at treatment of a psychiatric condition that may be both neurobiological and psychological. The paper also examines the debilitating impact of this anxiety disorder and some solutions.
From the Paper "Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD is a complicated and still puzzling psychiatric disorder that has been called one of the most debilitating of the anxiety disorders. Recent studies suggest that approximately..."
Abstract In 'Coping Strategies Used by the Relatives of People with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder', Stengler, Wenzke, Trosbach, Dietrich, and Angermeyer (2004) collectively conducted a qualitative study of the coping mechanisms employed by the family members of individuals who suffer from OCD. This essay attempts to understand as fully as possible the burden that is placed on those individuals in caring for OCD victims both in the sense of responsibility but also psychosocial ramifications.
From the Paper "Established in 1946, the IMF was formed as an international organization of 182 countries, established to promote international monetary cooperation, orderly exchange arrangements; that fosters economic growth and high levels of employment; have exchange stability, and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries under enough safeguards to help ease balance of payments adjustment. It was now time for Russia to turn to the world for help."
