Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December of 1941. The paper points out that the occupation lasted till the early autumn of 1945, and the brutality of the experience is still a topic of resentment. It asserts that the occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living there. The paper adds that Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The paper concludes that the fall of Hong Kong and the Japanese occupation were shattering events that have shaped Hong Kong's culture and consciousness.

Outline:
Introduction
Taking Hong Kong
A Fighting People
The 21st Century
A Changed Identity?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One is unsurprised by comments of older people from Hong Kong on a 'Japanese mentality' or condemnation of recent Japanese elections favouring right-wing candidates. Stories still abound of Hong Kong civilians forced to dig hideouts for Japanese boats on Lamma Island, the diggers killed to keep the boats' locations secret. Part of the trouble involves how such horrid events contrasted with a colony of which many Chinese were most proud for Hong Kong had grown from nothing after the 1840s, the work of ordinary immigrants from the Mainland, the British administration working in their favour in years when the Mainland was hopelessly turbulent or just inefficient. In fact, after World War II, people wanted a return to stable government, eschewing decolonization in favour of colonial rule that lasted till 1997. The Japanese occupation had a deep impact, in this sense, as in 1952 proposed liberal reforms were not of interest to the public. Authoritative, stable rule was wanted instead, for the IJA occupation had destroyed Hong Kong's pre-War trading economy based on entrepot shipping and services linking the Chinese treaty ports that were most profitable. Hong Kong was a place of employment, education and hope, different from other European colonies in the region, its atmosphere said to be happier and more harmonious than in British Malaya or Singapore. Its people were often the children or the grandchildren of 19th century migrants, many from Canton, the whole social order differing from that of China, the well to do proud to descend from some ordinary soul to head for Hong Kong to make his fortune, away from the rigid class system of Mainland China, Qing instability and corruption."

Tags:WWII, occupation, invasion

Abstract
This paper explores why the memory of the Japanese invasion and occupation of 1941 to 1945 have remained parts of Hong Kong's culture to shape attitudes and political thinking into the present. Th paper includes references to academic papers and several journal articles. Additionally, the paper notes that the Imperial Japanese Army's occupation was most harsh and for three years and 8 months Hong Kong's people survived under martial law and had their economy destroyed.

From the Paper
"Some historical events prove unforgettable, years later, for they shape new events and also, the cultures that grow up around them. Hong Kong's invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in December of 1941 and a difficult Japanese occupation till September of 1945 can be seen to have strong legacies. The time is associated with Japanese brutality and economic ruin, the present miracle of Hong Kong something built after 1945 in the aftermath of a complete disaster. Thinking on contemporary Japan is shaped by the World War II experience towards popular distrust of Japanese..."

Tags:hong kong, ww2, occupation

Abstract
This paper explores the ongoing significance of the brutal Japanese occupation in Hong Kong's during World War II. The paper describes impact culturally on Hong Kong and the civilian suffering that took place. Additionally, the paper touches on today's lingering resentment and mistrust of Japan in Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"History can shape cultures over very long periods of time. Hong Kong was invaded by the Japanese in December of 1941 and occupied till the early autumn of 1945, an experience remembered for its brutality that is still a topic of resentment. The occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living, there. Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The reader..."

Tags:hong kong, ija occupation, xmas 1941

Abstract
The paper discusses how women were an important factor to the outcome of WWII and the involvement of women in WWII altered the social status and working lives of women globally from that point on. The paper describes how attitudes toward women during the Nazi occupation were typically paternalistic, but there were situations and times that the attitude toward women were equal to that of men (Lewis).

From the Paper
"Women were an important factor to the outcome of WWII. The involvement of women in WWII altered the social status and working lives of women globally from that point on. The attitudes toward women during the Nazi occupation were typically paternalistic, but there were situations and times that the attitude toward women were equal to that of men (Lewis). The roles of women in WWII were more extensive than during any other war period in history. In the United States alone by 1945 2.2 million women were employed in the war industries which consisted of weaponry, aircraft, ship and vehicle building. Factory work, farming and munitions plants were..."

Tags:women, nazi, occupation

Abstract
The paper examines America's occupation of Japan after World War II, governed at the time by Douglas MacArthur, known as the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP). The paper explains that he helped revive the Japanese economy, the Japanese political system and major reforms in various institutions in Japan. This led to an agreement in San Francisco in 1951 to allow Japan to defend herself and to continue with her economic development.

From the Paper
"The end of World War II in the Pacific came in 1945, but the war did not end for Japan for some time even though the fighting was over. After the war, Japan was occupied for some time by the U.S. under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. The Japanese chafed under the restrictions placed on the country by MacArthur and his administration, but in the long term, the people emerged from this era stronger and fully able to take advantage of new economic opportunities, allowing them not only to rebuild their country but to achieve a major increase in economic terms over the next several decades."

Tags:occupation, japan, scap

Abstract
The subject of this paper is the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during the Second World War and how a lengthy treatment of this important subject by author Philip Snow is assessed by two scholars who reviewed his work; the names of those scholars are N.E. Sarantakes, a military historian stationed at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama, and J.F. Tsai, whose work has been published in several academic journals. The subject of each man's article is a simple one: they wish to discuss the historical veracity of Snow's claims with regards to the occupation and they wish to highlight also areas where he has erred. It may be said that the general approach taken by each man is analytical and topical as opposed to chronological or strictly descriptive and their attention is focused on the period from 1941-1945 when the occupation took place.

From the Paper
History of Hong Kong: How Two Different Scholars Approach One Book's Interpretation of the Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong during the Second World War The subject of this paper is the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during the Second World War and how a lengthy treatment of this important subject by author Philip Snow is assessed by two scholars who reviewed his work; the names of those scholars are N.E. Sarantakes, a military historian stationed at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama, and J.F. Tsai, whose work has been published in several academic journals. The subject of each man's article is a simple one: they wish to discuss the historical veracity of

Tags:hong, kong, war

Abstract
The recent change in the American foreign policy direction, which has seen the replacement of its traditional anti-colonialist tilt by the neo-conservative belief of guided nation building, evokes a lot of interest in the history of United States' occupation of post world war II Japan. The paper shows that although each occupation is different--the political, social and cultural environment as well as the historical context of every war and country being different-- it is interesting to study how the Americans handled the re-building of Japan in the post-World War II period. There is no doubt that the United State government's influence in shaping the future of Japan was overwhelming. In fact it would not be wrong to state that Japan's current political and economic status as a first world power is a direct result of the guiding philosophy developed by the Potsdam Declaration and further defined by the United States Government. The paper shows that in the aftermath of the War, the Supreme Commander for Allied Powers (SCAP) became responsible to carry out these policies and directives. The Allied Council and Far Eastern Commission had a formal but token involvement in the reconstruction of post war Japan. This was essentially an American undertaking. The reconstruction of Japan was accomplished by SCAP relying on the existing Japanese government and its agencies, especially the bureaucracy, to implement its policies. This paper examines how far the U.S. was responsible in changing the course of Japan's political and social direction and whether the lessons learnt from Japan's post war occupation and nation building are applicable in the present day scenario.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most glaring example of the American attempt of "re-engineering" the Japanese society and government was the new Japanese constitution drafted in 1946 in the Supreme Commander's headquarters on lines laid down by MacCarthur himself. The new constitution stripped the emperor of the sweeping powers granted to him by the Meiji constitution, making him instead just the symbol of the Japanese nation in a largely ceremonial role. It provided for a British-style parliamentary system, with a cabinet elected by and responsible to the House of Representatives renamed as the National Diet . ("Japan," Encarta, para on postwar reform) In the constitution General MacCarthur insisted on inserting a provision that denounced war , besides recognizing the status of trade unions, the right of votes for women, and the freedom of press. The constitution is in some ways even more "libertine" than the American constitution".

Tags:General, MacCarthur, Demilitarization, Zaibatsu

Abstract
A look at the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviets. The author examines this occupation from the time before conflict till the time the Soviets fought against Afghan soldiers. A look at the events leading up to this occupation.

From the Paper
"The Soviet experience in Afghanistan is like that of many other world powers throughout history. Nations such as the United States, Britain, France, and China have all enjoyed the difficulties of imperialism. One in which a large, broad, foreign force was used to counter a small force of relatively ill-equipped, native insurgents. In each of these cases the indigenous forces were clearly outgunned and out manned, however they proved to be indomitable. Their will and persistence was stronger than any professional army, more destructive than any modern weapon, and more capable than any highly trained soldier."

Tags:east, middle, russia, terrorism, war

Abstract
The following paper will look at the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in the period 1942-45. Specifically, the paper will look at how the arrival of the Japanese clearly spelled the end of the ancient colonial rule of the Dutch; in that regard, it really meant the end of the silly and quaint notion that Caucasians were somehow superior to those of darker skin. The paper will then look at the Japanese's acknowledgement of Indonesian nationalism (which may, ultimately, have proved a mistake) and at the Japanese administration's relatively enlightened treatment of the Mataram Dynasty in Java; the set of precepts set down for the princes during this period reflects a military administration smart enough to know that it had enough global enemies and did not need any more. The essay will subsequently glance at how the Japanese sought to win over the support of the kikayi and the ulama through aggressive education programs and some comments will be made about the unintended positive benefits which derived from the repressive Japanese occupation. Last of all, the paper will address the question of why the Japanese, who do not appear to have been any more brutal in their own way than the Dutch were in theirs (and had the added benefit of being Asian) never quite managed to gain the grudging tolerance of the Indonesian people. In the final analysis, two things will emerge from this paper: the Japanese were more enlightened in Indonesia than one might expect; and, just as significantly, they were never going to (within the time-span of the Second World War) gain complete acceptance in Indonesia - no matter how many concessions they granted to the Mataram dynasty - because they were a horde of conquerors from abroad simply doing what the Dutch had already done.

From the Paper
The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia in 1942-45 and why the Japanese Never Win the Struggle for Hearts and Minds despite Freeing Indonesia from Dutch Control The following paper will look at the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in the period 1942-45. Specifically, the paper will look at how the arrival of the Japanese clearly spelled the end of the ancient colonial rule of the Dutch; in that regard, it really meant the end of the silly and quaint notion that Caucasians were somehow superior to those of darker skin. The paper will then look at the Japanese's acknowledgement of Indonesian nationalism (which may, ultimately, have proved a mistake) and at the

Tags:indonesia, dutch, japanese

Abstract
The paper explores the intent and goals of the American occupation of Japan. The paper also discusses the many effects of the occupation on Japan, including social, economic, industrial, educational and political changes that allowed the nation to become one of the top industrial and technological competitors in the world.

From the Paper
"The main result of the American Occupation of Japan by many accounts was the fact that Japan came out of it as one of the strongest and most educated, technologically advanced nations of the world. In recent decades Japan has even been more advanced than America in many areas of technology and mathematics and it can be traced back to the measures put into place to begin a democracy in Japan during the 1945-1952 occupation (Costa, Danielle The American Occupation in Japan 1997 Tufts University: Chinese and Japanese Politics)"

Tags:General, McArthur, education, land, system, technology, ideology