Abstract This paper studies obsessivecompulsivedisorder (OCD) in children. The paper begins by discussing the lack of a precise known cause of OCD. Next the paper looks at treatment of a psychiatric condition that may be both neurobiological and psychological. The paper also examines the debilitating impact of this anxiety disorder and some solutions.
From the Paper "Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD is a complicated and still puzzling psychiatric disorder that has been called one of the most debilitating of the anxiety disorders. Recent studies suggest that approximately..."
Abstract This paper examines Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder (OCD) in adults and children. The paper begins with a discussion of the etiology and prevalence of the disease. Next the paper reviews co-morbid diseases. The paper then focuses on the symptoms and treatment of OCD, with special emphasis on the role of the nurse as therapist and educator.
Abstract This paper discusses obsessivecompulsivedisorder (OCD). In particular, the paper describes what the disorder is, how prevalent it appears to be among Americans, what the etiology of the disease is, and what treatments are available to combat it. In addressing these matters, the paper looks at some empirical studies that have emerged in recent years and how they shape our understanding of this still largely inscrutable illness. In conclusion, the paper shows that it appears as though behavioral therapy is the best course of action - and considerably more preferable than any drug regimen.
From the Paper "The same path-breaking empirical work also goes further with regards to evaluating sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive neuroses. For one thing, there are six discrete sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive thoughts that researchers as early as the middle 1970s found enormously important and pervasive among patients. For instance, there is the motif of "dirt and contamination"; the theme of "aggression"; the theme of "inanimate-impersonal"; religious motifs; sexual obsessions; and miscellany of one sort or another that could not be comfortably placed in any of the preceding categories."
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the obsessive-compulsivedisorder and cognitive behavior displayed by the main character Melvin Udall (played by Jack Nicholson) in the movie 'As Good As It Gets.' The paper includes quotations from the movie and actual examples of the behavior displayed by Melvin that constitute OCD.
From the Paper "The character Melvin Udall (played by Jack Nicholson) in the movie As Good As It Gets displays symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and cognitive distortions. Melvin is a writer whose meticulous, routine-drenched yet quirky world suddenly turns upside down when his gay neighbor, Simon Bishop (played by Greg Kinnear), gets beaten up and has to go to the hospital, leaving his pet dog, Verdell, in Melvin's care. What further complicates Melvin's life is that the only waitress in his favorite cafe who can put up with him, Carolll Connelly (played by Helen Hunt), has to quit work to take care of her sick son."
Abstract This paper looks at obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD), a psychological disorder that causes the same stressful or alarming and worrisome thoughts to occur over and over, obsessively, in the mind of the person with the disorder.
Outline
What is ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder?
What is OCD Like?
How does One Get OCD?
How is OCD Diagnosed?
How is OCD Treated?
From the Paper "Children tend to show specific patterns. They may avoid sharp things out of a concern regarding injuring self or others. OCD often makes a child appear to dawdle when the child is actually repeatedly checking or counting something. They may appear to daydream when they?re actually stuck in an obsessive thought. If they have hand-washing rituals, they may spend extended amounts of time in the bathroom. Repeated checking and insistence on a stylized perception of perfection can cause late schoolwork. There may be signs of many erasures on papers. It may be hard to spot these things, because people with OCD often work hard to hide their traits so no one will try to make them give them up (Gale Ency., 2001)."
This paper discusses Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder (OCD), a brain-based psychological disorder characterized by uncontrollable obsessions to perform repeatedly behavioral rituals.
Abstract This paper discusses that ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder (OCD) must be distinguished from ObsessiveCompulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD), which is a completely different psychiatric disorder. Despite some similarity between the irrational themes underlying each disorder, OCPD patients do not typically perform compulsive rituals; rather, they tend to become preoccupied with perfectionism or with ordered regularity or rules. The author points out that Behavioral Modification Therapy is unsuccessful by itself, but it is often combined with Cognitive Therapy, in which the therapist discusses the irrationality of the specific fears underlying the patient's fears and compulsions. The paper states that the first goal of pharmacological treatment of OCD is to maintain a sufficient level of serotonin in the brain to eliminate OCD symptoms.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Symptoms
Treatment
Prognosis
From the Paper "The first line of medications used in conjunction with treatment of OCD is anti-anxiety medications or mild sedatives to counteract the increased anxiety that is often brought on by behavioral and cognitive psychotherapeutic approaches. If the patient is unresponsive (or not satisfactorily responsive) to a combination of behavioral and cognitive therapy, the next approach is usually the prescription of a Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor. Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors are classified either as Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRI) or Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI). As their names imply, both SRI's and SSRI's block the reuptake (or absorption) of the neurotransmitter seratonin to address seratonin insufficiency in the brains of patients exhibiting OCD symptoms. SSRI's are usually employed first because they affect only seratonin; whereas, SRI's also impinge upon other neurotransmitters that are unrelated to OCD symptoms. Consequently, SRI's are more likely to result in coincidental unwanted side effects, such as weight gain, tiredness, dizziness, as well as blood pressure changes and even cardiac irregularities."
Tags: cognitive, modification, drugs, seratonin, control
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the obsessive-compulsivedisorder. The paper also discusses the treatments that are currently available to deal with this disorder. Other questions addressed include when and how OCD was recognized as a mental disorder and how OCD affects the neurological and physical capabilities of patients who are diagnosed with the disorder. The writer points out that while OCD can interfere with normal functioning and make life extremely difficult for the patient, there is no cure for the disorder, but treatment does result in control of symptoms.
From the Paper "All people need routine, rituals and habits in order to organize their daily lives. For example, organization and arrangement of belongings and supplies is essential both at home and at work. People who have obsessive-compulsive disorder, however, are often so concerned with order and ritual that these activities require a great deal of time and become a real problem in their daily lives. Basically, obsessive-compulsive disorder is disorder that "causes a person's thoughts to repeat. These repeating thoughts, called obsessions, lead a person with OCD to perform certain tasks over and over in an effort to make the obsessions go away"."
A critique of the film "What About Bob?" by Frank Oz and book
"ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder: The Latest Assessment and Treatment Strategies" by Gail Steketee.
Abstract This paper presents a critique of a film, What About Bob", and a book, "ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder: The latest Assessmentand Treatment Strategies, which are both about obsessivecompulsivedisorder. The paper explains that the author learned from the film that the sociopathic, interpersonal behaviors, which the character of Bob in the film exhibits, are some of the symptoms of obsessivecompulsivedisorders (OCD). The paper then relates that a major area of contention in the book is the use of medications to help resolve the common symptoms of OCD. The author stresses that Steketee provides a great deal of insight about behavioral therapy, which provides far more solutions to OCD than the medicinal and surgical treatments often found in other studies done for patient treatment.
From the Paper "Some of the others question about Steketee's reliance on behavioral therapy for treatment is the Appendix where she describes many of the findings of clinical studies that provide information about behavioral therapy. Certainly, the success rates of behavioral therapy need to be addressed far more often than the heavily sponsored pharmaceutical studies being done due to their massive financial resources. Steketee provides the foundation for behavioral studies that give her the premise of providing more behavioral solutions for patients that are suffering from this disorder."
This paper discusses the anxiety disorder called obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD), which was once considered a rare disorder but now is among the most common psychiatric diagnoses.
Abstract This paper explains that the DSM-IV-TR lists criteria for the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD) as: (1) Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses or images, which are intrusive, inappropriate and cause anxiety during the disturbance, (2) these cannot be excessive worries about real-life problems, (3) the person attempts to ignore, suppress or neutralize them with another thought or action and (4) the person recognizes that these obsessive thoughts, impulses or images are a product of his or her own mind. The author points out that the most common life event, which can lead to OCD, is a strict home environment while growing up. The paper examines the psychoanalytical and behavioral theories of causation of OCD, which relate directly to the selected treatment; however, the behaviorist's systematic-desensitization process is the most successful with a rate of 80% if maintained over several years.
From the Paper "The course of Obsessive-Compulsive disorder is generally chronic, meaning life-long. However, the intensity of the symptoms fluctuates throughout life and occasionally has been reported to remit spontaneously. The most common event that leads to OCD becoming chronic, happens when the patient suppresses rituals because of the unusual symptoms. They usually become withdrawn and introverted as to hide their symptoms from others. This leads to depression which then leads to them getting treatment for that depression, which then in turn leads the psychologist to discover the more serious underlying cause of OCD. By the time the OCD is discovered it's usually too late and the OCD is already set in stone and becomes life-long."
Abstract Within the context of multi-disciplinary practice, relevant legislation and social policy, this essay outlines and evaluates two methods of intervention applicable to working with children and young people with a mental health disorder, obsessivecompulsivedisorder (OCD). The methods of intervention that are outlined and evaluated are cognitive behavioural therapy and opportunity led work. The essay also addresses the challenges inherent in practicing across different value bases and theoretical understandings of the medical and social model of mental health. Throughout the essay, an awareness of oppressive and discriminatory practice is present.
From the Paper "There are two theoretical perspectives to take into consideration when working with people with mental health issues; the medical model and the social model. The medical model has a broad application however it does originally sit in the field of medicine. The medical model follows a general series of events; diagnosis stage, prescriptive stage and curative stage. The diagnostic stage is when the individual goes to see the professional, be it a doctor or a psychologist. The prescriptive stage is when the individual describes what is wrong with them or explains what is happening to them. The curative stage is the resolution stage where the professional attempts to find a solution to the problem. The medical model does not take into consideration any external forces such as family or social networks when dealing with the individual whereas the social model is based on these external influences on the individual. The medical model is defined by a set medical framework and this then defines how the individual will be viewed, this differs from social work as the interventions are always client led."
Abstract The paper explains that obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD) is an anxiety driven mental illness that results in life altering behaviors and relates that it is the fourth most common psychiatric handicap or disability in the United States today. The paper discusses the symptoms, the available treatments and how one can live with the stigmas involved. The paper concludes that diagnosing and treating patients with OCD is vital to their health and well-being. New research continues to offer promising new revelations regarding OCD and other anxiety driven psychological disorders.
Outline:
Overview OCD/Diagnosis
Symptoms OCD Treatment OCD Living With The Stigma of OCD Conclusions
From the Paper "Obsessive-compulsive disorder or OCD is one of many treatable anxiety disorders that pose "significant mental health problems" and "impair social functioning and quality of life" for patients diagnosed with the disease (Valente, 2002: 125). Anxiety disorders like OCD are among the more common forms of psychiatric disorders, yet they often receive relatively little attention with regard to research and medical history (Valente, 2002). Rasmussen & Eisen (1992) define OCD as the "fourth most common" psychiatric handicap or disability in the United States today."
Abstract This paper describes a study that examines whether the effects of thought suppression, present in obsessivecompulsivedisorder (OCD) sufferers, may be present in those at risk of developing OCD before they are diagnosed. The study is conducted using children with at least one parent who has been diagnosed with OCD. The study also utilizes the technique of journal completion by the participants to investigate further the underlying processes of thought suppression which may be present in those at risk of developing OCD.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Limitations
Discussion
Results
From the Paper "Although there have been studies to examine the deficit in cognitive inhibitory processes in adults, it is so far unclear whether the processes are a predictive factor of obsessive compulsive disorder development. It is possible that the cognitive deficits may be something which develops with the onset of obsessive compulsive disorder. This study aims to assess whether the cognitive deficits may be predictive of obsessive compulsive disorder through psychologically based experiments with the children of those diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder.
"One prominent feature of obsessive compulsive disorder is the attempt by sufferers to ignore and suppress their intrusive thoughts (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). This strategy is not usually successful and may in fact lead to the intrusive thoughts occurring with increased frequency. The cognitive-behavioral model of OCD suggests that this failure to control intrusive thoughts is a key factor in the formation of frequent and intense obsessions that are the key characteristic factor of the disorder (Rachman, 1998; Salkovskis, 1994)."
Abstract This paper deals with the nursing aspects of working in an outpatient capacity with young patients suffering from various levels of Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder. It analyzes the literature on OCD treatment from a number of perspectives and from the relatively benign, such as fear of flying, to life-threatening, such as anorexia.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder A Narrative Approach to Body Dysmorphic Disorder Self-Injurious Behavior: A Bi-Modal Treatment Approach to Working with Adolescent Females
Measurement of Nonclinical Personality Characteristics of Women with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa
Conclusion
From the Paper "SSRI's have helped to transform OCD treatment for many with mild- to moderate OCD syndromes. This metastudy looked at the literature which pertains to pediatric and adolescent sufferers of OCD, which is a helpful expansion from earlier clinical work done on SSRI's with adults. The meta-study looked exclusively at well-conducted clinical trials, which were randomized, double-blinded, limited to patients 19 or under, and had a placebo or other sort of control. The study does not indicate whether all patients were analyzed on a prospective rather than a retrospective basis, which would be an additional claim of objectivity.
In all, the meta-study included 12 studies with 1,044 participants, an average of 87 patients per study. Given that four SSRI's were evaluated, it is difficult to draw statistically-significant conclusions from these studies--many were simply underpowered, with some n's as low as 21, 7 and 11. This meta-study calculated a "fail-safe N," a number below which negative data would disprove the conclusions; this author would argue that the total number of participants was too close to the fail-safe N to be able to draw statistically valid conclusions."
Abstract This paper is a detailed, up-to-date description of obsessive-compulsivedisorder. The paper examines the signs, symptoms and possible underlying causes of the disorder. It illustrates theories of etiology and explanation of the disorder, and its pharmacological and psychological treatment is discussed. The writer claims that more research is required for successful treatment of the disorder.
From the Paper "Of all mental disorders, with the possible exception of depression, anxiety disorders are the most common and most intricate to diagnose, as clinicians must constantly differentiate between patients experiencing acute, normal anxiety and patients disabled by a pathological condition. The key factor differentiating between normal anxiety and pathology is subjective in nature - "appropriateness". Persons experiencing the death of a loved one, divorce, sickness, or other catastrophic life events benefit by their appropriate physiological and psychological reactions. As the duration and intensity of the anxiety state increases in response to more commonplace and innocuous stimuli the patient's anxiety progressively becomes pathological. Eventually the anxiety state becomes pervasive enough to interfere with every day functioning and overall quality of life and induces the patient to seek treatment. This anxiety may take many forms from vague and generalized, unspecified, or directly related to a specific traumatic event. One such form of anxiety is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and after phobias, it is the most prevalent form of pathological anxiety."
Abstract This paper looks at obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD). It explains the nature of this mental illness and discusses the two main theories about how it occurs. Treatment methods and their effectiveness are looked at. The writer concludes that behavioral therapy is the most effective treatment method.
From the Paper "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors and must repeat certain actions over and over to relieve that stress or to obtain from danger. Pierre Janet described obsessive-compulsive disorder by using the term psychasthenia. Sigmund Freud described obsessions and compulsions as psychological defenses used to deal with sexual and aggressive conflicts in the unconscious mind (Bruce Bower: 1987). OCD is also known as ?The Doubting Disease,? because it's as though the mind doesn?t register when the person does a certain action, which triggers the source of the obsession (USA Today:1995). Unlike most people with anxiety disorders, those diagnosed with OCD are more obsessed with what will happen to others instead of themselves (Edna Foa: 1995). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder occurs in a spectrum from mild to severe. At some point the person will see the actions or thoughts as unreasonable and senseless. All people have habits and routines, but what makes obsessive-compulsive people different is the fact that their obsessions and compulsions interfere with their daily lives (American Family Physician: 2000)."
