Abstract
The paper shows how Marcel Duchamp paved the way for the acceptance of Andy Warhol's work by redefining what was considered art. The paper describes how Duchamp took several everyday objects and combined them in an unexpected way, while Andy Warhol's work transformed ordinary objects into art. The paper points out the similarities and differences between the two artists' style of art.

Outline:
From Readymades to Soup Cans
Defining the Pop Art Movement

From the Paper
"Andy Warhol's work transforms ordinary objects into art that summarizes the industrialization that permeated his society. Perhaps the most poignant proclamation by Warhol was his painting of 50 soup cans. This symbolized the uniformity and confines of modern society. Each of the cans was an individual in its own right, but in mass, the individuality disappeared. Duchamp paved the way for the acceptance of Warhol's work by redefining what was considered art .
"Duchamp's 'Readymades' radically changed ideas about what art is and what art is not. Duchamp used ordinary, mass produced objects placed in gallery spaces. One of the most controversial examples of this type of redefinition of a common object was his rendition of a urinal, which he creatively redubbed "The Fountain." . Transforming ordinary objects into an art form exemplifies a key similarity between Warhol and Duchamp."

Tags:images, objects

Abstract
This paper will seek to understand how art in Florence, Italy was created, and by whom in the age of the Renaissance. By understanding the artist, some of the works that make this period so special, and what Florence was aiming for in the objectives of their art. By understanding all of these elements, we can see how the artist, and the patron brought together a humanistic art to a city built for great achievements.

Abstract
This paper discusses how art is deeply integrated in the object-based paradigm of narrative. It specifically focuses on how through ancient objects found during excavation expeditions, it has become possible to create a visual narrative, particularly of ancient history. The paper concludes that art, culture, narrative and history are inextricably intertwined and that the art critic and historian should both understand the importance not only of science and excavation, but also of recognizing the dynamic nature of history seen through art.

From the Paper
"Digitization offers the artist the opportunity to combine art and narrative in a variety of new and creative ways, making art, like history, a dynamic process by means of its audience and its requirements. Art can now be posted on the Internet and emailed to friends. Text and music files can be added to the visual arts. A large amount of followers can discuss the work in real time via their Internet connections. These elements are indicative of the fact that art has become much more accessible to the general public than the case had been before. In this way, artists connect directly with their audience, and feedback helps them to develop and grow in their social and political comment. It is these type of artists that will leave behind the works to indicate to future generations how this generation lived."

Tags:excavation, visual, object, craft, observation

Abstract
The writer of this paper details the artistic and cultural significance of an Iroquois ritual object; a turtle rattle, ca 1890, which was found in North America. This paper contains a detailed description of the object, a large turtle rattle which is composed of the complete shell and skin of a snapping- turtle, 12-14 inches long, with head and neck stretched and held by stick splints to form a handle. The writer describes how this and other similar objects were used in Native Americans ceremonies and healing rituals. This paper delves into the significance of this and other artistic objects that were intrinsic to the native way of life. These objects were created in prehistoric times for utilitarian purposes.

Table of Contents:
Brief Description
Description
Research
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The turtle rattle was also a musical instrument in ceremonial use. One of its most important functions was its significance in the False Face ceremonies. One of the most distinguishing features of the Iroquois belief system is the reliance on the mask for religious and ritual purposes. These masks are often designated as False Faces. This term refers to the first False Face and the mythical origins of protective and healing spirits. They are used in introductory and agricultural rituals. The turtle rattles play a significant part in these important rituals. The turtle rattle is therefore integrated with the overall understanding of the origin myths of the Iroquois Indians. The turtle rattle is also seen as a powerful object in its own right and not just a decorative or musical piece."

Tags:art, review, native, american, north, america, canada

Abstract
This paper discusses the ways in which art and culture have come to inform each other since the middle of the nineteenth century. The paper discusses five artworks that trace a history in which everyday life and objects have become more incorporated into the world of high art production. It discusses how each artist or group used or represented the everyday world and everyday objects in different ways across this span of time.

From the Paper
"There seems to be a reciprocal force at work in which art and culture reflect and create one another. Increasingly, the art world has embraced "reality" as the subject matter of art. Everyday experiences and objects have become the subject of artwork more and more since the mid-nineteenth century. This move away from royal, divine, untouchable and exalted subject matter has altered the way we think about the role of art in our lives and also how our reality is changed when it is represented in..."

Tags:art, history, culture

Abstract
The paper explores Walter Benjamin's, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" and specifically look at how digital cinema may be interpreted as a classic instance of technology democratizing the creative and artistic process, and as an instance of how technology can de-fetishize artifacts. The paper discusses how the camera in general is a tool that, given its mediated state, can become exploited to the full by those with political objectives in mind. Lastly, the paper looks at the redemptive aspects of modern mass-produced art (especially art as captured on film) and at how art can be used to "fine-tune" the "human apparatus of perception" - even as modern art is faced with distracted masses. The paper shows how the age of mass-produced and mass-replicated art is an age that offers much that is promising, much that is redemptive, but also some genuinely troubling challenges, as well.

Tags:work, art, reproduction

Abstract
This paper discusses different ways of looking at art, further describing how theorizing about art is made harder, ironically, by the actual works of art on which the theory is based. People tend to identify the physical work of art itself with the experience of the art. The paper concludes by noting that perception and actual art objects have always been two different things.

From the Paper
"John Dewey, in the first chapter of Art as Experience, argues that theorizing about art is made harder, ironically, by the actual works of art on which the theory is based. People tend to identify the physical work of art itself with the experience of the art. They should not do as, as these are different things. Dewey points out that there is a second problem in coming up with theories about art, and even in fully appreciating art. Some works of art develop a..."

Tags:art, technology, perception

Abstract
The paper relates that abstract art can trace its origin to the later part of the 19th century when artists began to move away from simply imitating the physical world and they began to use only color, shape and form to explore new artistic expressions. Hence, the paper notes that modern abstract art can be called non-representational and non-objective. The paper looks at one of the most important movements of modern abstract art which was the De Stijl group in the Netherlands, which began in 1917.

From the Paper
"Abstract art can trace its origin to the later part of the 19th century when artists began to move away from simply imitating the physical world. Cubist and futurist paintings for example "represent highly abstracted interpretations of the material world" (Arnason, 217). The abstract painters began to use only color, shape and form to explore new artistic expressions. Hence, modern abstract art can be called non-representational and non-objective. One of the most important movements in the development of modern abstract art was the De Stijl group in the Netherlands, which began in 1917. The group wanted to create "the art `for clarity, for..."

Tags:abstract art, art, mondrian

Abstract
This art study examines the American paintings and sculpture exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Arts in New York City. The writer notes that the exhibit is formulated around a three-fold objective: portraits, landscapes and sculpture for early American history. The writer maintains that by examining one piece from each of these sections of the exhibit, there can be a diversified analysis of how the pieces are placed into the overall framework of the museum. The writer concludes that these American art exhibits represent a historical view of early American history and stylistics.

From the Paper
"The historical perspective of this painting is recreated in a fictional pose for Washington and his solders as they cross the Delaware to surprise their British and Hessian enemy. This was an important point during the revolutionary war in which Washington gained a growing national and international support for the cause for independence. This aspect of the exhibition directly relates to the patriotic symbolism of the gallery, as it is representative of a collection that define American historical context. The painting is 149 x 255 inches and is placed within one of the large gallery rooms. The need for this is accentuated not only in its size, but for the centrality of its importance for the historical forum that the Metropolitan Museum of art is presenting. This painting is properly placed in the overall architecture of the northeastern part of the Met, since it allows a wide range of visibility and composure for the viewers to understand the crucial place this painting holds in American art history."

Tags:gallery, exhibit, symbolism, art, history

Abstract
This paper explains that goals and two intermediate objectives of Aggression Replace Training (ART), which "operationalizes" cognitive behavioral theory. The author outlines the essential procedures of the training program for ART. The paper designates several process measurements.

From the Paper
"The high incidence of violence especially among youth in American society is of great concern to citizens, lawmakers and law-enforcement agencies. The costs of the problems are staggering."

Tags:ART, cognitive, behavioral, theory