Abstract
This paper examines how today's medical science is capable of things only imagined in the past and how one of these is to freeze a man's sperm and impregnate a woman with it at some future time. It looks at how this practice raises many ethical issues as far as the legal professions are concerned, primarily informed consent, ownership of the sperm and many other issues. It shows how it also raises issues for the medical profession as well and examines the role of the nurse in relation to her ethical obligations and the moral issues imposed upon her concerning this tricky moral issue.

From the Paper
"The role of the clinical nurse in practice is that of a patient advocate (ANCI, 2002). She cannot let their own feelings interfere with the professional relationship between herself and the patient. Let us consider another case. Soldiers in the US who are getting ready to deeply of the Persian Gulf are depositing their sperm in a sperm bank to be used to impregnate their wives or other designated person in the event that they do not return from war (Reitman, 2003). This is a very different case from a legal and nursing standpoint as the dead person has made legal arrangements for this to happen. In this case, performing the procedure violates no law, and it is obvious what the wishes of the dead person were. This is very different than the case being explored where to perform the procedure directly violates a court order."

Tags:sperm, pregnancy, medical, profession

Abstract
The paper outlines the technique of in-vitro fertilization and the controversial methods of Dr. Kamrava who performs multiple IVF implantations in order to increase his success rate. The paper describes the case of Nadya Suleman who supported the implantation of six embryos; the paper considers the ethical considerations involved as well as the justifications offered by Suleman herself. The paper argues that the implantation of six embryos instead of the two recommended by the ASRM by Dr. Kamrava was medically irresponsible and ethically unsound in light of the tremendously increased risk of complications and the virtual certainty of birth defects and lifelong disabilities for at least one of the resulting children.

Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Considerations
Justification and Response
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Dr. John Jain, founder of Santa Monica Fertility Specialists, the novel fertility techniques pioneered by Kamrava are "controversial", especially in connection with the decision to implant so many embryos simultaneously into the patient (Mohajer, 2009). In general, IVF pregnancies are more problematic than non-IVF pregnancies, and multiple pregnancies are always more delicate than single pregnancies (Levine, 2008). In that regard, IVF-induced multiple pregnancies are significantly more likely to be associated with medical complications (Levine, 2008) and according to medical authorities, there are no known cases of octuplet birth in which none of the infants was born without "severe" disabilities (Clift, 2009)."

Tags:octuplets, fertility, embryos, fertilization

Abstract
This paper examines the issues surrounding 'In Vitro' fertilization. It describes what it is medically, who is eligible for this treatment, and the legal ramification of conceiving a child outside the biological uterus. The author writes that IVF often causes birth defects in children.

Table of Contents
Introduction to Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization
Causes of Infertility
Indicators for IVF (in vitro fertilization)
Steps in the IVF Treatment
Positive and Negative Effects of IVF Treatment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In vitro treatment is often used as an infertility treatment because "IVF offers couples who cannot have children naturally, a chance of having a baby" and even though fertilization takes place outside the woman's body, the couple will still experience the process of natural pregnancy and conception, as well as the opportunity to conceive their own child. In vitro fertilization also prevents the problem of custody over a child that usually happens when couples adopt or subsist to surrogacy, wherein the child was conceived in another woman's womb (fertility Confidential 2001). These problems are not only legally demanding, but also emotionally straining to couples that have used these measures to have their own child."

Tags:treatment, fertility, infertility, ivf, women, body, conception, child, custody, adopt, surrogacy, legal

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the artificial method of reproduction, in vitro fertilization, or IVF. Reasons why one might turn to IVF are listed as well as the usual pre-requisites clinics doctors might require before IVF treatments can commence for a couple. The author describes the process of getting IVF treatments and also touches on the objections that some Christian groups have regarding IVF.

Outline:
The Process
Controversy
Bibliography

From the Paper
"In Vitro Fertilization is an artificial method of reproduction, usually used when other attempts at assisted reproduction have been tried without success. In Vitro fertilization usually involves ripening the female's eggs, then removing them from the body, and then fertilizing them outside of the female's womb. The eggs are then replaced within the womb; several are usually inserted at once, since this makes it more likely that a pregnancy will result."

Tags:fertility treatment, ethics

Abstract
This paper discusses the advanced reproductive technologies that enable In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). The author describes the various possible reasons for infertility and indicates that IVF is a favorable solution to such problems. He further examines the advantages and disadvantages of IVF.

From the Paper
"With only a 40 percent chance of survival, Lance Armstrong, a noted racer bicyclist, was determined that his name live on, not through newspaper clippings, magazine articles, nor even through awards earned at the Tour de France. Armstrong wanted a child. So, although he had been diagnosed with testicular cancer, he had the foresight to freeze some of his own sperm. Thanks to his planning, in October 1999, his wife gave birth to a healthy son. And Armstrong, having overcome the cancer, can enjoy a baby that would have possibly been only a pipe dream had his wife not been fertilized with her husband's sperm. (Shifting 78). Had his child been cloned, the likelihood of that child suffering cancer in his lifetime could have been avoided.

"By applying decades of expertise in IVF [in vitro fertilization], it's possible to make cloning as safe and efficient for people as are other reproductive technologies." "Some IVF physicians already screen human embryos by plucking out one cell and checking it for specific mutations before placing the rest of the embryo in a woman's uterus." (Travis 250)."

Tags:infertility, sperm, conception, testicular, cloning, fertility, conceive, egg, ovary, embryos, cervical, uterus, natural, depression

Abstract
This paper reviews the technique of in-vitro fertilization, discusses basic reproductive science and describes all of the alternatives for increasing the chances of conception. The paper also discusses the conditions which cause infertility, the various infertility tests and conventional fertility treatments.. The paper then takes a look at the pros and cons of IVF, along with its successes and failures.


Outline
I. Introduction:
A. Infertility Definition.
B. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
C. Ethical Bombshells and Pertinent Statistics on IVF.
II. The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization:
A. Suppression and Developing Eggs.
B. Retrieving Eggs.
C. Developing Embryos.
D. Transferring Embryos.
E. Preparing the Uterus.
F. Pregnancy Tests.
III. Fertility Options:
A. Fertility Drugs.
B. Intrauterine Insemination.
C. Microsurgery.
IV. Two Case Studies:
A. The Case of Charlie Whitaker--the decision to create human life to save another human life.
B. Aaron Zitner and questions on this case.
C. The Case of Joshua--using IVF to obtain bone marrow.
D. Questions on this case.
V. Conclusion:
A. The Present and Future State of IVF.
B. A Final Defense of IVF.

From the Paper
"Generally speaking, there exists four specific options which an individual/couple may use instead of in-vitro fertilization. First of all, some may opt for fertility drugs which affect the ovulation cycle and bring it up to par with normal processes. These drugs are usually superovulatory, such as Gonal F or Follistim which are given by injection and often require close monitoring. As a supportive note, this approach has succeeded in getting millions of women pregnant who otherwise never would have conceived in a natural way. Second, intrauterine insemination has been used for many years and is usually done by injecting semen directly into the uterus prior to ovulation. This is often done in tandem with superovulatory drugs in order to increase the rate of success.Third, for women with endometriosis or blocked fallopian tubes, microsurgery can often clear up the problem for a healthy pregnancy. However, the success rate is around fifty percent and even when successful, the fallopian tubes can at times become re-blocked which would require more surgery. Fourth, men who are found to be infertile due to blockages can receive microsurgery on the transport tube found in the penis. The effectiveness with this technique is also around fifty percent (Elder, 215).
Obviously, after all of this discussion, it is abundantly clear that in-vitro fertilization deserves to be considered by those individuals/couples who have experienced much difficulty in conceiving a child. "

Tags:reproductive, technology, test-tube, embryo, harvesting, uterus, eggs

Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) - a practice of assisted reproductive technology that is now practiced all over the world. The author describes the process of IVF, the ethical issues that surround it as well as the pros and cons of the treatment. There are also two case studies included in this paper that defend the use of the IVF procedure.

Outline:
Introduction
The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization
Fertility Options
Two Case Studies -- Defending IVF

From the Paper
"Since the mid 1980's, this problem (at least according to some people) has become part of what is now known as assisted reproductive technology (ART), "a family of medical procedures that rely on advanced technology to achieve fertilization and pregnancy without intercourse." And within this "family," one procedure, now practiced all over the world, has generated great controversy and debate, namely, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), "a multi-step process in which a woman's eggs are grown with the aid of superovulatory drugs, retrieved from the ovaries at their peak, fertilized with sperm in lab dishes, and then transferred to the uterus in order to achieve pregnancy" (Elder, 79).
"Not surprisingly, in-vitro fertilization has generated quite a few ethical bombshells, one being a prominent fertility doctor who used his own sperm for insemination which resulted in seventy-five pregnancies (Flynn, 97). Thus, the scope of the problem related to unethical behavior is large since in-vitro fertilization is a huge,
worldwide industry which continues to expand every single year. The Office of Technology Assessment has estimated more than one billion dollars was spent in 1987 on infertility treatments by an estimated 2.5 million American couples."

Tags:pregnancy, drugs, ovaries, treatments

Abstract
This paper outlines the morality issue behind in vitro fertilization. The paper begins by explaining the concept of IV, so that the reader understands what specifically the method refers to. The paper then goes on to list and explain the various moral issues associated with the IV medical practice, including the biological, ethical and religious significance.

Contents:
Thesis
Introduction
In Vitro fertilization
Literature Review
Fate of the Embryo
Parental Rights
Cryoprecipitation
Human Embryo Research
Genetic Screening
Eugenics
Commercializing Reproduction
Multiple Births
Surrogacy
Religion
The Child
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1978 with the birth of Louise Brown, the first child conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), man finally realized his power to create, not passively through instinctual processes but consciously and actively. [Daar 1999] The desire to have children is strong in the human heart and infertility is a serious and painful issue. There are however more aspects to having a child than mere desire and the means by which the child is created is amongst the most important. Over the past few decades science has allowed individuals biologically otherwise incapable of reproducing, to make or have children by artificial methods such as in vitro fertilization."

Tags:birth, embryo, pregnancy, child, mother, fetus, baby, sperm, egg

Abstract
This paper argues that in vitro fertilization should be permitted only for individuals who fulfill certain prerequisites. The paper lists income, criminal history, family stability, and age as facets that should be subject to checking and verification before reproductive assistance of this type is allowed. The paper opines that such requirements would protect the best interest of any children resulting from the treatments, referring frequently to Virginia Held's work, "Feminism and Moral Theory." The paper concludes that, ideally, a woman who needs reproductive help should be required to prove that she is able to care for the child she wishes to create.

From the Paper
"While the idea of guidelines and requirements seem positive, it cannot be forgotten that these requirements are not infringed upon women who are fertile. A 60-year-old woman could potentially become pregnant and raise a child and only if she makes a mistake does her child's welfare become a government issue. A woman living paycheck to paycheck can conceive and have a child without having to pass any income check. A women caring for 6 other children on government welfare can naturally conceive more children without answering to anyone and continue to get aid. Why is it that if a woman needs to ask for help she must prove her ability to mother to the government and doctors? Held would argue that because the woman regardless of which scenario she is in chooses to give birth she is ultimately responsible for the well being of the child, through keeping it and raising it or giving it up for adoption. However, when a woman chooses to get pregnant, she is responsible for the raising of the child. Women who receive in vitro are most often if not always receiving it for the sole purpose of raising a child. Therefore, she was not placed under any type of economic or social pressure, nor was her pregnancy the result of unprotected intercourse. She chose to conceive and give birth to a child, for the sake of being a parent. One could argue the woman was under the pressure of doctors or reproduction facilities, however that pressure is for her to spend money in hopes of getting pregnant. The only reason she is already in contact with these people is because of her desire to raise a child. Therefore, the pressure is not in becoming pregnant but in the way she conceives."

Tags:multiples, assisted, reproduction, ova, sperm, donor

Abstract
This paper describes and explains the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process and chronicles the success of the world's first IVF baby, Louise Brown who was born in England in 1978. Listing the advantages of IVF, the author comments that this reproduction technique has come a long way since its beginning. Previously a last resort for many woman who wanted to and were unable to get pregnant naturally, IVF is, these days used by woman and couples who are impatient for results. The paper also talks about a case in India where a 70 year old woman gave birth to twins with the help of IVF and discusses the ethics involved in the issue of IVF eligibility.

From the Paper
"In England on August 4, 1978 Louise Brown was the first baby in the world born as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) - the process of fertilization done in a laboratory dish manually by combining an egg and sperm - commonly called "test tube babies". If and when the procedure works, the embryo is then transferred to the uterus. We just saw the thirtieth anniversary of Louise Brown's birth and, thirty years later, reproductive technology has become a million dollar business and a procedure that many women turn to when they are not able to get pregnant because of either their or their husband's infertility, or perhaps a genetic problem."

Tags:reproduction techniques, ethics pregnancy