Abstract
In this paper, the author examines the period of the presidency of George W. Bush and the policies regarding nuclear energy propounded by the administration during that period. The paper specifically examines policies relating to nuclear weapons and the use of nuclear power as an energy source as opposed to carbon based fuels. The paper also discusses how US nuclear policies affected the US position and action on environmental and global warming issues.

From the Paper
"Global investments in clean energy in 2007 are stated by Makower, Pernick and Wilder to have totaled approximately $148.4 billion including government R&D at $7.1 billion; corporate R&D and $9.8 billion as well as other investments including asset financing at $79.2 billion. (2008) A report entitled: "Nuclear Facts" relates that "new nuclear power plants are unlikely to provide a significant fraction of future U.S. needs for low-carbon energy." (2008) It is stated however, that nuclear plants already in existence "can compete favorably with fossil-fuel plants because they have relatively low operation, maintenance and fuel costs, and their excessive capital costs have long since been forcibly absorbed by ratepayers and bondholders." (Nuclear Facts, 2008) This report also relates the fact that expanding faster than nuclear power initiatives are renewable energy technologies."

Tags:arms, proliferation, environmental, green, wind, solar, stockpile, strategic, electricity, wind, alternative, missiles, tactical

Abstract
This paper explains the variables that must be considered in the decision to develop nuclear power capability such as (1) the actual location of a nuclear power plant, (2) the question of security and (3) the compatibility of entering into a nuclear program within the context of the country's long-range energy plans, international policies and aspirations and their level of scientific and technical education. The author points out that the critical gap in plans to expand British civil nuclear programs, which is widely recognized both by promoters and opposers of nuclear power, is the problem of managing radioactive wastes. The paper relates that the French policy differs from from the British policy in that it has gone beyond the concept of "nuclear substitution", designed to diversify and stabilize energy-producing capacity, into a policy of "nuclear electrification" under which the growth of electricity consumption has been deliberately encouraged.

From the Paper
"The lack of progress in the British industry reflects a number of fundamental differences between the two nations. One is relatively energy-rich while the other is energy-poor, and the insecurity experienced by the French has been much less marked on the other side of the Channel. On the contrary, the British have enjoyed a flexibility in energy options that is enviable. But beyond commercial questions, and beyond questions of energy supply and demand, lie the differences in institutional power and control and differences in political planning processes that expose the actions of the British industry to far more democratic scrutiny. The anti-nuclear lobby, though less volatile than its French equivalent, is stronger and more consistent. Faced with the luxury of choice, the decision-making process slows to the point of meandering and energy planning wallows in incoherence. This has two, sometimes, conflicting, consequences. Precipitate action on a major scale is checked, but the price of these checks may be slackening technical impetus and loss of commercial advantage."

Tags:radioactive-wastes, energy-options, lobby, water, consumption

Abstract
This paper presents the arguments for and against the adoption of nuclear energy into the energy mix by the UK government. The paper addresses the key arguments that include ethical issues, long term nuclear waste and job creation opportunities as well as health and safety concerns. Ultimately, the paper comes to the conclusion that nuclear energy should be used in some form in the government's energy policy over the next 30 years.

Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Ethical Issues and Frameworks
Arguments in Support of Nuclear Power
Arguments Against Nuclear Power
Conclusion and Recommendations

From the Paper
"In the first instance one may consider that the current problems in UK energy policy represent a quandary from the ethical perspective. On the one hand, successive governments have been committed to constant economic growth an objective which by its very nature is linked to the increasing consumption of energy (Howard 2007). This must then be considered against the background of the UK energy which is largely based around a mix of both imported and domestically based fossil fuels (DTI 2006). The problems facing those in the field of energy policy are several and numerous, firstly there is the consideration that fossil fuels are in the end a finite resource and so long term the policy of constant economic growth and the reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy is simply unsustainable. Secondly, whilst fossil fuels at the moment present a cheap and relatively safe form of energy the long term effects of carbon emissions and other environmental effects may be seen as equally making the source of energy an unsustainable source even before resources run out.
"Despite this consideration there are also problems with the alternatives to fossil fuel based sources of energy. In the first instance one alternative is that of renewable sources such as wind and water power, whilst these sources may be seen as preferable there is also the consideration that such methods are at present still largely expensive and can in some instances be seen as an unreliable source of energy (Harding et al 2005)."

Tags:fossil, fuels, emissions, waste, safety, costs

Abstract
This paper explains that, over the last fifty years, the most significant shift in India's energy consumption was the replacement of non-commercial energy with commercial energy, generated frequently
from oil, which is being compromised by the ever-increasing cost of oil. The author points out that India's nuclear power program is poised to take off rapidly because of the accelerated rate of growth of India's economy and its ever increasing need for reasonable priced energy. The paper relates that the Indo-U.S. agreement on the Nuclear energy is largely a result of President Bush's strong commitment to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, to cutting back emissions of greenhouse gases and to cutting radioactive nuclear wastes, which marks the beginning of a new era of geo-politics to rebuild a balance of power in Asia vis-a-vis China and Pakistan. Many charts and tables.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Global Nuclear Energy Scenario
Nuclear Energy in India and Its Economics
The Economics of Nuclear Power in India
Indo-U.S .Nuke Deal: Opportunities and Challenges
Implication at Home
The Impact on Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy
Regional Issues
Impact on the Middle East and Israel
Impact on Brazil, Libya, Argentina, Ukraine and South Africa
China
Proliferation Crisis in North Korea
Pakistan
Perceptions of India about Non-Proliferation
Issue of Separation of Civilian and Nuclear Facilities
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"India, however, breached the international taboo on "going nuclear" in 1998, by testing a series of nuclear explosive devices on May11 and 13 and officially declaring itself a new "nuclear weapons power". These events triggered Pakistan's nuclear explosive testing response two weeks later. Thus, suddenly emerged two self-declared, non-NPT nuclear weapons states radically changing the efficacy of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. This was followed by economic sanctions on both the countries. The problems in the US-India relationship arose from the 1994 Glenn Amendment to the US Arms Export Control Act. The Glenn Amendment requires that the US respond to the Indian nuclear tests with seven steps that are almost automatic in their application to India and Pakistan."

Tags:deal, security, pakistan, coal, facilities

Abstract
This paper discusses the need for an energy policy in the US that would encompass energy needs for both automotive and residential use.
The paper reveals that the United States,however, currently lacks a comprehensive long-term energy policy that will accommodate future needs. The paper specifically focuses on electrical demand in the United States which comes primarily from coal fired and nuclear plants with wind and solar and water energy providing a small percentage of the power the U.S. consumes.

From the Paper
"As energy needs in the United States grow at an exponential rate our energy policy and infrastructure need to be reviewed and reformed to accommodate the future. We will face many challenges due to an increasing energy demand and an aging electrical generation infrastructure. The first energy policies in the United States focused on burning wood for heating, later coal, and finally petroleum. The United States currently lacks comprehensive long-term energy although three Energy Policy Acts have been passed, in 1992, 2005, and 2007. These acts include provisions for conservation, such as the Energy Star program and grants and tax incentives alternative energies but lack any outline for future growth in the energy sector. Much of today's regulation is on the state level."

Tags:nuclear, wind, solar, coal, water

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of Iran, focusing on whether or not Iran's current pursuit of nuclear energy is really a quest for nuclear power and weapons of mass destruction. The paper discusses the concern that Iran may decide to hand weapons of mass destruction over to terrorists in an effort to export its revolution and looks at how big of threat Iran is to the world.

From the Paper
"With these limitations in mind, the fact that Iran recognizes certain boundaries, one can have some level of comfort in Iran's political sanity amongst the global society. The world can take some ease in the fact that sanctions Iran faces will be felt. Duly, Iran feels the effects of increasing US sanctions to this day. The sanctions continued after the hostage crisis of 1979. Several US acts have since been implemented that were aimed at hurting Iran's economy. In 1996, the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act outlawed any financial relations with Iran or to countries that supported Iran. In the same year, Congress passed the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), which imposed penalties on foreign companies that invested more than 20 million dollars in Iran's oil industry (Byman)."

Tags:multilateral, involvement, UN, terrorism, Pakistan, plants, mass, destruction, foreign, policy

Abstract
This paper looks at both sides of the nuclear power debate. It focuses on global warming, political violence and the likelihood of change. The author looks at Chernobyl, and Three Mile lsland and how activists on both sides used it to further their message. It also looks at different facilities, their monitoring processes and ways to decrease the chances of accidents occurring in these plants. It also looks at recent incidents at nuclear facilities in the United States, Japan and Germany that have led to the re-evaluation of those government's nuclear policies. As a final note, the author presents many examples of demonstrations against the use of nuclear power, worldwide, to show how this has become a global issue.

From the Paper
"Yet, dissenting voices call attention to the dangers of nuclear power: specifically, the devastating effects of the explosion at Chernobyl of the former Soviet Union in 1986, and the contamination of the plant Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania which happened earlier, in 1979. The Chernobyl explosion sent nuclear fallout for miles immediately surrounding the plant, making much of the land uninhabitable. In addition, radiation that caused severe environmental damage to the surrounding areas has been attributed to rising cancer rates throughout Europe. Though the plant at Three Mile Island did not suffer such a catastrophe due to a containment facility, which prevented radioactive materials from being released into the atmosphere, and therefore avoided severe environmental damage, the plant is now thoroughly contaminated, and it cannot be destroyed. Environmentalists argue that increased safety precautions are not enough; accidents like the aforementioned can, and will, happen again. The sound the call not for more nuclear power plants, but the halt of production of new nuclear power plants, and in some cases, argue that nuclear energy in its entirety should be phased out of the energy equation (Janger et. al., 219)."

Tags:change, enviromantal, fires, global, issue, nuclear, political, power, violence, warming, within, government, plants, demonstrations, radioactive, protests, waste, fossil, fuels, emissions, methane, electric, energy, environmentalists

Abstract
An examination of the possible effects of moving from conventional energy sources to alternative or renewable energy sources. The author argues that this transformation could lead to economic destruction. A look at how this may effect society.

From the Paper
"During the second week of the George W. Bush Presidency the new administration turned their focus to the emerging concern for a new national energy policy. In the Administration's proposal three principles for a sound national energy policy were discussed: First, to create a long-term and comprehensive strategy; second, to promote environmentally friendly and energy supply increasing technology; and third, to raise the standard of living and national security for all Americans. These principles are a summation of the culmination of the fluctuating national energy polices of the past fifty years. The Bush National Energy Policy Proposal developed a new energy policy based on conventional energy policies with an understanding of the need for a movement towards new alternative policies. At the same time, the proposal takes into consideration the need for a balance between different types of energy fuels and the potentially negative social, economic, and political impact of a hasty move towards a complete reliance on alternative energy sources."

Tags:bush, gas, hydro, natural, nuclear, oil, power, renewable, solar, water, wind

Abstract
This paper examines several alternative energy sources, discussing the context and rational motivation for using alternative energy and providing recommendations for a public policy framework.

From the Paper
"The world's dependence upon fossil fuels has precipitated a number of problems that can be met with a transition to alternative energy sources. While fossil fuel stores are limited, alternative energy sources can yield more energy, often at less cost, in a more sustainable manner. In addition, the burning of fossil fuels contributes to the problem of global warming, while the use of alternative energy sources does not. Global warming is exacerbated by the carbon dioxide that the burning..."

Tags:public administration, energy, renewable, green, clean, alternative energy, context, rational motivation, recommendations, water, biomass, solar, wind, hydrogen, nuclear power, OTEC

Abstract
This paper discusses the factors which effect U.S. domestic policy making. This decision making process is coordinated with the Domestic Policy Council (DPC). The writer examines the important role of this council. The paper also briefly discusses a few contemporary issues being dealt with by the council - bankruptcy, environmental law, nuclear energy, internet domain names and fisheries.

From the Paper
"Coordinated by the Domestic Policy Council (DPC), the domestic policy-making process in the White House offers policy advice to the President. This Council in addition works to make certain that the proposal of domestic policy are synchronized as well as constant throughout federal agencies. Furthermore, the execution of these domestic policies is also supervised, where the President's priorities to other branches of government is signified by the DPC (Domestic Policy Council)."

Tags:council, government, environment, policy, nuclear, energy, internet, domain, fishery, legislation