Abstract This paper examines the historical and ideological roots of the conflict between India and Pakistan and its contemporary nuclear manifestation. It discusses how this nuclear saber rattling, specifically over the continuing conflict in Kashmir, will continue to be a threat toward security for the region and how there is no likely resolution in the near future. It also analyzes the implications for the business community.
From the Paper "Both India and Pakistan tested nuclear devices in May 1998 (Ganguly, 2002). This was a critical turning point in the political relations between Indian and Pakistan. Further it represents one of the most significant contemporary issues facing India. That the nuclear conflict is constructed on an historical conflict of control of the Kashmir region is only the background of the issue. Kashmir is a territory essentially caught in the middle of nuclear "saber rattling" (Oberoi, 2001). The real problem facing political stability in the region at this point is the proliferation of nuclear arms in both India and Pakistan. "
Abstract The author takes a look at the two newest declared nuclear powers: India and Pakistan. The author analyzes the potential solutions for resolving the conflict as well as short-term safety concerns. The author examines the CTBT, a Fissile Materials Production Cutoff Treaty, Permissive Action Links, and nuclear disarmament as potential solutions before arriving at his conclusion.
From the Paper "Albert Einstein once remarked that, "Bullets kill men, but atomic bombs kill cities. A tank is a defense against a bullet, but there is no defense against a weapon that can destroy civilization. ... Our defense is law and order" (Calaprice, 2000, p. 177). The Nuclear situation that exists between India and Pakistan is one that deserves much more attention from US policymakers than it currently receives. The United States should play a significant role in any nuclear regime change that would take place in India or Pakistan. Because the United States is a trusted negotiator by both sides, it has a unique role that it can play (Bajpai, 2003, p. 125). The options that the US could pursue are not all direct actions. Sometimes the best way to influence policy is not through coercion but through leadership and example setting. While many options exist, the four policy choices that should be examined more closely are CTBT ratification, a Fissile Materials Production Cutoff Treaty, sharing Permissive Action Links with Pakistan or both countries, and finally nuclear disarmament as set forth by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)."
Abstract An examination of the ongoing conflicts between India and Pakistan and how the introduction of nuclear weapons has effected their conflicting relationship. The author reveals how nuclear proliferation has its bonuses in minimizing threat between the two countries yet simultaneously threatening global security.
From the Paper "There is no larger threat to the world than nuclear warfare. A World War in which nuclear weapons were used would undoubtedly cease life as we know it on earth. This outcome would be attributed to the direct effects of the bombs and the indirect effects a nuclear winter would bring about. This fact leads the majority of people to believe that the less amount of nuclear weapons on the planet the better. Now let's say that you live in India or Pakistan, neighboring countries that have fought each other in the past. Many people have died in battles between these two countries. Within the last few years each of these countries has acknowledged the fact that they possess nuclear weapons by testing them underground for the world, and especially each other, to see. So was the introduction of nuclear weapons a good or bad thing for the future of relations between India and Pakistan? The introduction of nuclear weapons into the militaries of these two regional powers was a huge step in reducing the chance of all-out war between the two rivals due to nuclear deterrence. However, just because the threat of nuclear attack has slowly helped start India and Pakistan on the road to peace, it does not necessarily mean that the world would be better off if every nation had nuclear weapons."
Tags: cold, india, pakistan, war, security, destruction, human
Abstract This paper compares economic and population data on India and Pakistan, noting that India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. The writer states that over-population is one of the problems facing India, and that data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. The writer notes that one site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India.
From the Paper "India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. Over-population is one of the problems facing India, and data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. One site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India. The most current data on the site is for 2004. According to this site, the population of India reached 1.1 billion in 2003 and remained at that level in 2004, up from 1 billion in 2000. The growth rate has been slowing slightly, down to 1.4 percent in 2004 from 1.7 percent in 2000. For 2000, the last year with full data, the national poverty rate stood at 28.6 percent of the population."
Abstract This paper sums up the social, political, economic repercussions of the 1947 partition of British India into India and modern-day Pakistan. The paper suggests that a more conciliatory approach on behalf of the political leaders of the day might have avoided much of the subsequent bloodshed and spared both of these nations the acrimony and animosity that presently lingers.
From the Paper "The partitioning of India has stirred a great deal of debate. This paper will wade into that debate by examining whether or not the partition of India made sense socially, politically, or economically. More specifically, this paper will argue that the 1947 partition did a great deal of harm to India - and to Pakistan - in all three regards and that a more inclusive approach involving the leaders of the day might have spared both nations the tragedies that followed. With that in mind, it is to a discussion of the Indian partitioning of 1947 that one now turns."
Abstract This paper explains that, over the last fifty years, the most significant shift in India's energy consumption was the replacement of non-commercial energy with commercial energy, generated frequently
from oil, which is being compromised by the ever-increasing cost of oil. The author points out that India's nuclear power program is poised to take off rapidly because of the accelerated rate of growth of India's economy and its ever increasing need for reasonable priced energy. The paper relates that the Indo-U.S. agreement on the Nuclear energy is largely a result of President Bush's strong commitment to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, to cutting back emissions of greenhouse gases and to cutting radioactive nuclear wastes, which marks the beginning of a new era of geo-politics to rebuild a balance of power in Asia vis-a-vis China and Pakistan. Many charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Global Nuclear Energy Scenario
Nuclear Energy in India and Its Economics
The Economics of Nuclear Power in India Indo-U.S .Nuke Deal: Opportunities and Challenges
Implication at Home
The Impact on Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy
Regional Issues
Impact on the Middle East and Israel
Impact on Brazil, Libya, Argentina, Ukraine and South Africa
China
Proliferation Crisis in North Korea
Pakistan Perceptions of India about Non-Proliferation
Issue of Separation of Civilian and Nuclear Facilities
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "India, however, breached the international taboo on "going nuclear" in 1998, by testing a series of nuclear explosive devices on May11 and 13 and officially declaring itself a new "nuclear weapons power". These events triggered Pakistan's nuclear explosive testing response two weeks later. Thus, suddenly emerged two self-declared, non-NPT nuclear weapons states radically changing the efficacy of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. This was followed by economic sanctions on both the countries. The problems in the US-India relationship arose from the 1994 Glenn Amendment to the US Arms Export Control Act. The Glenn Amendment requires that the US respond to the Indian nuclear tests with seven steps that are almost automatic in their application to India and Pakistan."
Abstract The paper examines the nuclear weaponry proliferation from a "collective goods" perspective and explores the many reasons why a nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan will not lead to a stable balance of power in the region. The paper discusses international terrorism, sectarian and ethnic hatreds, deep-seated paranoia and the fact that Pakistan is overly-reliant upon its nuclear weaponry for its defense. The paper therefore argues that India and Pakistan should be discouraged from their present nuclear build-ups.
From the Paper "To start with, "collective goods" is really a term drawn from economics - albeit it is one that can be applied to a number of different disciplines depending upon the context within which it is being introduced. For our purposes, "collective goods" are really public goods wherein the item in question cannot be withheld from one consumer without also withholding it from all consumers. A classic example of this is national defense whereby a nation cannot defend its borders without also defending all individuals who reside within those borders at any one time - including foreigners or "undesirables". Additionally, the "flip-side" of collective goods is that, not only are they items which cannot practicably be denied to any one person, but they are also items which benefit those who simply refuse to pay for them; suffice it to say, the collective good makes "free-riders" out of many people (Yamagishi & Sato, 67-69). This concept has immediate application to the issue of nuclear proliferation in India and Pakistan."
Abstract This paper examines how, although India and Pakistan jointly won their independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, following a nationalist struggle within British Colonial India lasting nearly three decades, they differ greatly in matters of politics, economics and law. The paper also looks at how, since partition, India and Pakistan have fought three wars over the disputed area of Kashmir as well as a number of skirmishes although tensions between the two have dissipated significantly since 2004 when war almost broke out. The paper relates that the two countries have also been involved in a nuclear arms race which culminated in both countries testing nuclear weapons in 1998.
From the Paper "The Pakistani legal system is based on English common law with provisions that account for Pakistan being an Islamic state. Pakistan accepts obligatory International Court of Justice jurisdiction, with reservations. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, provincial high courts, and a Federal Islamic (or Shari'a) Court. The president appoints the chief justice of the Supreme Court and together they determine the remaining judicial appointments. Each province has a high court whose justices are appointed by the president after discussions with the chief justice of the Supreme Court and the provincial chief justice. The judiciary is prohibited from issuing any order divergent to the decisions of the President. Federal Shari'a Court hears cases that primarily involve Shari'a, or Islamic law. Legislation enacted in 1991 gave legal status to the Shari'a court. Although Shari'a was declared the law of the land, it did not replace the existing legal code. "
Abstract This paper discusses the struggling relationship between India and Pakistan, primarily over the region of Kashmir. It details the history of the problem including the nuclear aspect, briefly discusses other possible solutions, and formulates a unique multi-faceted solution.
From the Paper "Ever since 1947, India and Pakistan have waged fierce war over a variety of issues. When India completed nuclear testing in May of 1998, and Pakistan shortly after, the issue was given unique attention. "Because it's spread alongside India, Pakistan has a lack of strategic depth. The danger is that this means that any war would rapidly lead to the possibility of nuclear escalation. As a result, the task of avoiding conventional warfare between the neighbors assumes increased importance (Swarts 10)." Strain between the two States is the effect of a diverse range of problems, including economic conditions, leadership clashes, and primarily religious diversity and territorial contention. The territorial dissension is based principally over the region of Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claim full possession of. There are allegations that as many as one half of a million Indian troops and as many as a fourth of a million Pakistani troops are stationed in Kashmir. What can be done to prevent a nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan? This is a question that has absorbed more unbroken attention than almost any other news subject."
Tags: conflict, india, kashmir, pakistan, war, nuclear, energy, history, tribal, ethnic, border
Abstract In light of the growing threat of extremist terrorism based on fundamentalist religious ideologies, the author of this paper examines Pakistan and discusses it's potential to become a fundamentalist stronghold and therefore one of the most dangerous countries in the world today. The writer contends that Pakistan, because of its history and ethnic complexity, has been torn by strife and internal dissension. In the paper, the writer attempts to breakdown and analyze these complexities so as to better understand them, and to attempt to predict the future for Pakistan.
The paper includes 1 table.
Outline:
Introduction
The Tribal Warfare
Military Rule
Works Cited
From the Paper "However, the problem of fundamental Islamic forces is one that casts its shadow over much of Asia and the Middle East, and, since 2001, in America. It is a force that must be reckoned with, as its mission is the eradication of non-Muslims, and, subsequent that, as we have seen in Sudan, a continued cleansing based on race. For this reason, Pakistan, in its weakened political state arising out of the weak stature of Musharraf's leadership, and in subsequent the recent assassination of Benazir Bhutto, and given its nuclear capability, is perhaps right now the most dangerous country in the world."
Tags: islam muslim hindu indianuclear fundamentalist faith, general musharraf, benazir bhutto, tribal jihad taliban, al qaeda, democratic
Abstract This paper examines the geopolitical conditions confrontingIndia at the outset of the 21st century and the politico-economic threats posed to it by regional embroilment in the war on terror. The paper argues that, within the regional context of the descent of the former Soviet Union and the ascent of China, India has to aggressively and comprehensively redesign its security agendas, further taking into account the relationship developed between the United States and Pakistan vis-a-vis potential implications for the Kashmir conflict.
From the Paper "India's security concerns have changed dramatically over the past two decades. The country's primary external security problem is no longer Pakistan's nuclear capabilities and the potential of armed confrontation over Kashmir, and its internal security problem is no longer confined to the challenge of containing ethnic conflicts. India's security concerns have considerably expanded consequent to both the collapse of the Soviet Union and the former power's unaccounted for arsenal of weapons of mass destruction, and the status of the region as one of the focal points for the war on terror. It is imperative, as Amit Gupta a political science and security professor at Stonehill College states, it is imperative that India redefine its security priorities and design a new national security program which takes into account the geopolitical changes that have swept over the region (1044-145). Bearing in mind the changed geopolitical regional realities, India's new security agenda needs to address the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of China as the primary regional power, confront the challenges posed by the war on terror, bearing its domestic consequences in mind, and reassess its relationship with Pakistan, aiming towards a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir conflict."
Abstract This paper discusses the conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region and suggests methods for reconciliation. The paper looks at history relevant to the conflict, its origins and causes.
Abstract This paper examines how Khushwant Singh wrote ?Train to Pakistan? in 1956 when the painful memories of 1947 Partition were still fresh and the wounds hadn?t yet healed. It looks at how the book reflects the true emotions that people felt when they were forced to abandon their homes in both India and Pakistan to move north or south according to their religious beliefs. It analyzes how religion was the biggest cause of this partition and it was what forced people to give up everything they previously had including their old identities.
From the Paper "Muslims knew that if they did not take such a step, they would be forced to become slaves to Hindus majority that was already more educated and hence more suitable for various positions in the government. Muslims had been living a life of complete self-complacency and came to see their position in true light only when last Mughal Emperor was forced to relinquish control of India. All these political reasons were also grounded in religious differences. Muslims and Hindus were two different nations with separate beliefs, different values, different calendars, and hence they felt it was impossible to live together in one land after the British were driven out. Singh writes, "Where on earth except in India would a man's life depend on whether or not his foreskin had been removed?? "
Abstract This paper examines the background behind and the Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear energy cooperation agreement and also explains how this agreement between two countries affects the relations of the two nations with the rest of the world. It looks at how the deal marks a notable warming of U.S.-India relations and how it would lift the U.S. moratorium on nuclear trade with India, provide U.S. assistance to India's civilian nuclear energy program and expand U.S.-Indian cooperation in energy and satellite technology.
From the Paper "India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign trade direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. Privatization of public-owned industries and the opening of certain sectors to private and foreign players have resulted in a competition among the top most corporations in the world. India, the second largest populated country has been attracting investors from around the globe (Bullock). The race of providing better services to such a huge population has received a major boost as the increase in Indian economy has increased the purchasing capacity of an average man in India."
