Abstract The paper analyzes the interplay between NorthKorea and the United States in this debate over nuclear weapons. The paper explains that it is very likely that this event played its course due to a realist perspective; as such weapons imply mass power, so it is a power equation. However, the paper points out that this suggests that in the future, all debates regarding such weapons will remains international ones.
From the Paper "It is clear that the most significant news issue currently in the United States regarding North Korea concerns the debate over North Korea's ownership of nuclear weapons. News articles have repeatedly detailed the processes of these discussions between North Korea and the United States. Most of these articles are negatively based towards North Korea, implying that they will not give up and nuclear weapons in their possession, which in turn suggests that North Korea remains a threat towards the United States. However, with North Korea's recent promise to rid themselves of such nuclear weapons, one must analyze these events through the perspectives of global politics, through the theories of the realist, liberal and the radical to determine which system approaches functioned here in their entirety.
Abstract This paper explains that, currently, the most pressing threat to international security lies not in the Middle-East but in the Korean Peninsula because, in April 2003, NorthKorea withdraw from the 32-year-old nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty thus beginning a nuclear stand-off. The author points out that, although some analysts believe that NorthKorea's is pursuing nuclear weapons to reunify the Korean peninsula or to save the threatened regime of Kim Jong-Il, NorthKorea claims to be acquiring nuclear weapons for one reason: Without nuclear weapons, it would feel vulnerable to a U.S. attack meant to overthrow its current government. The paper states that a nuclear NorthKorea would further destabilize the Northeast Asian region, would threaten U.S. security interests and would encourage neighboring nations such as Japan and South Korea to obtain nuclear weapons of their own, prompting a Northeast Asian nuclear arms race. Illustration.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History of the Korean Peninsula
NorthKorea under Kim Il-sung
NorthKorea under Kim Yong-Il
Timeline North Korean Nuclear Crisis
North Korean Threat and its Implications
Positions of the Powerful and Involved Nations
South Korea China
Russia
Japan
U.S.
Conclusion
From the Paper "North Korea is a country that is engulfed in secrecy. Its history is extensive and encompasses many centuries. Who are the Koreans and where did they come from? In his essay "The Origin of the Korean People: Who are the Koreans?", Lee Wha Rang states that no one knows exactly where the Koreans came from and who they are. He states that "DNA tests show that Koreans are about 15% of South Pacific origin (the Jomon people) and the rest attributes of the Mongolian stock from the Baikal region." It is believed that the Jomon people left Africa 35,000 - 89.000 years ago, in two general directions, south and north, respectively, and they merged again in Korea, Japan and China some 10,000 years ago. The first Korean nation was established in 7,197 BC and lasted for 3,301 years. It was known as the Han-gook."
Abstract This paper analyzes Dae Young Ryu's article, "Fresh Wineskins for New Wine: A New Perspective on North Korean Christianity - The Need for a New Perspective." The paper discusses Ryu's arguments and research. It then critically analyzes his interpretation and analysis of North Korean Christianity. The paper concludes that Ryu's article is balanced in such a way that any other style could be no more convincing.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Development and Content of Ryu's Research
Critical Analysis and Conclusion
From the Paper "Ryu's admission that periodization is a necessary evil ("A good periodization model," he notes, "helps one understand complex historical phenomena with greater ease" [p. 660]), is polite, but not necessary. He is right in stating that periodization is the only manageable way in which the issue of North Korean historical attitudes toward Christianity can be handled. This approach helps one comprehend the coming information by dividing it into management chunks, at the same time providing an excellent basis for exploring the issue from a historical viewpoint and from the different models researchers have applied to the situation. The author's style is the same as the very model he laments he must use: he divides the sections up into manageable chunks so the reader gets a clear idea of each perspective and the division between them. Ryu's use of pictorial aids - diagrams - to illustrate these schools of thought is a nice, thoughtful touch, though probably unnecessary for the more educated reader."
Abstract This paper begins by outlining the transition of US policies towards NorthKorea and then focuses on John Kingdon's theory on public policy making and the role of various advocacy coalitions in the policy process. The paper then explores the human rights issues in NorthKorea and the role of Congress in regulating U.S. policy toward NorthKorea. Next, the paper examines how tensions over NorthKorea's nuclear program have escalated interest in trade and in the U.S. Defense Department's program to reclaim the remains of servicemen missing from the Korean War. The paper considers Congress' options for future assistance to NorthKorea and concludes with several think tanks' perceptions on US- Korea relations.
Outline:
Thesis Statement
Transition of US Policies towards NorthKorea Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies
Theories of the Policy Process
Special Interests Group
Role of Congress
Other Forms of U.S.-North Korean Economic Interaction
Policy Options
Think Tanks Perception on US- Korea Relations
From the Paper "For four decades after the ending of the Korean War in 1953, U.S. strategy toward the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, commonly referred to as North Korea) was relatively simple: dissuade an attack on South Korea, an approach that included a freeze on virtually all forms of economic contact between the United States and North Korea. In the 1990s, two developments compelled the United States to rethink its relationship with North Korea: North Korea's progress in its nuclear weapons program and massive, chronic food shortages in North Korea. In response, the United States in 1995 began furnishing the DPRK with foreign assistance, which has totaled over $1 billion. This aid has consisted of energy assistance through the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), food aid, and a small amount of medical supplies (Feffer 12)."
Abstract NorthKorea has been intimidating the United States with a series of nuclear threats since October 2002, when U.S. officials stopped the supply of heavy oils to the North in retaliation of its confessed production of nuclear warheads, violating agreements signed in 1994. Shortly after, NorthKorea withdrew from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NTP) and agreements with the United Nations. The paper shows that while there is little proof that NorthKorea has nuclear weapons, it is strongly suspected that it does. The paper discusses the North Korean weapon issue.
From the Paper "Many world leaders are suspicious about North Korea's withdrawal from the NPT for many reasons. For one, it is a well-known fact that countries developing clandestine nuclear weapons programs take many measures to conceal information about these programs from the rest of the world (NTI, 2003). Therefore, without membership in the treaty, North Korea has made it difficult for world leaders to obtain information about the country's weapon capabilities."
Abstract This paper provides a brief history of Korea and attempts to explain why the United States should take a hard-line approach to NorthKorea in its diplomatic actions. It looks at how NorthKorea has recently developed and launched long-range tactical missiles able to carry a nuclear payload. Additionally, North Korean has pursued research and development into nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and developed a massive conventional military force that is of major concern to the stability of the South Asian community and the international community at large. It examines how history has shown that North Koreans can?t be trusted to adhere to a treaty honestly and how, if the United States does not try to contain this threat, the situation will be a time bomb waiting to go off, possible a nuclear time bomb.
From the Paper "On September 2, 1945, the Japanese representatives signed the official Instrument of Surrender, bringing an official end to what became one of the deadliest, and most brutal wars in man's history. After World War II, the Korean peninsula was split in two and in 1947, the U.N. to back the creation of a democratic state in Korea. However, the Soviet Union rejected the U.S. initiative and refused to allow U.S. and U.N. officials into northern Korea to conduct elections with the northern half coming under Communist rule of dictator KIM Il-song, who died in 1994. However in late May of 1948, South Korea with the help of the U.S. and the U.N. conduct free elections, and Syngman Rhee, a devout anticommunist, was elected its first president. The 38th parallel became the boundary between the two countries."
Abstract This paper reviews the article "U.S. Calls NorthKorea 'Criminal Regime'" written by Kelly Olsen, a writer for the Associated Press. This paper discusses the strong opinion of U.S. Ambassador Alexander Vershbow regarding NorthKorea as expressed in the article and how in his opinion, NorthKorea is "a very repressive regime" that continues to possess "concentration camps for political prisoners."
From the Paper "The talks currently being held between Japan and the U.S. seem to focus only on the alleged acts of barbarity by North Korea, and furthermore South Korea is not allowed to participate in the talks. This situation concerns me greatly. It is very unfortunate that South Korea is not being allowed to participate in the talks between Japan and the United States, as I feel that this would have been better for both North and South Korea.
Both of these nations, long divided since the Korean War of the 1950s, should be able to talk to each other since this may help in resolving their differences. Even if the U.S. considers that North Korea has acted in a criminal manner, this is not the way to resolve the problems with North Korea; in fact, the United States should be more patient and try more diplomatic means to remedy these problems.
Obviously, U.S. Ambassador Alexander Vershbow has some very strong opinions about North Korea. He appears to be inflexible and unwilling to negotiate with North Korea under any circumstances. Vershbow also mentions that North Korea is involved in the counterfeiting of other national currencies, which made him remark, according to one observer, that othis is the first time this has been done since Adolph Hitler during World War II." What Vershbow is attempting to insinuate is that North Korea is as criminal a regime as that of Nazis. However, Vershbow did not reveal nor identify his source."
Tags: nuclear, sanctions, dictatorship, Kim, Jong, Il
Abstract This paper takes a look at the totalitarian regime of NorthKorea, discussing where it is headed. According to the paper, NorthKorea is an eroding totalitarian regime that has existed for approximately four decades. The paper discusses how NorthKorea is being held together by the corrupt but insightful leader Kim Jong-Il who is the successor to the founder of the regime and Kim's father, Kim Sung-Il, who died in 1994.
From the Paper "Yet the last fact may make him seem odd, but everything the leader does is planned out well. On the world stage he uses everything he has to his advantage. To Kim Jong-Il losing face to foreign powers abroad is losing power at home. Given his hand, he is a brilliant poker player one might say, (Scobell 13). He does whatever it takes to keep a strong grip on the power he wields. The prestige of his name must be upheld. This involves many things. He hides his visits to other countries, as it is an Asian custom and belief that the subordinate nation makes the visits abroad. He has delegates come to the capital city of Pyongyang where one sees a facade of what the nation really is, an extension of his ego and poker face. Visitors come and see a busy industrial and cultural center that exists nowhere else in North Korea. In fact, some suspect the full time job of some employees is to ride the subway all day to aid such a modern appearance. The image is false of course as most of the nation lives in poverty, (Scobell 11)."
Abstract This paper examines the threat posed by NorthKorea to the United States. The paper contends that the complex nature of the problem of the North Korean nuclear program and the ways and means to handle it pose one of the greatest challenges to the U.S. foreign policy during the second term of President Bush. The paper determines that the challenge is not only in finding a way to put a cap on the nuclear weapons program of NorthKorea, but also in seeing that the present regime of Kim Jong Il adheres to the terms of the agreements hammered out, since this regime has shown scant respect for earlier agreements.
From the Paper "President Bush was of the opinion that three countries were members of the 'Axis of Evil' and during his first term in office he took necessary efforts to neutralize or prevent any kind of threat or attack from Iraq. His second term as the President of Unite States is likely to see a greater emphasis to remove the perceived threat from the other two members of the Axis of Evil, which are Iran and N. Korea. North Korea is likely to be the greatest challenge posed to the US foreign policy in the coming years. For too many years North Korea has remained on the back burner, but the recent developments make it necessary for the US to initiate a stronger foreign policy effort on North Korea to remove threats to itself and its allies in the North Asian region. In the last five decades or so North Korea has developed a nuclear weapons research program by exploiting its own uranium and a pool of nuclear physicists available in the country."
Abstract This paper begins by defining civil rights. It then explores the situation in the China and NorthKorea. In both, it shows the need for significant improvement. In China, movement in this direction is occurring.
Abstract Through a historical examination of both NorthKorea and Cuba, this paper compares U.S. policy towards both countries, explaining the similarity in the policies and the reasons for that similarity. The paper compares significant political events in both countries and explains that U.S. policy towards these countries has been based on the goal of containing communism and the spread of nuclear weapons.
From the Paper "As the political climate in Cuba changed, so did the United States' policy towards the country. In the period immediately following Cuba's independence, the United States dominated Cuba both economically and politically; this domination continued until the Castro-led Cuban revolution. The Castro government's first move was to buy back land from private companies to give to agrarians. The United States became upset because it felt that its land holdings were worth more than the Cuban government was willing to pay. The United States responded by placing a trade embargo on Cuba in 1960 and soon after broke off diplomatic relations entirely. Next, the United States sponsored the Bay of Pigs invasion, an unsuccessful attempt to incite rebellion against Castro. The next major event in United States-Cuba history was the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, in which the United States "blockaded Cuba to force the USSR to withdraw their newly-installed MRBMs from the country." Cuba's close ally was the USSR, and after its fall in 1991, conditions in Cuba worsened. Today, the trade sanction still stands between the United States and Cuba, with an exception made for humanitarian aid in the form of food and medicine."
Tags: communist, regimes, dictators, colonies, independence, ussr, revolutions, military
Abstract The paper discusses how NorthKorea vehemently invokes its legitimate right to develop nuclear technology while the US Republican Administration is constantly against any direct and bilateral negotiation talks with the regime until the latter takes visible actions to defuse its nuclear intentions. The paper looks at the lack of unanimity that is justified by the national interests of all those involved. The paper contends that national interests notwithstanding, each country involved in the process of defusing must engage in diplomatic efforts to get back to the negotiation table in order to find proper and peaceful solutions.
From the Paper "The Cold War left an important legacy for the international political scene to deal with. The matter of nuclear weapons is indeed one of major concern for foreign policy makers around the world. It raises the question between the legitimate right to posses nuclear technology used in peaceful means, as stipulated by the Non Proliferation Treaty and the inherent fear of what this might represent in the volatile framework of the post Cold War era and more recently in the light of the 9/11 events. This dilemma can be seen as summarizing the official arguments made by all sides involved in North Korea's nuclear file."
Tags: negotiations, international, community, Non, Proliferation, Treaty
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the purpose and thesis of Michael Breen's biography of NorthKorea's leader Kim Jong II is neatly encapsulated in its deliberately ironic title: 'Kim Jong-II, NorthKorea's Dear Leader'. The writer points out that NorthKorea is considered a rogue state by most of the world. It is a dictatorship with a nuclear program that seeks to threaten the West. President Bush has identified Jong's nation as one of the members of an "Axis of Evil" that threatens freedom and democracy all over the world. The writer notes that it is the only non-Islamic nation that is a part of this so-called Axis. The writer discusses that Breen attempts to strike a balance between the inflated rhetoric by the current U.S. administration and the truth of NorthKorea's brutality, without endorsing blind hatred of NorthKorea or defending the dictator Jong's actions towards the North Korean people.
From the Paper "The analogy with the way that the administration treated Saddam Hussein in its rhetoric and Kim Jong II seems inevitable, not in terms of the policy or culture of the two nations but in terms of the polarizing rhetoric that is used--like Saddam Hussein, Kim Jong II mistreats his citizens and uses his position for personal gain, rather than to benefit his state and he permits no dissent amongst his people. But simply calling a nation evil is not a portrait of the nation and does nothing, Breen argues, to facilitate understanding the nation or making the nation listen to the United States' demands or desires.
"But here, the value of this analogy with Korea and its fellow Axis of Evil nations ends, for unlike other nations, North Korea is unique in its insularity as a society, which makes some of Breen's research difficult and means that many of its citizens have never been exposed to the West."
Abstract This paper presents a Discussion and analysis of the relationship between the two Koreas, North and South from 1945 to 2003, and prospects for reunification. It looks at the division of Korea following the second world war into the Communist North and the non-Communist South, and the impact of the great powers' support of each region. The paper looks at the disparity of the economies of South Korea and NorthKorea and the impact of the Cold War and changes after its end. It looks at the crisis over NorthKorea's nuclear program, the role of the United States and proponents of reunification, and outlook for its success.
From the Paper "This research paper discusses and analyzes the relationship between and prospects for reunification of North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea or DPRK and South Korea Republic of Korea or ROK ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the crises on the Korean Peninsula, focusing on the tension caused by NorthKorea as a result of its conducting a nuclear weapons program. The paper also illustrates the conditions that led to the critical condition on the Korean peninsula. This paper also highlights the reaction of countries, such as the United States, China, Japan, and South Korea towards NorthKorea's nuclear weapons development.
From the Paper "While the United States worries about the deadly nuclear weapons created by North Korea, South Korea on the other hand is perturbed about North Korea's economic conditions and the possibility of troop demobilization on both sides of the Demilitarized Zone. North Korea posses the following problems to the international communities, namely its determination to follow its own path to development renders the society nearly impervious to foreign advice and assistance. The array of institutions and processes which have been available to most other developing countries has been largely rejected by Pyongyang."
