Abstract This paper explains that pastoralism is the practice of human populations using the products of herd animals for survival in areas with scarce other resources; however, most pastoralists are nomadic only between seasons because the seasonal changes in their environments require movement to areas with greater grazing capabilities. The author points out that the Mongolianpastoralists, many of whom are now herding for profit instead of subsistence, are increasing the size of their herds using modern technology resulting in overgrazing, which is challenging the ecology of the nation. The paper concludes that, unless measures are taken, either by the Mongolianpastoralists themselves or by the government of Mongolia, the subsistence of the Mongolianpastoralists may be in jeopardy, centuries of tradition will be lost and an economic pattern of survival, which has sustained a nation, will be challenged.
From the Paper "The political patterns, too, have changed drastically. As mentioned, the changeover from a Soviet leadership to a Democratic government has also meant drastic changes to landscape protections, an issue which directly affects pastoralist communities. Following the Soviet collapse, a number of vital grassland areas have been placed under national protection in the new democracy. According to Bedunah and Schmidt (2004), by the year 2000, over 13 percent of Mongolia was under federal protection. These restrictions mean fewer lands for herd animals, and with an increase in herding due to a loss of economically viable positions in urban areas, the results are a lack of sustainability and biodiversity within the existing rangelands."
Abstract This paper explains that the Mongolian empire, which began about
1200 A.D., was selected as the best empire because its influential ideas and developments, horsemanship, militancy, nomadic lifestyle, leadership system, its fall and impact, make up all of the components needed to fully understand and appreciate the history of a great empire. The author points out that, in Khan's military system, which was derived from the philosophy of Alexander the Great, Khan's army integrated the commanders, bureaucrats, artisans, and professionals of the conquered peoples in order to produce new tastes in art, food, decoration, and clothing. The paper relates that the tremendous length of the Mongols? trade routes was directly related to their huge territorial domination and led, not only to the unification of the East and the West geographically, but also to cultural unification
From the Paper "Under the rule of Genghis Khan, the Mongols started to dominate the world. He claimed power by saying that he was the ?universal ruler.? He basically used the Mandate of Heaven system of China, implying that he attained his power from God and he would be the ruler of the whole universe. This claim of Khan simply gives a clue on how he set up his ideology of ruling his state, eventually his empire. It seems like Khan's role model was Alexander the Great and his Greek Empire. Though the Greeks did not have a militaristic social structure, they had the idea of focusing on the expansion of the territory followed by more trades and getting wealthier. This was the system Khan set up as well. He was perhaps one of the greatest military innovators in human history, and his army consisted of perhaps the best-trained horsemen in all of human history. Khan's armies were incredibly mobile and could cover immense distances with numbing speed. Thus, it is clear that Khan established one of the major rules in rising of an empire: The tremendous military strength."
Tags: genghis, khan, unification, integration, trade
Abstract This paper examines the topic of modern nomads, the twentieth century equivalent of people and families constantly on the move. It shows how in the last twenty years or so, people have become more and more mobile, moving from place to place, city to city, and even house to house. It analyzes some of the U.K. 2001 census statistics and analyzes the change in population density percentages over time. It discusses the socio-economic factors that make people move and the major shift from an agrarian culture to a technological one. The paper concludes with the physical act of moving itself, how it is not so easy and very costly to up and move home. Even trends in furniture are changing, people prefer free standing over built-in and have a tendancy to buy furniture that is light and easy to move.
From the Paper "There is quite a bit of hard statistical evidence that shows that people are indeed very mobile. In 2001, the census showed that 57 percent of people who own the titles to their homes (owe no mortgage) had lived in that home for over twenty years. The second least mobile group were local authority tenants, where 25 percent had been in their home for over twenty years. his is due to a variety of factors. As for the home owners, these people are established in their homes and careers. To have owned a home and to have lived their for twenty years. These people lived in a different age than people do now, people to day, as the statistics bear out, are much more mobile. People living in local authority housing are restricted in their moving, therefore they do not move particularly often. Tenants that live in housing associations are only half as likely as local authority tenants to live in their residence for over twenty years. In fact, only 13 percent of these tenants are likely to stay in the same place for that long."
This paper discusses the reindeer herding Sami people, who were called the Lapplanders and live across an arc of land in the northernmost section of Western Europe.
Abstract This paper discusses the Sami who interest anthropologists because their culture has remained relatively unchanged for centuries and represents the pastoralist origins of the majority of human civilizations. The paper explains that the Sami face two major problems: Contamination to the reindeer from Chernobyl and threats from the lumber industry to take their land. The paper describes the Sami's use of modern technology such as snowmobiles and the World Wide Web.
From the Paper "Pastoralist societies are always at least semi-migratory for the simply reason that if the people stay with their herds in any one place for too long the herds will degrade the pasturage through over-grazing and it may take years to recover. The Sami, like other pastoralists in the past and in the present, move with the herds to wherever the grazing is best at that time of year. They also are forced to move frequently because if they were to stay in any one place for too long the herds would strip the fields where they graze, causing long-term destructive to the pasturage. Thus, while the Sami who herd animals return each year to the same pasturage, their life is essentially nomadic, interrupted with periods of semi-permanent settlement."
Abstract This paper uses the Pygmies of Central Africa, the Khoisan Peoples of Southwestern Africa, the Aborigines of Australia, and various peoples, such as the Tiwi who live on islands in the South Seas, as examples of hunter/gatherer and pastoralist societies in which to study anthropological egalitarianism as opposed to egalitarianism in
modern society. The author points out that the proper or improper performance of duties influences the social position of the person and his or her family. The paper relates that there are great differences in the relative egalitarianism of hunter/gatherer and pastoralist societies, which do not ultimately depend on the different ways of earning a living nor on the different social organizations of the two kinds of people; if the acquisition of wealth is limited to certain kinds of occupations or to the acquisition of certain objects, then only those who can perform such tasks or obtain such objects can be considered successful.
From the Paper "On the whole, hunter/gatherer societies are distinguished by the fact that each unit of that society performs essentially the same function as any other unit. As stated above, the typical unit of that society is the family consisting of men, women, and children. Because of the quality across families, there is really no one family that is ever of higher or lower rank than any other. An individual's usefulness to both his and her family, and to his or her society, is based directly on that individual's ability to perform the functions necessary to survival. So long as one performs these functions adequately, one can be assured of enjoying good relations with one's peers i.e. with everyone else. But to neglect one's duties, is to upset the social order and to invite criticism or even ostracism."
Abstract The paper compares and contrasts BD's Mongolian Barbeque with the P.F. Chang restaurant. The paper explains that both restaurants are based in the US, acting within the food industry, and focus on the specific traits of the Mongolian and Chinese cuisine respectively. The paper further explains that the BD brand is perceived as offering a dynamic, unconventional, imagination-supporting experience, while the P.F.Chang brand is seen as a symbol for culinary harmony, qualitative services and concern for the client's nutrition requests or needs. The paper also examines the tools these companies use for gaining customer loyalty.
From the Paper "BD's Mongolian Barbeque's unique selling proposition (U.S.P) derives from a rather ludic profile because it lays a great stress on the idea of "interactive dining experience" (http://www.gomongo.com/) by inviting its clients to create their own stir-fry. Consequently, it targets a segment that is willing to have the initiative of its own meal while relaxing and having fun, at the same time. The idea of breaking routine boundaries and differentiating from other people who are afraid to try something new or unconventional is perfectly outlined by the company's slogans determining to action: "BDifferent! Go Mongo", "Create your own stir-fry!", "BD's is an interactive casual dining experience focused on fun, choice, control" or "You rule the experience" (http://www.gomongo.com/)."
This paper discusses the relationship between the U.S.S.R. and the Mongolian People's Republic in the latter half of the 20th century and the effect the People's Republic of China had on this relationship.
3,729 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 7 sources, 2003, $ 103.95
Abstract This essay looks at the benefits Mongolia and the former U.S.S.R. stood to gain from their relationship with each other. The political, ideological, strategic, geographical and industrial perspectives of both countries are considered. Also considered are the feelings of the Mongolian people towards the Chinese, and how these feelings may have been manipulated.
From the Paper "The relationship between the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic in the latter half of the 20th century is one that has its roots in a time before the creation of either Communist state. Chinggis Khan's Golden Horde had subjugated areas of Russia many centuries earlier. Russian letters from the mid 19th century proposed preparing a plan to annex Mongolia to Russia should the Manchu overlords ever withdraw into their Manchurian homeland. The Mongols had even appealed to the Russian Tsar for help whilst the Manchu ruled as the Qing dynasty. The crucial point though, is the early 20th century, when the relationship became more one of Elder Brother Younger Brother status, than one with views to colonization. This period formed the basis to a tight bond between the two countries lasting until the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s."
Abstract This paper analyzes the reasons, causes and effects of the growth of the Mongolian Empire in the 13th century. It is descriptive in character and analyzes the subject in depth.
This paper discusses Lake Baikal, located in Siberia near the Mongolian border, which offers an excellent example of one of the largest and oldest fresh water ecosystems that sustains a wide variety of flora and fauna, including innumerable endemic specie
Abstract This paper explains that, for millennia, Lake Baikal's ecosystem has flourished in total isolation, untouched by the human population. Unfortunately, today, this precious Siberian ecozone is feeling the negative effects of human abuse. The author points out that the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM), one of the region's oldest functioning industries (around 40 years), is the major polluting source because it exploits an old and highly dangerous method of bleaching pulp by using chlorine. The paper relates that, over the last decade, world environmentalists have helped improve the situation and limited the damage to the delicate ecosystem, but a coordinated effort from the Russian and Mongolian governments is indispensable for tackling this environmental crisis.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Lake Baikal
Importance of Lake Baikal
Environmental Effects (Air and Water Pollution)
The BPPM
Mineral Mining Plants
Conservation Projects
Baikal Watch and Baikal Environmental Wave
Conclusion
From the Paper "The biological importance of Lake Baikal is evident from the UNESCO declaration of Lake Baikal as a world heritage site and "the most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem". The range of climatic conditions within the surrounding areas of the lake has contributed to a rich variety of plant life in the region. While the Coniferous forests occupy the western regions, pine forests are common in the eastern areas and deciduous forests predominate the northern region. The fauna found in the lake is amongst the most diverse in the world with more than 255 amphipod species and 80 types of flatworms. The epishura, a tiny crustacean is the natural cleaning mechanism for the lake as it consumes all the decaying matter in the water. The most important and the only mammal species in the lake is the endemic Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica)."
From the Paper "The development of the oil resource in the Middle East has irretrievably altered the life of the Bedouin tribes in that region. Although they continue to exist, in many instances they have been pressured by the government to alter their long history of wandering in order to settle down in towns and villages. They have been affected by development in many different areas of life. The intent in the following pages is to explore the world of the Bedouin during earlier times by looking at the Rwala and Mutair tribes and comparing their ways to each other."
Abstract This paper examines Thomas Cahill's "The Gifts of the Jews: How a Tribe of Desert Nomads Changed the Way Everyone Thinks and Feels," a radical reinterpretation of what Jews have brought to western civilization and a retelling of Biblical stories. It discusses how the theme of the books seems to be revisioning the history of the Jews, who are usually thought of as a beleaguered wandering tribe of peoples who were the victims of unthinkable horror and unbelievable hatred. It sets out to show that we owe the Jews the shape of western civilization. It looks at how the Jews gave us freedom, a day of rest and the concept of monotheism.
From the Paper "Cahill makes many interesting points. One of them is that the reason the Bible has those long, incantatory, and often narcoleptic genealogies, is that by listing individual's names, even women's names, the Jews are saying that every individual counts. Their history and contribution counts. he Bible is remarkable for how often it tells the stories of ?ordinary people.? In a way, this is reminiscent of the meaning and success of Maya Lin's Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C. Each name has meaning, and that meaning builds as the list of names builds. As the Jewish saying goes, ?If you save one life, you save the world entire.?"
Abstract The first part of the paper is an overview of the role of women in Bedouin society. The next part examines how the same gendered divisions can be discerned in societies as diverse as the Yanomamo Indians of northern Brazil and the Berbers of Morocco. In the third part, the paper looks at how the effects of economic development and the forces of modernity reach even into the nomadic tribes of the desert and the rainforests. It examines how these changes have affected the communal relations among the groups and if modernity had effects on their existing gender ideals, and how these ethnic groups have responded.
From the Paper "Unlike Western society, the Bedouins do not place a great emphasis on the individual. In fact, blood ties serve to link people to the past and "bind them in the present" (41). Members of the Bedouins could trace their lineage back to genealogy, and these blood ties form an important part of their identity. In traditional Bedouin society, outsiders perceive thus people of the same kin interchangeably, and the way one kin member acts or is treated reflects on the entire group.
The foundation of honor in Bedouin society is based on the concept of asl. It is interesting to note that asl is closely linked with a person's genealogy as well. As with the ancient Chinese, who regarded non-Chinese visitors as ?barbarians,? the Bedouins of the Awlad ?Ali thus use asl to delineate between people who are of Bedouin and non-Bedouin descent."
Abstract This paper looks at the lives of the ancient Israelites. It describes the living habits and nomadic structure of society. The lives of the Biblical figures Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are also discussed.
From the Paper "Our whole existence since the dawn of humanity has been merging with religion. Everything that early humans saw or heard, and could not explain, was attributed to the will of the higher powers, the almighty powers of God. During the time when uncertainty and instability a part of normal life, people need something to believe in. Religion gives people the hope and sense of stability in life; it makes them feel secure when there is someone looking out for them. Therefore, it is not surprising, that every part of the world has its own god. Due to lack of contact between the civilizations during early periods of humanity, the radical differences between religions have merged. Every country has its own set of religious rules and the culture of the countries tend to revolve around these certain set of beliefs."
Abstract This paper explores the current mobile computing technologies related with network, hardware and software. In addition, the security and standard of mobile computing is considered as an important aspect of this field. Thie paper also analyzes the current issues in mobile computing worldwide that require further innovation.
Contents:
Introduction
Different types of Distributed Mobile Computing system
Traditional Distributed System
Nomadic Distributed System
Ad-Hoc Mobile distributed System
Mobile Computing Technologies and Hardwares
GSM
AMPS
CDPD
Circuit-switched network
Packet-switched network
Bluetooth
Common Mobile Computing Hardware
Mobile Computing Software
Operating System
Mobile Computing application software
Mobile Computing Security
Virus Attacks
Synchronisation
Network Security
Current Issues of Mobile Computing
Batteries related issues
Bandwidth
Reliability
Mobile Computing Standard
WAP
SWAP
The Future of Mobile Computing
Summary and Conclusion
References
From the Paper "With the boom in laptop computer sales and the recent popularity of cellular telephone, PCS and paper technologies many experts are convinced that tomorrow?'s computers will all be mobile. This surge in popularity is followed by the desire for continuous Internet connectivity regardless of location; in other words, users desire Internet version of cellular telephone and mobile that can supply network function."
Tags: amps, cdpd, distributed, hoc, mobile, nomadic, system
Abstract The Mongolians were a nomadic, Eastern people driven into violence by necessity. Thanks to expert leadership and tactics, they formed the largest land empire in history. This paper illustrates the expansion of the Mongol Empire from 1200 to about 1400 AD. It gives descriptive accounts of crucial events and Mongolian leaders during the Empire's period of exponential growth and development.
From the Paper "As much as the Mongols benefited from their newly obtained lands in China, they still sought more. Genghis now wanted more goods for his expanded nation, including weapons. In 1218, he sent a Mongol caravan west to the Kwarazmian Empire in Persia to help negotiate trade. In spite of the Mongols' innocuous intentions, the Kwarazmians unexpectedly accused the Mongolians of being spies and murdered the chief of the caravan. The rest were sent back to Mongolia with burnt beards, which caused them unendurable humiliation."
