Abstract
This paper explains that pastoralism is the practice of human populations using the products of herd animals for survival in areas with scarce other resources; however, most pastoralists are nomadic only between seasons because the seasonal changes in their environments require movement to areas with greater grazing capabilities. The author points out that the Mongolian pastoralists, many of whom are now herding for profit instead of subsistence, are increasing the size of their herds using modern technology resulting in overgrazing, which is challenging the ecology of the nation. The paper concludes that, unless measures are taken, either by the Mongolian pastoralists themselves or by the government of Mongolia, the subsistence of the Mongolian pastoralists may be in jeopardy, centuries of tradition will be lost and an economic pattern of survival, which has sustained a nation, will be challenged.

From the Paper
"The political patterns, too, have changed drastically. As mentioned, the changeover from a Soviet leadership to a Democratic government has also meant drastic changes to landscape protections, an issue which directly affects pastoralist communities. Following the Soviet collapse, a number of vital grassland areas have been placed under national protection in the new democracy. According to Bedunah and Schmidt (2004), by the year 2000, over 13 percent of Mongolia was under federal protection. These restrictions mean fewer lands for herd animals, and with an increase in herding due to a loss of economically viable positions in urban areas, the results are a lack of sustainability and biodiversity within the existing rangelands."

Tags:transhumance, technology, overgrazing, economy, protection

Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the influence of nomadic Eurasian empires, with an emphasis on those of the Mongols and Turks. First, the paper discusses the Mongolian invasions and rule over China and the Middle East, highlighting how they held temporarily suspended the influence of Islam. It also notes how the Mongols encouraged trade between the East and West. The paper continues by noting the how Turkish nomadic factions from Central Asia also had heavy influences on both Asia and the rest of the world. In particular, the paper cites how the Middle East was heavily influenced by Turkish dominance. Addtionally, the paper notes the religious conflict between the Christian West and the Islamic East. The paper concludes by stating that the Eurasian nomadic tribes greatly shaped the world as we know it today.

From the Paper
"The earlier Turkish nomadic factions coming from Central Asia also had heavy influences on both Asia and the rest of the world. During the Post-Classical Era, the Turks began to regain a new strength that once again threatened the European empires to the West. As the Turks grew more and more powerful, this power began to seriously impact both Asian and European politics during the time. The Middle East was greatly shaped, both politically and religiously, by the influence of the Turks..."

Tags:Crusades, Seljuks, Islamic Turks, Mongols

Abstract
This paper explains that the Mongolian empire, which began about 1200 A.D., was selected as the best empire because its influential ideas and developments, horsemanship, militancy, nomadic lifestyle, leadership system, its fall and impact, make up all of the components needed to fully understand and appreciate the history of a great empire. The author points out that, in Khan's military system, which was derived from the philosophy of Alexander the Great, Khan's army integrated the commanders, bureaucrats, artisans, and professionals of the conquered peoples in order to produce new tastes in art, food, decoration, and clothing. The paper relates that the tremendous length of the Mongols' trade routes was directly related to their huge territorial domination and led, not only to the unification of the East and the West geographically, but also to cultural unification

From the Paper
"Under the rule of Genghis Khan, the Mongols started to dominate the world. He claimed power by saying that he was the "universal ruler." He basically used the Mandate of Heaven system of China, implying that he attained his power from God and he would be the ruler of the whole universe. This claim of Khan simply gives a clue on how he set up his ideology of ruling his state, eventually his empire. It seems like Khan's role model was Alexander the Great and his Greek Empire. Though the Greeks did not have a militaristic social structure, they had the idea of focusing on the expansion of the territory followed by more trades and getting wealthier. This was the system Khan set up as well. He was perhaps one of the greatest military innovators in human history, and his army consisted of perhaps the best-trained horsemen in all of human history. Khan's armies were incredibly mobile and could cover immense distances with numbing speed. Thus, it is clear that Khan established one of the major rules in rising of an empire: The tremendous military strength."

Tags:genghis, khan, unification, integration, trade

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a discussion of religion during the Mongolian Empire, particularly Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism. The focus of the paper is how the wives of both Chinggis and Khubilai Khan influenced religion in Mongolian culture.

From the Paper
"The great Khans who ruled during the Mongolian Empire originated with the reign of Chinggis Genghis Khan and ended with the reign of Khubilai Khubla Khan. Chinggis Khan was a greater leader who first unified nomadic warriors into The Golden Horde and moved them successively across Asia into the Middle East and ultimately into Europe itself. Unlike many ancient empires including the Incan and Roman the Mongols did not build massive cities or permanent fortifications preferring to ..."

Tags:Ghengis, Khubla, Shamanism, Tibetan Buddhism, Muslims, Christians, Jews

Abstract
Pastoral nomads face many challenges in today's world, with land ownership often curtailing free movement. Nomads are not entirely without sympathy from the modern world, however, and often try and help modern nomads with their technology and philanthropy. This "help" is tendered with the best of intentions. And yet, the assistance nomads get from outsiders is often a double-edged sword. It can be disruptive and destructive to the nomadic way of life. This paper will attempt to weigh the pros and cons of some of the forms of assistance offered to pastoral nomads on a semi-regular basis.

From the Paper
Pastoral nomads face many challenges in today's world, with land ownership often curtailing free movement. Nomads are not entirely without sympathy from the modern world, however, and often try and help modern nomads with their technology and philanthropy. This "help" is tendered with the best of intentions. And yet, the assistance nomads get from outsiders is often a double-edged sword. It can be disruptive and destructive to the nomadic way of life. This paper will attempt to weigh the pros and cons of some of the forms of assistance offered to pastoral nomads on a semi-regular basis. Governments and humanitarian organizations will dig deep wells for clean

Tags:pastoral, nomads, governments

From the Paper
"Mongolian History, Painting, and Sculpture


The extraordinary country of Mongolia is an interesting example of the powerful effects of economics, politics, and culture on the arts of a people. A generally inhospitable land, rather backward extremes of economics and political power, and the persistent structure of the religious institutions have dramatically shaped the art and sculpture of Mongolia.


Until the twentieth century, most of the people who inhabited the vast Mongol empire were nomads. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (the era of Chinggis Khan and his grandson, Khubilai Khan) the land stretched from Korea to Hungary and included nearly all of Asia except India and parts of Southeast Asia (Worden, 1991, pp. xxvii, 3). The arts, in the early years, primarily would be categorized as folk art and only..."

Abstract
This paper examines the topic of modern nomads, the twentieth century equivalent of people and families constantly on the move. It shows how in the last twenty years or so, people have become more and more mobile, moving from place to place, city to city, and even house to house. It analyzes some of the U.K. 2001 census statistics and analyzes the change in population density percentages over time. It discusses the socio-economic factors that make people move and the major shift from an agrarian culture to a technological one. The paper concludes with the physical act of moving itself, how it is not so easy and very costly to up and move home. Even trends in furniture are changing, people prefer free standing over built-in and have a tendency to buy furniture that is light and easy to move.

From the Paper
"There is quite a bit of hard statistical evidence that shows that people are indeed very mobile. In 2001, the census showed that 57 percent of people who own the titles to their homes (owe no mortgage) had lived in that home for over twenty years. The second least mobile group were local authority tenants, where 25 percent had been in their home for over twenty years. his is due to a variety of factors. As for the home owners, these people are established in their homes and careers. To have owned a home and to have lived their for twenty years. These people lived in a different age than people do now, people to day, as the statistics bear out, are much more mobile. People living in local authority housing are restricted in their moving, therefore they do not move particularly often. Tenants that live in housing associations are only half as likely as local authority tenants to live in their residence for over twenty years. In fact, only 13 percent of these tenants are likely to stay in the same place for that long."

Tags:census, urban, rural, cities, home, furniture, jobs, women, population, United, Kingdom

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts BD's Mongolian Barbeque with the P.F. Chang restaurant. The paper explains that both restaurants are based in the US, acting within the food industry, and focus on the specific traits of the Mongolian and Chinese cuisine respectively. The paper further explains that the BD brand is perceived as offering a dynamic, unconventional, imagination-supporting experience, while the P.F.Chang brand is seen as a symbol for culinary harmony, qualitative services and concern for the client's nutrition requests or needs. The paper also examines the tools these companies use for gaining customer loyalty.

From the Paper
"BD's Mongolian Barbeque's unique selling proposition (U.S.P) derives from a rather ludic profile because it lays a great stress on the idea of "interactive dining experience" (http://www.gomongo.com/) by inviting its clients to create their own stir-fry. Consequently, it targets a segment that is willing to have the initiative of its own meal while relaxing and having fun, at the same time. The idea of breaking routine boundaries and differentiating from other people who are afraid to try something new or unconventional is perfectly outlined by the company's slogans determining to action: "BDifferent! Go Mongo", "Create your own stir-fry!", "BD's is an interactive casual dining experience focused on fun, choice, control" or "You rule the experience" (http://www.gomongo.com/)."

Tags:Chinese, dining, culinary, harmony, nutrition

Abstract
This paper analyzes the reasons, causes and effects of the growth of the Mongolian Empire in the 13th century. It is descriptive in character and analyzes the subject in depth.

Tags:growth, mongol, empire

Abstract
This essay looks at the benefits Mongolia and the former U.S.S.R. stood to gain from their relationship with each other. The political, ideological, strategic, geographical and industrial perspectives of both countries are considered. Also considered are the feelings of the Mongolian people towards the Chinese, and how these feelings may have been manipulated.

From the Paper
"The relationship between the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic in the latter half of the 20th century is one that has its roots in a time before the creation of either Communist state. Chinggis Khan's Golden Horde had subjugated areas of Russia many centuries earlier. Russian letters from the mid 19th century proposed preparing a plan to annex Mongolia to Russia should the Manchu overlords ever withdraw into their Manchurian homeland. The Mongols had even appealed to the Russian Tsar for help whilst the Manchu ruled as the Qing dynasty. The crucial point though, is the early 20th century, when the relationship became more one of Elder Brother Younger Brother status, than one with views to colonization. This period formed the basis to a tight bond between the two countries lasting until the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s."

Tags:china, communism, ideology, mao, mongolia, mpr, personality, soviet, trade, union, ussr