Abstract
This paper address the negative psychology of gentrification and its implications for citizens of cities, architects, designers and planners. The paper includes references to investigative and theoretical works discussing what gentrification really implies. The paper defines gentrification as a quality of life/improvement myth, and the need for a different culture.

From the Paper
"Neo-liberal economic planning arrived in Great Britain in the early 1980s, towards more home ownership opportunities, much new poverty and displacement, and the rise of a nouveau riche class that would transform London and other principal cities. A good deal that was experienced in Britain has since been duplicated in North American cities towards a new psychology of home ownership, gentrification and, unfortunately, a fortress mentality that favours excluding citizens who do not fit within a very appearance-minded attitude. As this paper's last section stresses..."

Tags:gentrification, uk & elsewhere, psychology of

Abstract
The paper looks closely at "Fort Thunder", a community in Rhode Island that ceased to be a thriving artistic area when city-planners and architects decided that it needed to be brought more in line with modern aesthetic sensibilities. The paper maintains that those who are looking at "refurbishing" an urban site should take into account the history of the site and whether the changes will take away more from the local community than any structural improvements might give back to it.

From the Paper
"To begin with, it must be understood that the Fort Thunder community was not simply a meeting-place for local bohemian, artistic types; it was also an enormous milling operation at one time. To elaborate a little further, 1842 saw a gentleman named John Giles found Valley Worsted Mills on the location; the operation was one of the earliest worsted mills in all the United States. 1866 saw the impressive operation stricken by a catastrophic fire that destroyed the main mill. Despite this set-back, Giles immediately set upon building a new structure and the revamped mill site - now including further additions - soon became enormously profitable; indeed, by the 1890s it was producing 100,000 pounds of worsted yarn per month. Sadly for the employees of the mill, all good things must invariably come to an end and the twentieth century saw a gradual decline in the demand for the mill's products. In 1928, the American Woolen Company (which had taken over the mill in 1899) relinquished the property and the plot was (after three years had elapsed) sold to a local realtor who in turn leased the space to a variety of other businesses - including textile companies ("Eagle Square, formerly Valley Worsted Mills: History," para.1-3)."

Tags:refurbishment, corporate, interests, developers, arts, talents, inspiration

Abstract
In this article, the writer first explains that gentrification occurs when areas that are deemed socially, economically, or culturally irrelevant to the progress of a community are reclaimed through various strategies. The writer maintains that this tends to create a more welcoming climate for the majority of the population, as the improved conditions of such regions indicate that there is an interest in maintaining a safe and habitable environment for the citizens of the community. However, the argument can be made that gentrification purposefully destroys the character of the community that its original citizens created, resulting in a setting that appeals to persons who are external to the community and transplanting or removing those who are its native members to make way for these external persons. The writer demonstrates that the gentrification of an area is done to reconstruct the image of a region as acceptable to the public at large but does so at the expense of those persons whom defined the original character of the region.

Tags:gentrification, democracy, culture

Abstract
The paper outlines the phenomenon of gentrification in large urban centres such as Toronto. The paper looks at both the intuitive and counter-intuitive aspects of gentrification as well as the factors that have most likely created these twin manifestations of the same broad phenomenon. No less importantly, the paper reviews the impact of misguided government policy upon communities and how these policies can foster the less salubrious aspects of gentrification.

From the Paper
"The Strange Ambivalence of Gentrification in Toronto When most people think of Toronto, they think of a vibrant, engaging city with a prosperous downtown core and a still-promising future; they do not, as a rule, think about poverty. However, poverty exists in Toronto just as it does elsewhere in the world; indeed, poverty and the sharp demarcation between those who "have" and those who "have-not" is more pronounced in Canada's largest city than many are prepared to admit."

Tags:gentrification, toronto, canada

Abstract
The paper reveals that gentrification has been a problem for years and it seems as though it will continue as a political gesture. The paper defines gentrification as "the rehabilitation of working-class and derelict housing and the consequent transformation of an area into a middle-class neighborhood" (Smith 7).

From the Paper
"Gentrification has been an issue for years and it seems as though it will continue as a political shrug. Gentrification may be defined as "the rehabilitation of working-class and derelict housing and the consequent transformation of an area into a middle-class neighborhood" (Smith 7). Displacement may be defined as a "process whereby households have their housing choices constrained by the actions of another social group" (8). Author Marcuse 1986 asserts four types of groups: "a) Economic/Physical, where residents priced out or subjected to violence are estimated; b)Last...""

Tags:gentrification, homelessness, displacement

Abstract
This paper looks at the process of gentrification and counter-gentrification in a particular Toronto neighborhood, known as Kensington Market. It argues that counter gentrification is currently a very powerful force in Kensington Market. It suggests that Kensington Market is too popular of an area to remain unaffected by gentrification and that it is also quite possible that counter-gentrification may unintentionally create the perfect conditions for gentrification to take hold.

Table of Contents:
Kensington Market
Car Free Sundays and the Anti-Corporate Movement
Are Counter Gentrification Forces Being Successful
Counter Gentrification Becoming a Force of Gentrification
Conclusions
Appendix

From the Paper
"The resistance to this store was led by a performance artist going by the name Reverend Billy and his church of Church of Stop Shopping. In essence this group preformed a very large performance piece in front of the Freshmart. This brought a great deal of negative publicity to the Freshmart (Shiff 2004: 1). The goals of these activities were to make life difficult for corporate businesses so they might close down. It also serves as a disincentive to corporate businesses so that they are less likely to set up operations in Kensington Market."

Tags:demographics, public, shopping

Abstract
The paper examines gentrification and counter gentrification in Kensington Market. It is argued that counter gentrification is succesful, although it could be used against the area.

From the Paper
"Like many cities, Toronto is going through a number of demographic transformations. One of the largest and most important is gentrification. Frank Braconi and Lance Freemen in "Gentrification and Displacement" state, "During the past several decades, neighborhoods in a number of cities have experienced gentrification-a dramatic shift in their demographic composition toward better educated and more affluent residents (Branconi and...)"

Tags:gnetrification, kensington, market

Abstract
The paper defines gentrification as turning old, decaying neighborhoods inhabited by minorities into wealthy, exciting and sparkling new communities in which the original residents cannot afford to live. The paper discusses how new businesses that move in are affected by gentrification. The paper examines Winifred Curran's "Gentrification and the Nature of Work: Exploring the Links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" where she shows how small-scale manufacturing and blue-collar work in Williamsburg has been displaced by gentrification. The paper also discusses Jason Patch's work on the embedded landscape of gentrification.

From the Paper
"Very little has been written on the blue-collar workers that remain in the central city. The work they have done and their presence, despite the assumption that deindustrialization is complete by policymakers, make up a crucial element of the neighborhood, an element that would be removed if gentrification is allowed to continue, tearing out the heart of the lifeforce that makes Williamsburg what it is. Manufacturing is still a viable sector of the urban economy that is increasingly at risk of displacement, she argues, and because of that the conversion of industrial space to residential use is simply due to speculative real-estate pressure. Gentrification is encouraging industrial displacement in this transitional area of Brooklyn, which in turn is leading to the degradation of blue-collar work that remains there, and to the increasing informality of work."

Tags:industrialization, urban, economy, displacement, real, estate, rental, costs

Abstract
This paper examines the arguments found in Jason Hackworth and Josephine Rekers' article, "Ethic Packaging and Gentrification". The paper explains the term gentrification and describes how culture and economics are closely related to the gentrification of ethnically defined urban neighborhoods. The paper then describes the four case neighborhoods used in the study - Little Italy, Corso Italia, Greektown and the Gerrard India Bazaar and discusses if the article's arguments are relevant to them. The paper includes six potential discussion questions and answers at the end.

Table of Contents:
Summary of Relevant Arguments
Criticism and Identification of Gaps
Applications to the GTA
Six Potential Discussion Questions

From the Paper
"The reader of this article who then visits the ethnic neighborhoods will discover that the statements made are verified. Greektown, for example is clearly commercially constructed, just as Italian culture in Little Italy is specifically produced for the sake of the market. However, the GTA is comprised of Durham, Halton, Peel, and York; in order to apply the theory or the findings of the article to the GTA, culture would have to be sufficiently prominent as to become a commodity. If there is not a culture that is unique for an area, then urban space will have to be reinvested on the basis of some other commodity."

Tags:GTA, commodity, tradition

Abstract
This paper discusses gentrification and urban renewal. It looks at the reasons for gentrification of a region and its advantages. The paper then demonstrates that while gentrification of an area is done to reconstruct the image of a region as acceptable to the public at large, it does so at the expense of those persons whom defined the original character of the region.

From the Paper
"Both of these scenarios reflect an absolute lack of consideration for the persons and the socio-cultural setting involved. The decision to enter into an area and apply gentrification does so at the expense of a population that is considered to have less inherent value than members of the mainstream population. Moreover, it is difficult to present arguments in the favor of the displaced communities that reach the mainstream population and policy members without implying that the conditions within these communities are beneficial. After all, no one could sensibly argue that keeping children in impoverished conditions with high crime rates and allowing drug use and the overt sale of sexuality are beneficial outcomes. Doing so, however, is a simplified argument that does not get at the heart of the issues involved: the decision to gentrify an area is the decision to destroy a unique culture, but it is instead framed as the appropriate decision to bring new vitality back into the community. It is rarely taken into consideration that the community that exists will be gone and that its participants will be forced to relocate, or that the relocation phase can make their lives worse than before."

Tags:community, culture, restructure