Abstract The paper outlines the phenomenon of gentrification in large urban centres such as Toronto. The paper looks at both the intuitive and counter-intuitive aspects of gentrification as well as the factors that have most likely created these twin manifestations of the same broad phenomenon. No less importantly, the paper reviews the impact of misguided government policy upon communities and how these policies can foster the less salubrious aspects of gentrification.
From the Paper "The Strange Ambivalence of Gentrification in Toronto When most people think of Toronto, they think of a vibrant, engaging city with a prosperous downtown core and a still-promising future; they do not, as a rule, think about poverty. However, poverty exists in Toronto just as it does elsewhere in the world; indeed, poverty and the sharp demarcation between those who "have" and those who "have-not" is more pronounced in Canada's largest city than many are prepared to admit."
Abstract In this paper the author makes a psychological analysis of a 16 year old youth who is demonstrating various recognized symptoms for negative affectivity. The author looks at all of the symptoms and attempts to asses what has led both to the symptoms and behavior of the youth. The author considers the youth's relationship with his parents and siblings and also the effect on the youth of his brother's death.
From the paper:
?Vacillations such as declaring himself an atheist one minute and praying to God the next Caulfield is in a flux of coming to terms with his own identity, not an uncommon trait among teens. The difference in Caulfield's behavior and normal "growing pains" are the extreme inter personal negativity, paranoia (e.g. knowing he is going to die from cancer because of a canker sore), and the descent into delusional behavior (e.g. speaking with his dead brother).?
Abstract This paper discusses the negative effects of abortion. Abortion is the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child. But this is only part of the story as abortion also hurts the woman involved. Abortion affects women physically, emotionally, and spiritually. When an abortion is performed on a woman, she becomes subject to many physical complications. Blood loss during the procedure causes diversion of blood flow to various organs and can result in shock.
Abstract This paper looks at the process of gentrification and counter-gentrification in a particular Toronto neighborhood, known as Kensington Market. It argues that counter gentrification is currently a very powerful force in Kensington Market. It suggests that Kensington Market is too popular of an area to remain unaffected by gentrification and that it is also quite possible that counter-gentrification may unintentionally create the perfect conditions for gentrification to take hold.
Table of Contents:
Kensington Market
Car Free Sundays and the Anti-Corporate Movement
Are Counter Gentrification Forces Being Successful
Counter Gentrification Becoming a Force of Gentrification Conclusions
Appendix
From the Paper "The resistance to this store was led by a performance artist going by the name Reverend Billy and his church of Church of Stop Shopping. In essence this group preformed a very large performance piece in front of the Freshmart. This brought a great deal of negative publicity to the Freshmart (Shiff 2004: 1). The goals of these activities were to make life difficult for corporate businesses so they might close down. It also serves as a disincentive to corporate businesses so that they are less likely to set up operations in Kensington Market."
Abstract The paper defines gentrification as turning old, decaying neighborhoods inhabited by minorities into wealthy, exciting and sparkling new communities in which the original residents cannot afford to live. The paper discusses how new businesses that move in are affected by gentrification. The paper examines Winifred Curran's "Gentrification and the Nature of Work: Exploring the Links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" where she shows how small-scale manufacturing and blue-collar work in Williamsburg has been displaced by gentrification. The paper also discusses Jason Patch's work on the embedded landscape of gentrification.
From the Paper "Very little has been written on the blue-collar workers that remain in the central city. The work they have done and their presence, despite the assumption that deindustrialization is complete by policymakers, make up a crucial element of the neighborhood, an element that would be removed if gentrification is allowed to continue, tearing out the heart of the lifeforce that makes Williamsburg what it is. Manufacturing is still a viable sector of the urban economy that is increasingly at risk of displacement, she argues, and because of that the conversion of industrial space to residential use is simply due to speculative real-estate pressure. Gentrification is encouraging industrial displacement in this transitional area of Brooklyn, which in turn is leading to the degradation of blue-collar work that remains there, and to the increasing informality of work."
An analysis of the relationship between culture and economics and gentrification according to Jason Hackworth and Josephine Rekers' article, "Ethic Packaging and Gentrification".
Abstract This paper examines the arguments found in Jason Hackworth and Josephine Rekers' article, "Ethic Packaging and Gentrification". The paper explains the term gentrification and describes how culture and economics are closely related to the gentrification of ethnically defined urban neighborhoods. The paper then describes the four case neighborhoods used in the study - Little Italy, Corso Italia, Greektown and the Gerrard India Bazaar and discusses if the article's arguments are relevant to them. The paper includes six potential discussion questions and answers at the end.
Table of Contents:
Summary of Relevant Arguments
Criticism and Identification of Gaps
Applications to the GTA
Six Potential Discussion Questions
From the Paper "The reader of this article who then visits the ethnic neighborhoods will discover that the statements made are verified. Greektown, for example is clearly commercially constructed, just as Italian culture in Little Italy is specifically produced for the sake of the market. However, the GTA is comprised of Durham, Halton, Peel, and York; in order to apply the theory or the findings of the article to the GTA, culture would have to be sufficiently prominent as to become a commodity. If there is not a culture that is unique for an area, then urban space will have to be reinvested on the basis of some other commodity."
Abstract This paper discusses gentrification and urban renewal. It looks at the reasons for gentrification of a region and its advantages. The paper then demonstrates that while gentrification of an area is done to reconstruct the image of a region as acceptable to the public at large, it does so at the expense of those persons whom defined the original character of the region.
From the Paper "Both of these scenarios reflect an absolute lack of consideration for the persons and the socio-cultural setting involved. The decision to enter into an area and apply gentrification does so at the expense of a population that is considered to have less inherent value than members of the mainstream population. Moreover, it is difficult to present arguments in the favor of the displaced communities that reach the mainstream population and policy members without implying that the conditions within these communities are beneficial. After all, no one could sensibly argue that keeping children in impoverished conditions with high crime rates and allowing drug use and the overt sale of sexuality are beneficial outcomes. Doing so, however, is a simplified argument that does not get at the heart of the issues involved: the decision to gentrify an area is the decision to destroy a unique culture, but it is instead framed as the appropriate decision to bring new vitality back into the community. It is rarely taken into consideration that the community that exists will be gone and that its participants will be forced to relocate, or that the relocation phase can make their lives worse than before."
Abstract This paper discusses that as neighborhoods change, some residents leave willingly to find a better home, others leave because they no longer wish to live in a neighborhood that may have been decimated by drugs and crime as the more affluent people moved out and those from a lower economic position move in. The author points out that Latinos are particularly vulnerable to displacement, one way or another, by the flight of European Americans to the suburbs; nonetheless, sometimes Latinos who are high on the economic ladder who are among the first to leave. The paper relates that redeveloping these neighborhoods is often accomplished through gentrification, which, unfortunately, often drives housing prices up, displacing great numbers of residents particularly Latinos, who can no longer afford to live where they had settled.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Chicago/West Town Studies
Latino Displacement
Gentrification in General
From the Paper "Hudspeth specifically considered West Town in a 2003 case study. She noted that "what has happened in West Town is almost a 'textbook case' of the gentrification process...West Town was a low-income Latino neighborhood in the 1960s and 1970s." Gentrification began in the late 1970s, a the area attracted artists, and middle and upper income professionals as well as historic preservationists; most of these people were white, not Latino. Perhaps what is most interesting about the Hudspeth study is that it seems to ratify Betancur's conclusions: it is the better off Latinos who exit first. West Town lost 1,180 of its existing families between 1990 and 2000. At the same time, it gained 2,088 non-poor families."
Abstract This paper examines gentrification in the city of Toronto and the role of the Parkdale Pilot Project in that process. Particularly, the paper identifies the following items in order of what community action research is and how it can be applied to a discussion of the Parkdale Pilot Project, why this topic is important, who the stakeholders are in the gentrification of South Parkdale, how the research project at the heart of this course will be designed and carried out, and not least of all some preliminary hypotheses that it is anticipated further research will uncover.
From the Paper "Gentrification in Toronto: The Case of South Parkdale and the Role of the Parkdale Pilot Project in Social Displacement."
This paper examines various gentrification programs to develop a way that the University of Southern California (USC) can create a neighborhood that retains its original lower income residents.
Abstract This paper discusses a new-style gentrification movement, driven primarily by universities' faculties and staffs, seeking housing in the campus neighborhoods to be closer to their jobs and to take advantage of cultural benefits of the university area, forces long-time and mainly lower-income residents out of the area. The author reviews programs at the University of Pennsylvania in gentrifying West Philadelphia, New York University in New York City and Emory University in Atlanta and highly recommends using the model of developer James Rouse's 36 years old planned community of Columbia, Maryland, which is openly dedicated to racial and socio-economic diversity. The paper recommends that, in order to preserve a mixed neighborhood in the vicinity of USC, the university, using its human assets to help in this effort, must be proactive and prevail upon government to assist by offering various concessions to developers and grants to individuals.
Table of Contents
Shared Prosperity Program
The NYU Partial Solution
Financing Fixes
West Coast Solutions
Deep South Suggestions
A Lesson from the East Coast
Summary
From the Paper "While the university itself cannot change any local housing and development ordinance, it can encourage the city to follow at least some of the steps taken by New York City last year when it realized much of its own subsidized or low-cost housing was about to become much more expensive because of the way the original legislation was written. At that point, the city began discussions with the City's pension funds, which make investments in order to grow, concerning the possibility of developing new loan programs for developers that would provide long-term low-interest financing for all those developers who were willing to retain their buildings as low-income buildings. USC could also seek assistance from large pension funds locally that typical invest in real estate."
Abstract The paper studies gentrification in a particular area of Toronto. The paper applies an idea about the city being built and uses pictures to show how the city is built.
From the Paper "Many processes determine the way that cities are shaped. One of the most important processes in recent years is known as gentrification. In "Gentrification and Displacement: New York City in the 1990s" Frank Branconi and Lance Freeman state, "During the past several decades, neighbourhoods in a number of cities have experienced gentrification-a dramatic shift in their demographic composition toward better educated and more affluent residents" (Branconi and Freeman 39). Gentrification is not a single process but a number of processes that involve demographics, economics and ideology. The end result of these processes is a neighbourhood that does not resemble the neighbourhoods that were originally there."
Abstract The following research proposal is for a second year urban geography course. The topic of the proposal is gentrification in the Annex.
From the Paper "For this assignment the phenomena of gentrification will be examined in detail. Gentrification is defined as, The Process of neighbourhood upgrading by relatively affluent incomers who move into a poorer neighbourhood in sufficient numbers to displace lower-income groups and transform its social identity (Pacione 670). Gentrification is occurring in many different cities including Toronto. However, gentrification takes different forms and proceeds at different rates in different neighbourhoods. This assignment will examine the Toronto neighbourhood known as the Annex in order to explore the nature of gentrification in this area. Secondary questions will focus on property values in the Annex and displacement issues."
Abstract This essay examines negative campaign advertising in the political system. It provides a brief history and description of negative campaigning and uncover reasons behind the rise of negative advertising in the political arena. It also includes a review of suggested negative effects of exposure to negative advertising, as well as a literature review examining the effects of exposure to negative advertising on voter turnout. Finally, the essay provides a discussion of research findings and offer suggestions for future research and effects prevention.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Negative Campaign Advertising: Description and History
The Rise of Negative Campaign Advertising
Effects of Negative Campaign Advertising: Past Research
Pertinent Literature Review
Demobilization Effects
Moderating Factors
Demobilization Theory Disputed
Discussion: Casting Doubt on Demobilization Findings
Conclusion
Controversy, Regulation, and Prevention
Final Thoughts
From the Paper "Another suggested cause of the recent increase in negative campaigning is the growth in independent expenditures by political action committees (PACs) and supplemental lax spending laws. In the 1970's campaign finance regulations declared that while limitations on individual contributions to campaigns is legal, constitutional free speech prohibits placing limitations on the ways in which contributions are spent. As a result, independent contributors are free to use their contribution monies as they like."
Abstract This paper uses the book, "Negative Political Advertising: Coming of Age" as a basis for a discussion on how negative political advertising has become a part of the campaigning process and how it will continue to be so in the future. It also looks at the various types of negative political advertising, the history of negative political ads, what is involved in negative political communication, the laws and ethics, and essentially, how it affects society.
From the Paper "The authors provide excellent support throughout the book on their intentions and stance on the topic of negative political advertising. According to Johnson-Cartee and Copeland, there are three political campaign strategies as follows: supportive messages, reactive response ads, and negative ads. Here they show that negative ads are actually part of the strategy in campaigns. They go into depth and describe the different types of negativity used in advertisements, such as comparative versus direct. They also covered the different functions that these types of ads are used for. For example, different types of negative ads are used strategically throughout campaigns. The authors show that there actually is thought and strategy involved in this process, and it is not simply all attack ads; which would destroy your campaign anyway. Johnson-Cartee and Copeland provide substantial evidence of where they wanted the book to go and what direction they were going to take. The authors wanted us to see that these types of ads are useful and in fact necessary in the political communication arena. Throughout the book the authors provide many citations and examples of where their findings are coming from and how they relate to the topic at hand. Their findings and explanations are exceptional. "
Abstract The controversy over negative campaign advertising amongst political opponents has been the source of much debate in the past few years. The 2002 American congressional election proved to be no exception to the use of negative ads. This paper provides information concerning the issue of negative campaign ads. It explores the statistical data available about the subject and the effects that negative ads have on the voting public. In addition provides information concerning the impact of negative campaign ads on candidates and political parties.
From the Paper "In another election featuring Myrth York as the democratic candidate for Governor and Don Carciri as the Republican Candidate negative ads also played a role in the loss of the election. By all accounts York was ahead in the polls but her negative attacks against he opponent proved to be her undoing. This was the second time that she had run foe office and in her pervious attempt she had also lost because of negative campaigning. In the most recent instance the ads that she promoted rubbed constituents the wrong way and proved to be unfounded. This is yet another case of a candidate crossing the line and engaging in negative campaign."
