Abstract This paper explores the horrifying appeal that Nazism had for Germans between the two world wars. Among other things, this paper addresses the punitive aspects of the Versailles Treaty as well as the crushing unemployment that wracked Germany during the period in question. Finally, the paper explores the fact that German society had always been an authoritarian one and thus susceptible to despots.
From the Paper "The 1920s and 1930s were decades of great turbulence in Germany. The harsh and bitter terms of Versailles and the economic upheaval of the Thirties combined to make Germany a nation ripe for takeover by a dictator spouting hateful venom blaming certain groups for the difficulties Germany found itself in. Germany was also vulnerable to a demagogue because German society, for far too long, had been an authoritarian culture that lionized its leaders - primarily its Kaiser."
Abstract The paper provides a review of the literature concerning Italian fascism, Nazism and Franco-ism. The paper shows how despite minor differences, all three of these ideologies were totalitarian in nature. The paper discusses how Italian fascism, Nazism and Franco-ism were merely various brands of dictatorships that attempted to unjustly enrich a select few at the enormous expense of the rest of humanity.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "When Americans think of evil people today, Osama bin Laden and his cohorts come to mind of course, but other all-time favorites include Mussolini and Hitler who many suggest were among the most genocidal men in history. The different offshoots of totalitarianism that emerged during the early 20th century and were refined during the crucible of World War II suggest that Mussolini and Hitler shared many of the same fundamental views, just as General Francisco Franco's particular brand of authoritarianism also contained some of these ideological elements. Although Italian Fascism, Nazism and Francoism shared some similarities in their respective ideologies, there were some discernible differences as well. "
Abstract This paper examines the world's primary political ideologies (Modern Capitalism, Fascism, Nazism and State Socialism). Included in each section is information about significant leaders and the history and evolution of each political faction.
From the Paper "The earliest forms of capitalism, also referred to as "mercantilism", or the distribution of goods for profit, originated in Rome, the Middle East, and the early Middle Ages (Friedman, 1963). Since that time, the political ideology has splintered in a variety of different directions from Modern Capitalism to Fascism to Nazism to State Socialism."
Tags: capitalism, fascism, hitler, marx, modern, mussolini, nazism, socialism, state
Abstract Most of the contributors to The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes are well known to the field, having published extensively on the social bases of the Hitler movement. Detlef Muehlberger, Gunther Mai, William Brustein, Helen Boak, and Oded Heilbronner are all represented here, in addition to the editor of the collection, Conan Fischer, and Juergen Falter, whose massive work, Hitlers Waehler, epitomizes the assault on inherited views of the Nazi constituency.
Abstract This paper will discuss the book by Enzo Callotti entitled "Hitler and Nazism" and describe the author's aim in telling his perspective on Hitler and the Third Reich. From differing angles, the purpose of this paper will be to describe what Hitler's intentions were and the way that his regime functioned during the Second World War in Colletti's historical opinion. By analyzing his perspectives about Hitler, his purpose as a historian can be better defined within annals of history and in the opinions of the author.
Abstract This essay takes a brief look at the meteoric rise of Nazism, a phenomenon that brought destruction and grief to millions of people. It also takes a look at the causes behind its rise in Germany.
From the Paper "The most immediate cause of the formation of the Nazi Party and the subsequent rise of Nazism was the aftermath of World War I in which Germany was defeated and humiliated under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Under the one-sided terms of the treaty, Germany was solely held responsible for the war, stripped of its colonial empire , its armed forces largely disbanded, and the Rhineland permanently demilitarized and occupied by Allied forces for an indefinite period. (Jarman, p. 75) Most of all, the provision kept in the Treaty for "reparations" as compensation to the Allies for the damage caused by Germany, created the greatest resentment among the Germans. Even J. M. Keynes, then the Treasury representative at the Conference convened for the Treaty, pointed out that Germany would be unable to make the payments."
Tags: adolf, hitler, fascism, post-world, war, i, europe, worker's, party, munich, weimar, republic, social, democrats
Abstract This paper discusses the power of propaganda by the Nazi party and how Nazi leaders developed a highly sophisticated and efficient system of public persuasion and propaganda that ensured continued public support for their ideology and their policies. It discusses how Nazism became publicly perceived as a stabilizing force that was responsible for major economic success due to the promotion of nationalism and its appeal to the German peoples? traditionally strong sense of national identity. It analyzes the effectiveness of this propaganda and of the level of trust and cooperation that was pledged by the German people, which is evidenced by the fact that Nazism managed to convince one of the world's most advanced electorates, in the middle of the twentieth century, to tacitly accept and promote an atrocity of such magnitude as the Holocaust.
From the Paper "Also, in contrast to the Weimar Republic's failure to deal effectively with the post war crisis and the Great Depression, Nazism became publicly perceived as a stabilizing force that was responsible for major economic success. Furthermore, Nazi leaders developed a highly sophisticated and efficient system of public persuasion and propaganda that ensured continued public support for their ideology and their policies. Therefore, Nazism achieved its political success by gaining, then maintaining, the trust and cooperation of the German people."
This paper discusses Modris Eksteins' "The Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age" 1989) World War I itself, the German and British cultures at the time of the war and the development of Nazism.
990 words (approx. 4 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 35.95
Abstract This paper explains Eksteins' position as presented in his book "The Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age" that the German aggressors' view of the Great War was (1) an inextricable link with their culture and (2) a German territorial aggrandizement. The author points out the British view of war at the time of World War I was different from the German view in that the war was a struggle to preserve British social values. The paper relates that the propaganda, which fueled Nazism's spread was largely based on Nazism's reinterpretation and use of old Germanic mythology; Hitler's movement took root in a society reeling from the effects of the Treaty of Versailles.
From the Paper "Previously, the French were the antagonists of the British on the European continent, but now Germany had taken over that role (116). The French had represented "flux and irresponsibility in the world," and now it was the Germans who did so (116). In contrast, the British saw themselves as the stable point of the world. They were proud of the stability the "Pax Britannica" brought, a peace ensured through military might and a far-flung network of colonies through the world (117). It was a reactionary view, as opposed to the progressive view of the Germans."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that most historians consider totalitarianism to be a uniquely 20th century phenomenon that gained ascendancy during the period between the two World Wars when several such regimes led by Hitler, Mussolini, Franco and Stalin reigned supreme. This paper reflects upon the totalitarianism of Hitler's Nazism and Stalin's Communism and examines the conditions that contributed to the popularity of totalitarianism in inter-war Europe. The writer also analyzes why the phenomenon was a specifically 20th century development. The writer concludes that with the decisive defeat of Germany in the Second World War and the ultimate eclipse of Communism in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, it seems that the rise of totalitarianism was a temporary phenomenon that could not survive the end of the 20th century.
Outline:
Why Totalitarianism Became Popular in the Post WW I Period
Stalin's Communism
Hitler's Nazism: the Ultimate Totalitarian Ideology
Why Totalitarianism was a Specifically 20th Century Phenomenon?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The post-World War I period was one such time in recent history. The First World War had caused untold destruction in the countries where it was fought and the reparations imposed on Germany by the victorious Allied powers as well as the one-side Versailles Treaty further exacerbated the situation. All these factors led to severe social, political and economic crises in Europe. When the liberal democratic governments in most of the European countries failed to effectively tackle the severe economic and social problems such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, a belief that the existing social and political structure was unworkable gained ground and the concept of alternate forms of government started to attract a receptive audience."
Examines the politics & philosophy behind the rise of Nazi Germany. Attempts to understand how Nazism galvanized an entire nation, led it into war, & caused it to commit mass murder.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, 1998, $ 23.95
From the Paper "Naziism
Introduction
Naziism is perhaps most inescapably connected to the concentration camps. It is the political philosophy that led to that end. There is more to it, however, as a political movement that galvanized an entire nation and led it into a major world war.
Background
Most historians locate the birth of Naziism in the defeat of Germany in World War I. The terms of the settlement for that peace were hard on Germany. What resulted was widespread economic problems, feelings of humiliation and anger, and the desire of Germans to regain their position as one of the more.."
Abstract The writer of this well-researched paper details the significance of the Great Depression on Adolf Hitler's rise to power. This paper examines the Kellog pact, which bound the economy of Germany which greatly suffered since America wanted recovery of the loans from Germany which were agreed under the Dewas Plan of 1924. Germany's post-WWI economy was beneficiary of foreign loans, particularly loans from the U.S. and on global trade that was founded on a system of loans and notes of credit. When America's global trade and commerce broke down, it also brought down the economy of Germany. This paper explores the effects of the depression in America on the German people, which resulted in extremism, as frantic inhabitants believed that the politicians had left them in the lurch and they were seeking an alternative to their economic difficulties. This paper details the impact of Hitler during this crucial period. The German citizens who gave their votes in favor of the Nazis were not limited to the jobless. German citizens desired to have a government that was able to grab the organization of banks and companies, to get their funds and distribute it evenly among the poverty stricken people. This in-depth paper discusses the people of Germany who looked forward to Nazism, as the moderate parties were frail, vulnerable and not in agreement about the future of Germany, unlike Hitler, who had a firm vision, which appealed to the citizens.
From the Paper "Hinderburg, in spite of his hatred for Hitler, willingly consented to his deal to be crowned Chancellor and Von Papen as the Vice Chancellor, as the Nazis seemed to be the sole well-supported right-wing party that could safeguard Germany from the assault of this Communist Revolution. On January 1933, Papen once again built a cabinet with Hitler as the Chancellor. Papen and other conservatives planned they could repress Hitler by pinning him down with the tasks of government and they would ride piggyback his remarkable popularity with a sizeable section of the voters. However, they were just not even close as regards Hitler's brutality and brilliance at sniffing the opportune moment to capture power. Hitler, who was in the fray for election, bagged thirteen and half million votes."
Abstract In this paper, the author relates that he adheres to the ideology of conservative liberalism to the exclusion of socialism, communism, anarchism, fascism or Nazism. The author further relates his belief that this ideology combines the openness and willingness to experiment of liberalism and the caution of classical conservatism. In addition, the author explains that he bases this selection on his view of human nature. The author then concludes that, almost by elimination, he chooses liberalism, thus favoring a government in which the will of the government can be expressed through change.
From the Paper "This concept of liberty helps to shape the corresponding concept of security. The security that the state must offer is twofold. First, it must protect the whole of society from external invasion. We have managed to do this successfully in the repulse of the attack of the Plu-Turns, and we must retain a government of sufficient strength and foresight to repel any future invasion. At the same time, the government must secure the individuals in our society from internal oppression. In our recovery, we will undoubtedly go through periods of severe economic dislocation."
Abstract The paper explores the movements of Pan-Germanism, the Linzer Programm, the Deutsche Verband and the beliefs of nationalists and the fringe philosophers of post-Empire Vienna. The paper then discusses their influence on Adolf Hitler and the subsequent founding of the Nazi Party. The paper therefore shows how the philosophical, cultural and historical underpinnings of the Austrian Pan-Germanist movement are important precedents to the subsequent rise of Nazism, the Anschluss and the Holocaust.
Outline:
Introduction
Historical Underpinnings in Austria
Rise of Nationalistic and Linguistic Minorities
Liberalism's Flower and the Conservative Backlash
Conservative Ascendancy in Austria
The Linzer Programm
Sources of Anti-Semitism
Influence on Adolf Hitler and the Founding of the Nazi Party
Conclusion
From the Paper "Austria's empire had been under substantial pressure for several decades prior the decision to split Austria and Hungary into a dual monarchy in 1867 (Burant 1989). The Austrians lost significant land and sovereignty to the French in 1806, which represents the time when the decline of the Habsburg Empire would begin. The period from 1806 to 1859 was marked by a gradual reduction in power and influence by the Habsburgs over the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire. During this same period, the German principalities and kingdoms were combining in ways that would assure their future industrial success, most notably with the German Customs Union of the 1840's, and the eventual combination of German regions to form the modern nation in 1861."
Abstract This essay researches Germany's history from industrialization to the post modern period in an effort to relate Germany's history and economic development to the way fascism and Nazism developed. From there, it is investigated whether Soviet rule in the east, or Allied rule in the west better suited Germany's historical developments. It was the allied capitalist system that better suited Germany, as seen in the "West German Miracle".
Tags: allied, berlin, east, germany, ii, stalin, wall, war, west, world
A look at how Europe went from Kant's ethical idealism to Nietzsche's will to power as manifested in fascism including evolution philosophies from Kant, to Hegel, to Heidegger, to Nietzsche.
5,295 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 5 sources, 2000, $ 131.95
Abstract This paper questions whether society is an imitation of philosophy or vice versa. The writer argues that it is an amalgamation of the two. He looks at the developments of philosophy between the time of Kant and Nietzsche and whether they influenced society. He believes that in the idea of beauty, art, and the artist, these otherwise disparate philosophers are all tied together and that through this unity philosophy was allowed to progress.
From the Paper "How did Europe go from Kant's moral duty to Nietzsche's Will to Power? It seems an unfathomable leap, one that occurred more due to societal changes than due to the philosophical influence of the thinkers. It isn?t, however, that simple. Does life imitate art, or vice versa, or in this case philosophy and society. I believe it is an amalgamation of the two, with the philosophers influencing the society in varying degrees, many times tapping the undercurrent that already exists, but sometimes, with great thinkers, pushing society in wild new directions. The thinkers we have studied are these great thinkers, shaping society with their philosophies. Therefore, there is a connection in the change of the philosophical tradition that occurred from Kant to Nietzsche. The simple answer would be the death of God made this change, the resultant rise in atheism throughout Europe, but once again it is subtler and more complex than that, no Ockham's Razor here. We must explore the reason for the death of God, and the reason Kant's ethical idealism began to fail in the first place. Kant began as the last great Platonist. Hegel, with the vagary of his Geist opened Pandora's box and allowed Nietzsche's ideas to flourish. Nietzsche killed God, and Heidegger, in his own inimitable way, brought him back again as Being."
Tags: enlightenment, german, nazism, philosophy, war, world
