Abstract
This paper examines how the Navigation Act of 1600 laid the groundwork for what was to eventually become the American Revolution. The author gives the reader a brief history of the political climate in England that lead to the passage of the Navigation Act and its accompanying taxes and details how they came to affect the lives of the colonists, especially those living in New England. According to the author, the people living in New England made their livelihood from the majority of the items that were now heavily taxed by this new law, which lead to them feeling increasingly isolated from England. This Act or set of taxes, was the first of many subsequent laws which placed an increasing burden upon the colonists and led to the American Revolution.

From the Paper
"By the 18th century, the relationship between the American colonists and Britain and the British Parliament had as its basis a complex pattern of economic ties and conditions. The fact that the American Revolution was initiated over taxes and economic independence more than any other single issue was no historical accident, for while Britain and the American colonies were tied together in a number of cultural, social and political ways, the relationship (as is the rule between a mother country and her colonies) remained at base an economic one."

Tags:revolution, american, england, british, tax, law, colonists, dutch, shipping, navigation, tobacco, cotton, wool, plantations, transport, corn, molasses, act

Abstract
This paper discusses how rail navigation systems evolved from transit maps to the sophisticated technological devices used by travelers today. The writer explains the importance of cartographic design and simple and recognizable images in assisting passengers to navigate train stations. The writer also discusses the growing use of global positioning systems by both travelers and rail management, who use a more advanced version, the differential global positioning system, in order to track trains in areas that are obscured by obstacles such as hills and tunnels, and avoid collisions.

Outline:
Introduction
Early Navigation Systems
Contemporary Train Travel
Evolution of Effective Navigation Systems
Pictograms
Global Positioning Systems
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As rail networks grew in number, competition among the different lines became fierce; this was particularly true during the mid 1800s. During this period, growth was particularly rapid: Britain had 6,900 miles of track, and the United States had 9,000. One factor that clearly mattered to travelers was to know how to navigate within the system; another was the efficiency of the navigation system, and of the train line itself. After all, the point of taking a train was, primarily, to reach a specific destination, and within a specific timeframe. Without efficient map systems, it was difficult to achieve that goal."

Tags:transportation, railroad, safety, schedule, pedestrian, urban, environment

Abstract
This paper discusses the electronic navigation systems and instruments used historically for navigational purposes. The paper presents the history of navigational aids and the development of the various electronic navigation systems. The different systems in use today are examined.

From the Paper
"Electronic navigation systems are continually developing in order to provide pilots and captains the ability to precisely navigate both ships and aircraft under even the most treacherous of conditions. Modern technological advances have changed the way navigators estimate time, location and distance to destination. Among the electronic navigational instruments used in contemporary society are radar devices including the DECCA and LORAN. GPS is also a commonly used electronic navigational system that has afforded pilots the ability to estimate distance and location with high precision. Electronic navigation has enabled pilots of aircraft to make estimates that are within a 90% or more accuracy range. The primitive systems utilized by early navigators would never approach the precision of modern day systems."

Tags:air, traffic, control, maps

Abstract
This paper explains that the design objective for specific audiences and market segments such as older adults must be interactive and collaborative in nature. Next, the author analyzes the basic navigational aspects of ebuyer.com for its consistency and predictability, transparency and the ability to differentiate quickly between services offered in addition to products and 3rd party advertising. The paper concludes that, because of its support of multiple catalog types and structures of data through variation in taxonomies, the VARK-based methodology is the best for the increasingly larger population of older users. The author includes figures of screen shots from ebuyer.com and a table in the appendix.

Table of Contents:
Site Navigation Techniques for Complex Websites
Most Usable and Appropriate Site Navigation Techniques for Older Users
Conclusion
Appendix: Web 2.0 Applications

From the Paper
"Driven by the increased insight into how users need to have several approaches to navigating through content, the increased availability of knowledge management systems that can provide multiple paths to data to nurture greater loyalty and the reliance on recommendation management systems, websites are attempting to have a multi-role structure. Figure 2-- ebuyer.com use of knowledge management and recommendation management systems to provide greater usability-- is evident in the pull-down menu of sort criteria."

Tags:breadcrumbs personalization, recommendation systems, loyalty vark

Abstract
This paper examines the development of Europe's own global navigation satellite system, Galileo. It describes the cost and technology involved in the project. The author writes many industries will also benefit from the launching of the system, but perhaps the greatest benefits of the program rely in the residual effects, as the program creates more jobs, and the European economy will improve as a result of it.

Table of Contents
Purpose and Mission
Costs, Sources of Funding
Operational Data: Launch Timeline
Outlook: The Future of Galileo
Agriculture and Fisheries
Science and Engineering
Transportation
Benefactors of Galileo

From the Paper
"Galileo is a global navigation satellite system which has been a project supported and funded by a consortium between the European Commission and the European Space Agency. European independence is the primary factor in the development of Galileo, prior to the development of Galileo Europeans had no other option but to take positions from the satellites of foreign countries. There are a total of 15 countries working in consortium on this project either directly or indirectly."

Tags:commission, european, space, agency, glonass, funding, launch, timeline, agriculture, and, fisheries, science, engineering, transportation, technology

Abstract
This paper describes Verizon's VZ Navigator service. The paper explains that, after downloading the VZ Navigator applet into his or her cell phone, the subscriber uses the phone keypad to feed in a city and street address or zip code; whereby, the phone immediately fixes on the destination by searching for the GPS-equipped nearest cell tower. The author relates that the servers of the phone service provider download mapping information to the subscriber's cellphone; thereafter, the handset is disconnected from the network, the phone locks onto the orbiting GPS satellites and the routing begins using an online map that is mobile while traveling. The paper reports that the system functions comparatively well; however, when the voice warns about forthcoming turns, there are occasions when street names are not pronounced right, the wrong name is given as a result of an error in the data entry of the central server or the mapping information is outdated.

From the Paper
"The second menu is local search that provides basic searching tool informing about "local ATMs and Banks, Attraction and Recreation, Automotive, Business services, Health Care, Lodging, Personal Services, Places of Worship, shopping etc". The third menu of My Places provides quick access to the frequently locations which are being used. The Maps menu provides the maps of the area with real time updating, while moving. The Options menu allows changing the GPS options from metric unit display download options and altering the voice and detail of the VZ Navigator voice announcer."

Tags:download, gps, map, menu, voice

Abstract
This paper chronicles the evolution of train design from its earliest forms. The paper acknowledges the need for accurate, reliable delivery of globally understood information to travelers. The paper covers the progression of early navigation systems to modern day global positioning capabilities. The paper concludes by acknowledging the importance of the interactions between pedestrians and their environments and asserts that urban transit maps, pictograms, and differential global positioning systems are tools that contribute positively to this process.

Outline:
Introduction
Early Navigation Systems
Contemporary Train Travel
Evolution of Effective Navigation Systems
Pictograms
Global Positioning Systems
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As rail networks grew in number, competition among the different lines became fierce; this was particularly true during the mid 1800s. During this period, growth was particularly rapid: Britain had 6,900 miles of track, and the United States had 9,000 (Ovendon, 2007, p. 6). One factor that clearly mattered to travelers was to know how to navigate within the system; another was the efficiency of the navigation system, and of the train line itself. After all, the point of taking a train was, primarily, to reach a specific destination, and within a specific timeframe. Without efficient map systems, it was difficult to achieve that goal."

Tags:pictogram, GPS

Abstract
This paper discusses Prince Henry the Navigator. It lists the reasons for expeditions including his desire to learn more about geography. The writer looks at the history of Prince Henry and discusses that the prince wanted to spread Christianity and he was able to do this with his expeditions.

From the Paper
"The history of Prince Henry including his birth date and death are given in the paper. Prince Henry the Navigator Why did Prince Henry send men to different expeditions? What were the primary interests in his life? Why study Prince Henry? These are important ..."

Tags:expeditions

Abstract
The paper relates that Prince Henry the Navigator never traveled on an expedition himself, but he sponsored many. The paper then looks at the history of Prince Henry's birth and heritage and discusses the reasons behind his sponsored expeditions. The paper relates that Prince Henry wanted to spread Christianity and he was able to do this with his expeditions.

From the Paper
"First, it is important to look at the history of Prince Henry's birth and heritage. Prince Henry was born in 1394 as a son of King John I. "Henry was born in 1394 as one of the sons of the Portuguese King John I, founder of the Aviz dynasty" (Engels 2006). In fact, he was the third son of King Joao. "His mother, the Queen, was Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt" (Henry the Navigator 2006). Henry persuaded his father to take part in an expedition against the Muslims. When Henry was involved with his brothers in this movement to stop the Muslim stronghold in Morrocco, Henry learned about riches in Africa. Henry wanted part of these riches, but he knew the only way this was going to happen was if he could travel directly to these lands where he hoped to find gold (Engels 2006). Therefore, he allowed different expeditions in order to try to find wealth. However, he never actually went on an expedition. "Truth is, Prince Henry of Portugal never set sail on voyages of discovery" (Africans in America 2006). While he never participated in the expeditions, he did sponsor many expeditions."

Tags:Christianity, geography, slaves, riches, caravel, Portugal

Abstract
This paper examines ontological difficulty and compares the strategies for navigating ontological difficulty in Patrocinio Scheickart's "Reading Ourselves: Toward a Feminist Theory of Reading" and Louis Marin's "Disneyland: A Degenerate Utopia." The paper concludes that ontological difficulty is indeed a broken link between text and meaning, but one that is a necessary step toward better-informed interpretation.

From the Paper
"This comparison of Schweickart and Marin's strategies for navigating ontological difficulty provides several insights into the nature of the concept. Firstly, both critics find that in order to transcend ontological difficulty, one must draw attention to the social and historical context of the text, be it patriarchy or capitalism. Ignoring the context on a text forfeits the reader's power of understanding, and allows ontological difficulty to flourish. Secondly, the broken link between text and meaning provides the critic with a useful starting point. For Schweickart, such misunderstanding led to her exploration of the female reading experience, and an avenue by which this link can be reinstated through the informed reading taking control of the textual experience. What was once a one-way conversation is transformed into an enlightened dialogue. For Marin, the very lack of the possibility of this dialogue provides clues to the hidden purpose of the text, wherein authorial power has been abused. Where the reader is given no autonomy and there is no opportunity for a range of reading experiences, the text becomes ideology. We may conclude that ontological difficulty is indeed a broken link between text and meaning, but one that is a necessary step toward better-informed interpretation."

Tags:text, meaning, dialogue