Abstract
This paper looks at a classic example of naturalism within literature by examining London's short story. It analyzes this story which was published in "The Century Magazine" in 1908 with its themes of the fragility of human survival and the ways in which we as humans are defined by the ways in which we are at odds with the rest of nature. The paper examines how this story epitomizes all the typical characteristics of 'naturalism.'

From the Paper
"In literature, Naturalism extended the tradition of realism, aiming at an even more faithful, unselective representation of reality. It is not coincidental that the rise of Naturalism should follow the rise of photography as an artform (and as a technological possibility), for both photography and naturalism (whether in literature or in the visual arts) attempted to give to the audience or reader a sense of looking at unmediated, uncreated life. Jack London does not want us to remember that we are reading a story that he has made up, but rather he wishes to give us the sense that we ourselves are there. His writing is meant to be invisible, presented to us like a documentary photograph without moral judgment."

Tags:nature, human, character

Abstract
This paper examines how, in metaphysical theory, naturalism is a term used to refer to the idea that all things can be explained by natural phenomena, rather than supernatural ones, and how this theory holds that the universe is a vast machine with no interest or cause beyond itself. It analyzes this theory in relation to the books, "In Our Time" by Ernest Hemingway, "As I Lay Dying" by William Faulkner, and "Babylon Revisited" by F. Scott Fitzgerald. In all three works, it shows how naturalism is depicted not only through language, but also through the subject matter, since all the protagonists have forces against them, which are equally outside of their control.

From the Paper
"The subject of Hemingway's stories is World War I, a subject often written about at the time. What set Hemingway's stories apart from the others are his naturalistic style, as well as the philosophical concerns of this theory. The war is depicted as something beyond the control of the main characters. It is also confusing, as demonstrated through the author's narrative flow, which is often confusing. The main character in many of the stories is Nick Adams. Nick, like the rest of the characters, is often at the mercy of forces outside himself. These include not only universal forces, but also the forces within society. His early lessons in "Indian Camp" for example are due to social forces beyond his control, as is the War."

Tags:babylon, dying, time, our, supernatural, forces

Abstract
This paper looks at the three writers of the British Romantic period (roughly 1789-1832)-two poets and one novelist. How each of these writers addressed the concept of nature is examined with a detailed discussion of at least one of their works in this connection. The poets are Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats; the novelist is Jane Austen. In order to appreciate the context within which each considered the concept of nature, a general background of the period in which the Romantic period developed is outlined. Each artist is then considered in turn, before some conclusions are put forward.

From the Paper
"The careers of the three writers being examined were at the culmination of the Romantic period. This was in an age which, following on the series of successful wars that had established British power all over the world, was one of the gloomiest in British history. If in some ways the England of 1800-20 was ahead of the rest of Europe, in others it lagged far behind. The Industrial Revolution, which was to turn Britain from a nation of peasants and traders into a nation of manufacturers, had begun; but its chief fruits as yet were increased materialism and greed, and politically the period was one of blackest reaction."

Tags:european, britain, blake, wordsworth, coleridge, bryon, themes, ideas, styles, natural

Abstract
This paper considers the nature of heroes in literature, seeing heroes as those who overcome great odds to achieve their ends. It explains that the heroes of both "The Odyssey" of Homer and "Tristan and Iseult" by Joseph Bedier have goals that determine their actions. The paper notes that Odysseus wants to get home after the Trojan War, and Tristan, one of the knights in Arthurian romances, wants to be united with his love, Iseult, though ultimately is only able to do this in death.

From the Paper
"Heroes are those who overcome great odds to achieve their ends. The heroes of both The Odyssey of Homer and Tristan and Iseult by Joseph Bedier have goals that determine their actions. Odysseus wants to get home after the Trojan War, and Tristan, one of the knights in Arthurian romances, wants to be united with his love, Iseult, though ultimately is only able to do this in death. Odysseus in The Iliad is presented as the shrewdest of the Greeks as well as a great warrior. It is Odysseus who devises the gift of the Trojan Horse, the action which leads to the fall of Troy. At the beginning of The Odyssey, he is found imprisoned on Calypso's island ten years after the end of that war. When we meet him in this epic poem, he is a man in such despair at his fate that he has given up even trying to get home."

Tags:odyssey, tristan, iseult

Abstract
This paper compares and contrast how nature is portrayed in a variety of literary works. The works included in this paper are Elizabeth Bishop's "The Fish," Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Nature," Oliver Wendell Holmes' "The Chambered Nautilus," and Patrick Meyer's "K2," Jack London's "To Build A Fire," Henry David Thoreau's "Walden, Or Life in the Woods" and William Wordsworth''s "The World is Too Much With Us." Some of the topics discussed include cruelty in nature, man's relationship with nature, the different elements of nature, the Romantic and Transcendentalist view of nature and the true communing of individual soul with nature. The paper concludes with the author tying all of these topics together by illustrating the similarities between human nature and nature itself.

From the Paper
"Emerson is most concerned about how Emerson sees nature, and would like to see nature better as an American. Emerson does not consider that while observing nature everyone is not only changed internally by nature, whether by cold or by beauty, but also that the observer changes nature itself, even in as simple as something as walking through the perfect and untrodden snow. Just as animal life impacts and is impacted by nature; human beings exist a part of nature and are subject to natural forces. These forces include but are not limited to cold, illness, injury, death, birth, and seasonal extremes. The metaphor of the only observing eyeball denies such an impact."

Tags:wordsworth, emerson, holmes, thoreau, bishop, london

Abstract
This paper is a general sketch about how modernism developed after World War I, with strong influence by 19th Century realism and naturalism. There is a description of firstly, the development of realism, and secondly, the development of naturalism, which leads to the beginnings of modernism and its purpose.

From the Paper
"After World War I, American people and the authors among them were left disillusioned by the effects that war had on their society. America needed a literature that would explain what had happened previously and what was happening to their society. American writers turned to what is now known as modernism. The influence of 19th Century realism and naturalism and their truthful representation of American life and people was evident in post World War I modernism. "

Tags:change, modernism, naturalism, realism, WW1, WWl

Abstract
This paper uses a quote by Samuel Johnson ("Nothing can please many, and please long, but just representations of general nature") as the foundation of an argument concerning the "timeless" qualities in various works of literature. Two stories are examined in order to better address this quote and these stories are "The Death of Ivan Ilych" by Leo Tolstoy and "The Tell- Tale Heart" by Edgar Allen Poe.

Abstract
This paper relates that Romanticism is a complex literary and artistic movement that began around the second half of the 18th Century in Western Europe and how it was mostly embodied in music, literature and the arts. In particular, the paper examines Romanticism's impact on literature and how it emphasized women and children and respect for nature. The paper looks at how the revival of ancient myths, customs, and traditions by Romantic poets helped native cultures stand out against dominant nations.

From the Paper
"Romanticism was not only a movement in music but also in literature too. In literature it generally refers to the late eighteenth up until the mid nineteenth century. Emphasis was put on women and children, and the respect for nature. Even further on this there were other poets such as Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne based their writings upon supernatural, occult, and human psychology which they were fascinated with. Romanticism played a very important part in enlightening those who lived in Central Europe and lacked their own national states. The revival of ancient myths, customs, and traditions by Romantic poets helped in making their native cultures stand out against the dominant nations."

Tags:Edgar, Allen, Poe, Nathaniel, Hawthorne, Yeats

Abstract
Describes Naturalism, its principles and methods. Influence of natural science. Comparison with Realism. Applies the literary style to work of Jack London. Uses his 1908 short story, "To Build A Fire" as an example. Views on heredity and biological determinism giving rise to simple characters dominated by strong passions.

From the Paper
"Usually in the realms of literature and the arts each major movement can be seen as a rebellion against whatever came before it, so Romanticism upstages Classicism, only to be done in in turn by Realism as people weary of the excesses of one style only to rush headlong into the excesses of its opposite. But sometimes it happens that one style is replaced by an even more extreme version of itself, as was the case when Realism in literature and the visual arts was replaced in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries by Naturalism, a movement that was inspired by adaptation of the principles and methods of natural science, especially the Darwinian view of nature. One of the most perfect examples of this movement is Jack London s short story To Build A Fire , published in The Century Magazine in 1908 with its themes of the fragility of human survival and the ways in which we as ..."

Abstract
This paper examines two works: Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's "Te Mote in God's Eye" and Ursula K. LeGuin's "The Left Hand of Darkness". Both books are good examples of works in which human nature is changed nearly beyond our ability to recognize it. All three authors, but especially LeGuin, manipulate the role of learning.

From the Paper
"One of the most important devices that science fiction writers use in examining what is essentially and fundamentally human and what is incidental to our nature (an artifact of the particular time and place in which we live) is to place their characters in either utopian or dystopic societies. While these types of societies obviously differ in many aspects, they share a fundamental similarity in that both are centrally planned social systems in which the rights of individuals are sacrificed to the rights of the group."

Tags:god, man, human, philosophy, space, travel, mankind