Abstract
This paper discusses naturalism in relation to ethics. It explores various forms of naturalism in relation to the individual, and it selects a form of naturalism that appears to dictate a clear path for ethical living in modern society. The paper further explores the notion of duty in relation to ethics, and makes proposals on naturalism that is suited for life.

From the Paper
"Naturalism can be defined in several forms within ethics. While there is the concept of the individual existing in nature with a natural law that corresponds with their ethics, there is also the concept of ethics as a natural flow of the inner human being that seeks what he or she believes is the natural life course to follow. Naturalism can be derived from the Ancient Roman philosophy found in Stoicism in which individuals learned to be ambivalent about life, and that an individual's existence was guided by virtue. Of these ideals the most effective for modern living would appear to be naturalism in relation to natural ideals. The concept of naturalism suggests that individuals have natural wants, desires, and goals in life and that in realizing these elements of existence the individual is being ethically in tune with his or her place in the world."

Tags:naturalism, duty, ethics

Abstract
This paper discusses how and why Mark Twain's short story "Jumping Frog" can be said to be an example of both realism and naturalism. The paper cites examples from the text and discusses the ideas of other critics about these two literary genres.

From the Paper
"Literary Genre Study Proposal. While doing preliminary research for my paper, the statement in the instructions that kept coming into my mind was "Do not worry if the fit isn't exact" for genres are not pigeon holes into which authors force their imaginative creations. I intended to write on "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" because I like Twain and the story is fun and easy to understand."

Tags:naturalism, realism, Twain, Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, literary analysis

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that when Kate Chopin wrote 'The Awakening', several themes were popular in literature. One of these was naturalism, or the belief that natural forces, such as heredity, environment and physical and emotional drives motivate people to act as they do. The writer points out that "The Awakening" includes numerous examples of how naturalism impacts character Edna Pontellier's values, thoughts and actions. More importantly, the book shows what happens when one's natural inclinations conflict with an awakening of unconventional and "unnatural" desires. The writer relates that ironically, it is the sea, a true part of nature, which carries Edna away for the very last time and allows her to disappear forever from her internal conflicts. The writer concludes that in the end, according to Chopin, nature wins.

From the Paper
"In Victorian times, women were primarily recognized as mothers and wives or, as in The Awakening, even possessions of their husband. In several instances, the book's characters confirm this role. For example, in an early scene, Mr. Pontellier criticizes Edna for not attending her sick child and worries that she is not a proper mother. Although these demands on women are part of the patriarchal society, they are based on the belief that women bear the children in the human species and have, or should have, an innate need to nurture and protective their children."
"Edna is a complex character who has many sides to her nature. Part of her recognizes the need, in fact is inwardly driven, to be a good mother."

Tags:natural, forces, motivate, nurture

Abstract
This paper looks at a classic example of naturalism within literature by examining London's short story. It analyzes this story which was published in "The Century Magazine" in 1908 with its themes of the fragility of human survival and the ways in which we as humans are defined by the ways in which we are at odds with the rest of nature. The paper examines how this story epitomizes all the typical characteristics of 'naturalism.'

From the Paper
"In literature, Naturalism extended the tradition of realism, aiming at an even more faithful, unselective representation of reality. It is not coincidental that the rise of Naturalism should follow the rise of photography as an artform (and as a technological possibility), for both photography and naturalism (whether in literature or in the visual arts) attempted to give to the audience or reader a sense of looking at unmediated, uncreated life. Jack London does not want us to remember that we are reading a story that he has made up, but rather he wishes to give us the sense that we ourselves are there. His writing is meant to be invisible, presented to us like a documentary photograph without moral judgment."

Tags:nature, human, character

Abstract
This paper explains that idealism claims that the world is beautiful, everybody is good and a person can adopt high goals and adhere to them though ideas rather than material forces; on the other hand, naturalism is the view that nature alone is real. The author points out that nature has its share in the life of the soul and, in its numerous manifestations, deeply influences human life; but this natural life of the soul is peripheral, merely an appendix to the material phenomena of nature. The paper contends that modern science has not been the result of a gradual accumulation of sensual perceptions but rather a deliberate break with the entire stock of traditional knowledge.

From the Paper
"Technological progress becomes even more exciting when it enters into the service of the social idea, which demands not only a small elite but also humanity at large should profit by it. This demand creates an entirely new challenge, requiring tremendous energy but also giving rise to new complications and harsh contrasts which, in turn, intensify the passion of man's work in this world and enrich its meaning. The transformation of environment has become the purpose of human life; life seems real only insofar as it deals with things. Man no longer needs to escape to an invisible world in order to find and realize exalted goals."

Tags:ideas, material, nature, break, technological

Abstract
The paper posits that Eugene O'Neill's play, "Beyond the Horizon", is a naturalist expression, while his play, "The Hairy Ape", is much more expressionistic, though each has elements of the other. The paper examines both works in order to demonstrate O'Neill's use of both naturalism and expressionism.

From the Paper
"Naturalism is considered an artistic movement that seeks to represent an ordinary, every day reality to convey an artistic or universal thematic message. In theater, this refered to the illusion of reality as represented through detailled sets fuelled by the grandiose imagery of the dialogue itself and the unpoetic effusive literary style which also gives rise to expressionism. In this sense, reality gives way to heightened reality and this represents the transitionary phase and the distinction between naturalism and expressionisim, a distinction best revealed through specific study of the literary works of O'Neill that contain elements of both. Whereas naturalism is a faithful and detailled representation of reality, expressionism becomes the overstated and heightened state of reality that would evoke the most poweful human response."

Tags:reality, environment, nature, characters

Abstract
The paper begins with an explanation of the Naturalist literary movement. The paper then discusses the naturalistic properties in the following texts: Stephen Crane's "The Open Boat," Jack London's "To Build a Fire," William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," Bierce's "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," Tennessee William's "A Streetcar Named Desire," John Cheever's "The Country Husband," John Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums," and Ernest Hemingway's "Hills Like White Elephants." Through different time periods, different styles and even different genres, the paper compares the texts and their application of Naturalism in order to arrive at a better definition of a naturalist text.

From the Paper
"Everyone thinks they know what nature is. The word conjures up pictures of trees, birds, and flowers. But what has Naturalism been as a literary movement? How has it evolved as a concept in the history of American Fiction? According to the AOL Worldbook Encyclopedia, Naturalism is the attempt to apply scientific theory and methods to imaginative, i.e., fictive writing. It states that literary naturalists have often been the most uncompromising of writers, creating characters that are driven by their most basic urges. What is key to literary naturalism, as opposed to the mere depiction of nature in literature, is the way that naturalism encompasses and creates a sense of realistic motivations and desires of human beings in a realistic or natural setting. The Frenchman Emile Zola in his novels began the naturalist movement in literature. But it has always been most popular in America. In fact, when one thinks of what is quintessentially American about American fiction, one often thinks of its naturalistic qualities."

Tags:realism, heredity, environment, South, Southern, character, motivation, point, of, view, realistic, Darwin, society, human, nature

Abstract
This paper examines how the theater of Brecht and Naturalist theater are very different approaches to performance. It looks at how Brecht's theater was centered on a political agenda and designed to convey messages on that agenda whereas Naturalism is about the art itself and bringing realism to acting, not much to do with politics at all. It studies the working conventions of both Naturalism and Brecht's Epic theater and considers whether Naturalism can fulfill some of the functions of Brecht's theater.

From the Paper
"However, in a far more subtle way, Naturalism can also make points which promote comment on the social and political status of the time, and cause reaction within an audience fueled by these. For example, a great part of "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen is a comment on the social status of the protagonist, Nora Helmer. In a contemporary society, her situation would be considered completely normal, in that she is portrayed as a housewife and mother with little or no rights independently of her husband, and before her marriage, her father. As a woman, she was a second class citizen; whilst having just as much intelligence and common sense as her male counterparts this is smothered and repressed so that she fits the mold of the "good little wife"."

Tags:alienation, chekhov, courage, ibsen, marxism, mother, verfremdungeffekt

Abstract
This paper examines how, in metaphysical theory, naturalism is a term used to refer to the idea that all things can be explained by natural phenomena, rather than supernatural ones, and how this theory holds that the universe is a vast machine with no interest or cause beyond itself. It analyzes this theory in relation to the books, "In Our Time" by Ernest Hemingway, "As I Lay Dying" by William Faulkner, and "Babylon Revisited" by F. Scott Fitzgerald. In all three works, it shows how naturalism is depicted not only through language, but also through the subject matter, since all the protagonists have forces against them, which are equally outside of their control.

From the Paper
"The subject of Hemingway's stories is World War I, a subject often written about at the time. What set Hemingway's stories apart from the others are his naturalistic style, as well as the philosophical concerns of this theory. The war is depicted as something beyond the control of the main characters. It is also confusing, as demonstrated through the author's narrative flow, which is often confusing. The main character in many of the stories is Nick Adams. Nick, like the rest of the characters, is often at the mercy of forces outside himself. These include not only universal forces, but also the forces within society. His early lessons in "Indian Camp" for example are due to social forces beyond his control, as is the War."

Tags:babylon, dying, time, our, supernatural, forces

Abstract
This paper discusses the views and works of Stephen Crane and particularly examines the elements of the naturalism for which he is acclaimed. It discusses how this naturalism is evident in his famous character, Maggie, from his novella, "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets." The paper examines the character and how she embodies Crane's views.

From the Paper
"In fact, it is Maggie's lack of education coupled with her lack of a positive role model in her life that causes Maggie to turn to the stage melodrama and the popular romance for her values. These things encourage her dreams of a perfect lover and instill in her the false beliefs that virtue triumphs over vice, and that poverty in ennobling. In addition to the physical appearance of the Bowery of Rum Alley and the Johnson home, Maggie's home life was also combatant contributing to the environment that formed her. Her mother and father constantly fought and alcohol was important in the dysfunction between family members. Crane says that Maggie's mother constantly drank from "a yellow-brown bottle" and Maggie's father's comments confirm that alcoholism when he speaks to Maggie's mother, saying, "You've been drinkin', Mary. You'd better let up on the bot' o1' woman, or you'll git done." Despite his criticism toward Maggie's mother, though, Maggie's father's alcoholism also contributes to the atmosphere within the family."

Tags:environment, humanity, principles