Abstract This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from naturalgas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of naturalgas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.
Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs
From the Paper "Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of managing natural resources, particularly naturalgas. It discusses the need for management to address extraction, processing and distribution of naturalgas within the United States, as well as to constructively interact with the demands of the rest of the world to secure naturalgas imports. The paper also addresses economics, politics and environmental concerns that are relevant to naturalgas management.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Economic Importance
Availability of NaturalGas Management of NaturalGas Conclusion
From the Paper "Holistic management of a complete ecosystem is a highly ambitious goal. It requires enormous effort in developing critical knowledge of the area and how to manage its biological health. It requires conscientious assessment and management of the human activities present in that area. It also requires constructive cooperation between all political entities involved in the use of that ecosystem. This is a tough model the Norwegians have created. It is also very doable. It will test the ingenuity of all involved. If successful it is a model that could be transported anywhere in the world, including the United States."
Abstract This paper examines the relative risks and benefits of importing liquefied naturalgas (LNG), specifically to the United States. It discusses the threat of LNG once it is brought onto land and the threats of transporting it by sea. In order to understand whether the benefits outweigh the risks, the paper discusses the value of imported LNG for the United States. Environmental, financial and industrial benefits are included in the discussion. The paper then looks at the effect of importing liquefied naturalgas on the intelligence and policing community and finally discusses the challenges facing congress.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Risks of Importing Liquefied NaturalGas Benefits of Importing Liquefied NaturalGas Effect of Importing Liquefied NaturalGas on the Intelligence and Policing Community
Challenges Facing Congress and Policy Makers
The Paradox of Liquefied NaturalGas Tankers
Conclusion
From the Paper "The importation of liquefied natural gas represents, for the United States, a tremendous opportunity for the obtaining of an energy source which can not only go a very long way toward remedying the energy shortages which have plagued the US and other industrialized nations for decades, but also provides a source of low environmental impact energy as well. Conversely, there are also some risks in the importation of LNG, including concerns for the safety of the nation, political considerations, financial entanglements and more. While there is no totally reliable, risk-free energy source in the present day, LNG seems to present one of the most attractive options given the alternatives today. However, in conclusion, the quest to obtain other attractive sources of energy should not stop."
Abstract This paper discusses safety and risk posed by liquefied naturalgas (LNG) facilities. It specifically focuses on the safety of these facilities in that they are highly visible and make easy targets for terrorist attacks. The paper also discusses the safety standards and technology associated with LNG, particularly following a catastrophic event in 1944 in Cleveland. It describes the environmental effects of a disaster, as well as symptoms of exposure in an LNG accident. The paper concludes with a long-term risk assessment of the future of LNG.
Table of Contents:
The Infrastructure
Risks Associated with Spills
Cold Hazards
Pool Fires
Vapor Clouds
"A Cleaner Alternative"
By-Products of Combustion
Symptoms of Exposure in an LNG Accident
A Matter of Scale and Scope
Long Term Environmental Impact
Disaster Planning and Modeling
Evacuation
Contamination Control
Improving LNG Accident Response
How Real is the Risk?
Potential Scenario from an LNG Explosion in Boston Harbor
The Future of LNG Risk Assessment
From the Paper "Up until this point, only one real world scenario of an LNG accident existed and it was long ago before recent developments in technology and safety protocol. Other assessments, such as those made by FERC and industry professionals are largely theoretical. They leave too many variables to chance. To accurately assess the real dangers of LNG, there is a critical need for credible, scenario based research. This is the next phase in the research cycle concerning the safety of LNG. If we are to remove the issue from the political battleground, we need more research-based evidence. In the case of LNG, valid research can be difficult due to the nature of the material."
Abstract This paper argues that the naturalgas vehicle is better than the electric vehicle (EV) - chiefly because it remains somewhat more convenient to re-fuel, and because the long-term durability of the EV remains in doubt. The author outlines the strengths of each and in the final analysis, while giving a slight advantage to a naturalgas-propelled vehicle,he states that purchasing either type will turn out to be a judicious choice.
From the Paper "To begin with, it is simply inaccurate to suggest that gas automobiles are chronic polluters; in truth, a car or truck operating on natural gas can be quite clean. For instance, natural gas is overwhelmingly methane in composition and it is, as an added benefit, derived from plant materials. More importantly, clean gas automobiles tend to produce a very low amount of "dangerous" (carbon monoxide) emissions. If that is not good enough, then critics of gas automobiles should bear in mind that clean gas is very abundant, is a viable alternative to other fuel products, and is quite cheap ("Clean Gas Products," para.1-5). All in all, gas automobiles are operating on a fuel that is more than accessible and does not (assuming it is natural gas) cause great complications to the surrounding environment."
Abstract This paper provides a company profile of the El Paso Corporation, a leading provider of naturalgas services in North America, which holds a primary position in every segment of the naturalgas value chain through vertical integration from naturalgas production to transportation, trading and power generation. It discusses how the demand for naturalgas is increasing accompanied by deregulation and convergence of energy markets and the implications for significant growth opportunities for large, financially strong companies in the energy business. It analyzes the current industry looking at competition, rivalry among existing firms, the threat of substitute products, consumers, suppliers and trends and shows the potential effect on the company of competition and threats.
From the Paper "Conversely, with deregulation succeeding creating more competition, customers may switch to other providers causing a downward pressure on prices and margins. The threat to the industry lies if a plentifully available, cheaper source of energy such as wind emerges and from environmental concerns over carbon emissions and global warming. Globally, expensive investments in exploration, finding and production can be jeopardized by the threat of war or economies suddenly closing doors due to internal strife, change in ideology etc."
Abstract The oil and gas extraction industry in Australia is comprised of firms that are primarily engaged in producing crude oil, naturalgas or condensate and in treating these products on site to produce liquefied or purified forms of oil and gas. The paper presents an industry and environmental scan of oil and gas extraction in Australia. It includes graphs and tables.
Paper Outline:
Products of the Industry
Market Structure
Market Size and Sales
International Environment
Regulatory Environment
Demographics
Industry Problems
Industry Trends and Forecasts
Porter's 5 Forces Model Analysis
Bibliography
From the Paper "According to Richard A. Kerr, many economists foresee another half-century of cheap oil; however, a growing contingent of geologists warns that oil will begin to run out much sooner--perhaps in only 10 years or so. The optimists are characterized as mainly those who place their faith in new technology for finding and extracting oil and expect that production will meet rise in demand until about 50 years from now, a period deemed sufficient to identify and develop effective energy alternatives; however, the pessimists suggest that even taking into account the best efforts of the explorationists and the discovery of new fields in frontier areas such as the Caspian Sea sometime between 2010 and 2020, the production oil from wells around the world will peak at 80 million barrels per day, then begin a steady, inevitable decline (Kerr, 1998)."
Examines the history & feasibility of using naturalgas as an alternative to gasoline in automobiles. Covers the technical dimension, political issues, health & safety factors, energy management, & environmental benefits.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 14 sources, 1996, $ 71.95
From the Paper "The Clinton Administration has committed itself to a program for developing a cleaner automobile in partnership with auto makers. The goal of a cleaner car utilizing natural gas has been depicted as undercutting efforts already under way to produce a viable electric car. In fact, both types of car are seen as potential alternatives to the current gasoline-powered vehicles and so to the continued production of air pollution and other environmental problems as well as to our dependence on oil.
A recent advance is seen in several new filling stations with pumps to dispense natural gas. By 2010, two million vehicles could be running on compressed natural gas, which would still only be a fraction of the 196 million registered vehicles now on the road. Converting vehicles to run on natural gas costs..."
Abstract This is a case summary of a case before an Arbitral Tribunal arising from a dispute over rights to explore for, drill for and store petroleum and naturalgas in economic quantities on a contract area. The dispute is between the Claimants and the Government of Qatar who are the Respondents. The paper includes a sample case write up with the information and this case write up is modelled as close to the actual case summary as possible.
From the Paper "ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL WINTERSHALL, A.G., INTERNATIONAL OCEAN RESOURCES, INC., VESA OEL A.G., DEUTSE SCHACHTBAU-und TIEFBOHRGESELLSCHAFT MBH, GULFSTREAM RESOURCES CANADA LTD. V. THE GOVERNMENT OF QATAR Arbitrators: 1. J.R. Stevenson (President) 2. I. Brownlie 3. B. Cremades I: OVERVIEW * EPSA Ag reement entered into between Claimants (WINTERSHALL, A.G., INTERNATIONAL OCEAN RESOURCES, INC., VESA OEL A.G., DEUTSE SCHACHTBAU-und TIEFBOHRGESELLSCHAFT MBH, GULFSTREAM RESOURCES CANADA LTD.) and Respondents (The Government of Qatar) for Claimants to have the right to drill for and store commercially usable amounts of petroleum and natural gas in economic amounts in contracted area. * Claimants did not find crude oil for petroleum in suitable amount. * Due to boundary dispute.."
Abstract This paper analyzes Allegheny Energy, Inc., which is a utility holding company that is primarily involved in the power generation industry, electric and naturalgas distribution and transmission. It discusses the company's strengths and weakness, as well as strategies it implements at present and recommendations for the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Swot Analysis
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Current Strategies
Recommendations
From the Paper "The increasing cost of fossil fuel also poses a threat to the company. The shifting rising cost of crude oil in the international market may shift demand to other fossil fuel like coal and drive prices up. And given that 95% of the company's power generation is fueled by coal, this is a significant threat, especially in light of the deregulated regime, where the company has to compete fiercely despite rising costs on its part."
Abstract This paper presents a project proposal for finding alternative suppliers of compressed naturalgas (CNG) inspections for the Kingsgrove CNG powered fleet. The proposal explores the process for assuring that the new supplier is not only more cost effective, but that it will provide adequate services for the maintenance of safety standards and protocols.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Part 1: Project Proposal
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Concept
2.1 The Aim
2.2 Objectives
2.3 Stakeholder Mapping
Summary of Plan
Part 2: Project Plan
4.1 Information Gathering
4.2 Selecting A Solution
4.3 Assessment Criteria
4.4 Project Timetable
4.5 Resource Schedule
4.6 Risk Assessment
4.7 Implementation
4.8 Evaluation
5.0 Recommendations
From the Paper "Kingsgrove was the first depot to adopt the use of alternative fuel in their buses. Currently, Kingsgrove has 104 buses powered by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The fuel tanks are owned by STA and must be certified as safe and fit for their intended purpose as part of an ongoing maintenance routine. When the project first began there was only one supplier to perform these inspection services. However, due to a recent price increase, Kingsgrove now wishes to explore alternative suppliers for services. The following proposal explores the process for assuring that the new supplier is not only more cost effective, but that they will provide adequate services for the maintenance of safety standards and protocols. As maintenance manager, it is my role to assure that this process is carried out in an efficient and effective manner."
Abstract This report stipulates the final report for the planned project entitled "Finding Alternative Suppliers Of Contract Certification Of CNG On Bus Fuel Tanks For The Kingsgrove CNG Powered Fleet". As such, the report delineates the exact steps planned to obtain an alternative service provider for the certification and safety testing of Kingsgrove's compressed naturalgas (CNG) tanks.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Project: Aims and Objectives
Stakeholders
Problem Description
Safety
Cost
Solution
Information Gathering
Proposal Invitation
Assessment Criteria and Selection Process
Implementation
Resources and Risks
Recommendations
From the Paper "Up until now, Kingsgrove's CNG testing and certification has been performed by Walkers Ausgas. These services have been satisfactory for the duration of the company's contract with Kingsgrove. The problem is however that Walkers Ausgas has recently announced a price increase, without which they would not be able to continue their service to Kingsgrove. If Kingsgrove were then to continue using this service from Ausgas, two problems would result: the first is that, to ensure continuing profits and business survival, Kingsgrove would need to substantially increase its service prices to customers; the second, and related to the first problem, is that this price increase would result in a loss of customers, possibly necessitating further price increases."
Abstract This paper describes some of the many technological advancements that took place in China prior to the fourteenth century under the Shang and Chou dynasties. The paper relates that under Chinese Shang rule, bronze metallurgy was developed that then evolved into the development of blast furnaces and advanced iron-casting capabilities. The paper also discusses the development of a distinctive writing system and examines China's contributions to the lives of Europeans. This included the glazed pottery known as china or porcelain as well as other inventions of the compass, paper, gun powder, naturalgas, mechanical clocks and row planting.
From the Paper "The era of the Shang and Chou dynasties represent the formative years of Chinese history. Prior to this period, China was politically unified, yet comparable to India before its unification by the Mauryan Dynasty. This was the time when a majority of China's cultural traditions that exist today materialized. For many centuries, the country of China was in an isolated state away from other civilization, seas, deserts, and mountains. This helps to explain the originality and uniqueness of the Chinese culture. China's transition from Neolithic culture to civilization was complete with the establishment of Shang rule over most of North China in addition to the first written texts ("Notes on China")."
Abstract The concept that countries that are endowed with natural resources such as oil, naturalgas, and gold should exploit them to promote economic growth and development has long been recognized as one of the fundamental principles of development economics. The principle of comparative advantage also maintains that countries should exploit those factors that they hold in greatest abundance. The revenues that are generated by natural resources can be used to assist in the promotion of economic growth in this view, which will then allow the economy to diversify and produce the kinds of higher value-added goods that are necessary to further accelerate economic development. The resource curse theory. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to determine the relationship between economic growth and human capital, and what current theories and models provide insights into this process. A case study of Nigerian underdevelopment is presented to determine how, in spite of abundant natural resources, the country has failed to fully realize the potential of many of its natural resources. Further, research on the role of western nations in conflicts in Africa as an indirect factor for the mismanagement of natural resources in Africa is also provided. A summary of the research, salient conclusions and timely recommendations are presented in the concluding chapter. The paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4
Data Analysis
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "While petroleum products are a relative newcomer to Nigeria's "resource curse" mix, coal and tin have been mined in the country since the early colonial period; however, coal production decreased following World War II, as a consequence of the redirection of resources to the potentially more lucrative oil industry. Nevertheless, substantial coal reserves of varying quality remain throughout Nigeria's south-central states (see map at Appendix B) in a strip of country that stretches from Benin to Cameroon. Furthermore, columbite and tin can be found in the Jos Plateau and there are iron-ore deposits in the Lokoja area (situated close to the Ajaokuta steel complex in the lower Niger valley)."
Abstract The author of the paper shows that "The End of Nature" by Bill McKibben is not a science fiction book, although many people would like it to be. He shows instead that It is a serious examination of the very serious issues confronting humanity today and what those issues promise for our future. In short, the paper shows that this is a book that deals honestly and in a straightforward manner with the survival of humanity on this planet and how we arrived at this point.
From the Paper "In taking responsibility for what we have done to Nature, we are admitting that Nature is something we have control over. It is no longer some separate wild thing. It is not a world apart that we must adapt to. So when Mr. McKibben says we have ended Nature what he is really talking about it that we have deconstructed the idea of Nature as a separate thing, distinct for humanity, over which we have only limited control. The nature we have ended was just an idea (pp. 48-9)"
