Abstract
This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of natural gas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.

Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs

From the Paper
"Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."

Tags:hydrocarbon, condensate, gasoline, butane, propane, gas, processing, plants, recovery, liquefiable, constituents

Abstract
This paper explains that the modern process of extracting the vast natural gas resources in the U.S.A. began in the second half of the nineteenth century with the first commercial drilling operations in Pennsylvania. Next, the author examines the ecological, socio-economic, technological, health and ethical questions surrounding natural gas drilling. The paper concludes that the great demand for natural gas will continue to increase; therefore, drilling operations will be expanded to other regions regardless of these issues. This paper includes an annotated bibliography.

Table of Contents:
Natural Gas Drilling in the United States
Natural Gas Drilling
History of Natural Gas Drilling in America
Pros and Cons of Drilling
Historical Debates
Ethical Issues Surrounding Land Use and Conservation
Wells on Indian Reservations
Socio-Economic Conditions in Drilling Regions
Success over the Years
National Gas Drilling Technology and Oil Drilling Technology
Conservation or Preservation Issues
Water Issues
Future Drilling
The author includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"The matter of drilling to extract natural gas has been highly debated throughout the years, with the dispute being far from exhaustive. A first argument in favor of drilling is given by the efficiency of the mechanism in extracting the source of heath for industrial and individual consumers. The population is in tremendous need for gas in order to support the life style they have become accustomed to. And not only that it maintains the current living standards, it is compulsory for life itself and it is a step forward in improving the current living conditions. "

Tags:dimock automobile water extractors, indian reservations

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of managing natural resources, particularly natural gas. It discusses the need for management to address extraction, processing and distribution of natural gas within the United States, as well as to constructively interact with the demands of the rest of the world to secure natural gas imports. The paper also addresses economics, politics and environmental concerns that are relevant to natural gas management.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Economic Importance
Availability of Natural Gas
Management of Natural Gas
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Holistic management of a complete ecosystem is a highly ambitious goal. It requires enormous effort in developing critical knowledge of the area and how to manage its biological health. It requires conscientious assessment and management of the human activities present in that area. It also requires constructive cooperation between all political entities involved in the use of that ecosystem. This is a tough model the Norwegians have created. It is also very doable. It will test the ingenuity of all involved. If successful it is a model that could be transported anywhere in the world, including the United States."

Tags:petroleum, energy, consumers

Abstract
This paper examines the relative risks and benefits of importing liquefied natural gas (LNG), specifically to the United States. It discusses the threat of LNG once it is brought onto land and the threats of transporting it by sea. In order to understand whether the benefits outweigh the risks, the paper discusses the value of imported LNG for the United States. Environmental, financial and industrial benefits are included in the discussion. The paper then looks at the effect of importing liquefied natural gas on the intelligence and policing community and finally discusses the challenges facing congress.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Risks of Importing Liquefied Natural Gas
Benefits of Importing Liquefied Natural Gas
Effect of Importing Liquefied Natural Gas on the Intelligence and Policing Community
Challenges Facing Congress and Policy Makers
The Paradox of Liquefied Natural Gas Tankers
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The importation of liquefied natural gas represents, for the United States, a tremendous opportunity for the obtaining of an energy source which can not only go a very long way toward remedying the energy shortages which have plagued the US and other industrialized nations for decades, but also provides a source of low environmental impact energy as well. Conversely, there are also some risks in the importation of LNG, including concerns for the safety of the nation, political considerations, financial entanglements and more. While there is no totally reliable, risk-free energy source in the present day, LNG seems to present one of the most attractive options given the alternatives today. However, in conclusion, the quest to obtain other attractive sources of energy should not stop."

Tags:transport, tanker, trade, energy

Abstract
This paper discusses safety and risk posed by liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. It specifically focuses on the safety of these facilities in that they are highly visible and make easy targets for terrorist attacks. The paper also discusses the safety standards and technology associated with LNG, particularly following a catastrophic event in 1944 in Cleveland. It describes the environmental effects of a disaster, as well as symptoms of exposure in an LNG accident. The paper concludes with a long-term risk assessment of the future of LNG.

Table of Contents:
The Infrastructure
Risks Associated with Spills
Cold Hazards
Pool Fires
Vapor Clouds
"A Cleaner Alternative"
By-Products of Combustion
Symptoms of Exposure in an LNG Accident
A Matter of Scale and Scope
Long Term Environmental Impact
Disaster Planning and Modeling
Evacuation
Contamination Control
Improving LNG Accident Response
How Real is the Risk?
Potential Scenario from an LNG Explosion in Boston Harbor
The Future of LNG Risk Assessment

From the Paper
"Up until this point, only one real world scenario of an LNG accident existed and it was long ago before recent developments in technology and safety protocol. Other assessments, such as those made by FERC and industry professionals are largely theoretical. They leave too many variables to chance. To accurately assess the real dangers of LNG, there is a critical need for credible, scenario based research. This is the next phase in the research cycle concerning the safety of LNG. If we are to remove the issue from the political battleground, we need more research-based evidence. In the case of LNG, valid research can be difficult due to the nature of the material."

Tags:catastrophy, combustion, hazard, environment

From the Paper
"The Clinton Administration has committed itself to a program for developing a cleaner automobile in partnership with auto makers. The goal of a cleaner car utilizing natural gas has been depicted as undercutting efforts already under way to produce a viable electric car. In fact, both types of car are seen as potential alternatives to the current gasoline-powered vehicles and so to the continued production of air pollution and other environmental problems as well as to our dependence on oil.

A recent advance is seen in several new filling stations with pumps to dispense natural gas. By 2010, two million vehicles could be running on compressed natural gas, which would still only be a fraction of the 196 million registered vehicles now on the road. Converting vehicles to run on natural gas costs..."

Tags:transportation

Abstract
The paper argues that the natural gas vehicle is actually better than the electric automobile - chiefly because it remains somewhat more convenient to re-fuel, and because the long-term durability of the EV remains in doubt. The paper notes that both types of vehicles have their advantages, and the paper outlines the strengths of each. The paper concludes that while this writer gives a slight advantage to a natural gas-propelled vehicle, purchasing either type will turn out to be a judicious choice.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that the natural gas vehicle is actually better than the electric automobile - chiefly because it remains somewhat more convenient to re-fuel, and because the long-term durability of the EV remains in doubt. Be that as it may, both types of vehicles have their advantages, and the next several pages will outline the strengths of each. In the final analysis, while this writer gives a slight advantage to a natural gas-propelled vehicle, purchasing either type will turn out to be a judicious choice. To begin with, it is simply inaccurate to suggest that gas automobiles are..."

Tags:gas, electric, automobiles

Abstract
This paper argues that the natural gas vehicle is better than the electric vehicle (EV) - chiefly because it remains somewhat more convenient to re-fuel, and because the long-term durability of the EV remains in doubt. The author outlines the strengths of each and in the final analysis, while giving a slight advantage to a natural gas-propelled vehicle,he states that purchasing either type will turn out to be a judicious choice.

From the Paper
"To begin with, it is simply inaccurate to suggest that gas automobiles are chronic polluters; in truth, a car or truck operating on natural gas can be quite clean. For instance, natural gas is overwhelmingly methane in composition and it is, as an added benefit, derived from plant materials. More importantly, clean gas automobiles tend to produce a very low amount of "dangerous" (carbon monoxide) emissions. If that is not good enough, then critics of gas automobiles should bear in mind that clean gas is very abundant, is a viable alternative to other fuel products, and is quite cheap ("Clean Gas Products," para.1-5). All in all, gas automobiles are operating on a fuel that is more than accessible and does not (assuming it is natural gas) cause great complications to the surrounding environment."

Tags:high-pollution, inefficiency, emissions

Abstract
The oil and gas extraction industry in Australia is comprised of firms that are primarily engaged in producing crude oil, natural gas or condensate and in treating these products on site to produce liquefied or purified forms of oil and gas. The paper presents an industry and environmental scan of oil and gas extraction in Australia. It includes graphs and tables.

Paper Outline:
Products of the Industry
Market Structure
Market Size and Sales
International Environment
Regulatory Environment
Demographics
Industry Problems
Industry Trends and Forecasts
Porter's 5 Forces Model Analysis
Bibliography

From the Paper
"According to Richard A. Kerr, many economists foresee another half-century of cheap oil; however, a growing contingent of geologists warns that oil will begin to run out much sooner--perhaps in only 10 years or so. The optimists are characterized as mainly those who place their faith in new technology for finding and extracting oil and expect that production will meet rise in demand until about 50 years from now, a period deemed sufficient to identify and develop effective energy alternatives; however, the pessimists suggest that even taking into account the best efforts of the explorationists and the discovery of new fields in frontier areas such as the Caspian Sea sometime between 2010 and 2020, the production oil from wells around the world will peak at 80 million barrels per day, then begin a steady, inevitable decline (Kerr, 1998)."

Tags:Shell, petroleum, crude

Abstract
The concept that countries that are endowed with natural resources such as oil, natural gas, and gold should exploit them to promote economic growth and development has long been recognized as one of the fundamental principles of development economics. The principle of comparative advantage also maintains that countries should exploit those factors that they hold in greatest abundance. The revenues that are generated by natural resources can be used to assist in the promotion of economic growth in this view, which will then allow the economy to diversify and produce the kinds of higher value-added goods that are necessary to further accelerate economic development. The resource curse theory. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to determine the relationship between economic growth and human capital, and what current theories and models provide insights into this process. A case study of Nigerian underdevelopment is presented to determine how, in spite of abundant natural resources, the country has failed to fully realize the potential of many of its natural resources. Further, research on the role of western nations in conflicts in Africa as an indirect factor for the mismanagement of natural resources in Africa is also provided. A summary of the research, salient conclusions and timely recommendations are presented in the concluding chapter. The paper includes tables and graphs.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4
Data Analysis
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"While petroleum products are a relative newcomer to Nigeria's "resource curse" mix, coal and tin have been mined in the country since the early colonial period; however, coal production decreased following World War II, as a consequence of the redirection of resources to the potentially more lucrative oil industry. Nevertheless, substantial coal reserves of varying quality remain throughout Nigeria's south-central states (see map at Appendix B) in a strip of country that stretches from Benin to Cameroon. Furthermore, columbite and tin can be found in the Jos Plateau and there are iron-ore deposits in the Lokoja area (situated close to the Ajaokuta steel complex in the lower Niger valley)."

Tags:ISI, production, enterprise, Honey, Pot, globalization