Abstract
The paper briefly explains the history of Canadian Indians. The writer details the pattern of death and the main diseases that affect the Canadian Indians, including lifestyle related diseases, infectious diseases and the increased number of violent deaths. The paper discusses the high rate of drug abuse, and suicides found in this group of people. The writer explains that most articles written about these issues suggest the need to increase income, education and social opportunities for Indian youth and adolescents. In conclusion, the writer states that the Indian communities have adapted and integrated both traditional and western approaches to fit their own unique sociocultural needs.

From the Paper
"Native Aboriginal also have an increased risk for diabetes. This is probably because their original diet was low in simple carbohydrates and over the centuries, their bodies adapted to this regime. Diabetes is 4-8 times more common in Canadian Indians compared to the general Canadian population. In some Indian communities, up to half of all adults have diabetes. Indian Elders suffer from higher rates of complications from diabetes. Unfortunately, the individuals least open to the regimen of western medicine are Indian elders, making proper treatment of their diabetes more difficult. They are not able to return to the original diet of their ancestors and often die early of complications. "Also there are numerous challenges facing these same individuals, families, and communities in their struggle to reduce the harm due to substance use/abuse. Among Indian and Native people, special challenges include whether or not, and, if so, how to adapt treatment or prevention programs for use in their own communities. Another challenge is how to draw upon and incorporate cultural values, skills, and knowledge into this struggle. In addition, how to reconcile certain cultural practices, such as the ceremonial use of tobacco and peyote, with messages about harmful substance use continues to be a challenge as well. Others include how to develop self-sustaining programs once private, state, or federal support for their start-up has ended. For instance, the Wheel Council uses traditional arts like storytelling as a means to heal social problems such as racism, drug addiction, violence, economic injustice, health crises, child abuse and neglect."

Tags:native, aboriginal, drugs, alcohol, suicide

Abstract
This paper discusses cultural competence within the context of the Pacific Northwest Indians and the Alaskan Native American. The paper describes family and community approaches to child welfare practice and also looks at social and (to a lesser extent) racial constructs in these societies. Finally, the paper at various times touches upon the lessons that a careful study of Pacific Northwest culture can offer to a child welfare agent eager to do the right thing.

From the Paper
"About the Coeur d'Alene tribe somewhat less is known but it is known that kinship was bilaterally based and that the same terms were used to address a cousin from the mother's side of the family as from the father's side of the family (Frey, n.d.). Whether or not this sort of practice is still in place is hard to determine (the evidence is scant) but, to the extent that any members of the Coeur d'Alene still cling to the "old ways", it is advisable that child welfare representatives respect the fact that Coeur d'Alene families are extended and close-knit and that a child's well-being is everyone's concern."

Tags:Native American Washington State, Alaska

Abstract
The paper looks at the traditional opinions on the fur trade that view it as an exploitative era which was deleterious to the Indians. The paper discusses, however, the strong evidence that the Indians themselves were key players in the trade and were on an equal footing with their European trading partners. The paper concludes that the roles of the Indians as hunters, trappers, and middlemen in the fur trade ensured that they had the most powerful position in the trading network.

From the Paper
"A growing number of scholars are therefore challenging these accounts. Carlos and Lewis (1999) allege that the two historians were guilty of downplaying the customs and practices of the Indians, focusing instead on the conduct of the fur trade by European companies. Hamilton (2000) complained that while much of the operations of the European fur trading companies have been discussed, very few of the scholars were interested in determining the extent to which the native Indians themselves were involved in the fur business."

Tags:hunting, barters, Europeans

Abstract
This paper explores the beginnings, history, culture, language and religions of Native Americans. The paper explains that they are believed to have come to the Western Hemisphere from Asia via the Bering Strait or along the North Pacific coast. The paper also describes the many different types of languages of the Native Americans, their living conditions in the 20th century and some of the Native Indian religious beliefs.

From the Paper
"The main language family of the Northwest Coast were the Nadene in the north and the Wakashan, a subdivision of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock, and the Tsimshian, a subdivision of the Penutian linguistic stock in the central area (Natives Pp). They had a highly stratified society with chiefs, nobles, commoners, and slaves, and are famed for their artwork of ceremonial items such as rattles and masks, weaving and basketry (Natives Pp). Moreover, they had woven robes, furs, basket hats, wooden armor and helmets for battle, and their culture included cannibalistic rituals (Natives Pp)."

Tags:americas, population, european, contact, smallpox, influenza, measles, diseases, exposure, plains, plateau

Abstract
This paper presents a brief history of the Native Americans of California, focusing on their struggles with colonizing Europeans and their eventual loss of land and civil rights. The paper traces the history of Native Americans in the US back to their arrival in North America from Asia. Next the author describes their settlement and cultures in North America, and California specifically. The paper highlights the arrival of Europeans to Californian, describing the Native American's subsequent loss of loss of land, culture and autonomy. Special attention is paid to the effects of reservations on the Native American population.

Outline:
California Indians
Population Decline of California Indian
Figure-1: Native California [Census 2000]
Figure-2: Native California Population [Census 2000]
Indian Plight since Columbian Period


Paper includes maps and charts.

From the Paper
"This exploitation continued well into the twentieth century and displacement of Native Indian from reserves continued with little or no compensation until the early twentieth century. The enlightened society of the twentieth century began to apply the laws which have been on the statutes for centuries to all Americans. Discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion and sex can not be legally justified anymore. This important factor now provides legal rights and new protection to Native Indians. "

Tags:California, Native, Americans, Indians, colonists, Europeans, reservations

Abstract
The paper explores the prevalent misconceptions about Native Americans such as that Indians are all pretty much the same, or Indians only live on reservations. The paper discusses how Inidans consider the Native-American mascot to be the epitome of racism. The paper argues that these stereotypes not only affect the native people but also ourselves as non-natives. The paper contends that we need to educate our society and stop perpetuating the Native-American stereotypes.

From the Paper
"There are many Native American misconceptions today in the United States. Many people believe that Indians are all pretty much the same, or Indians only live on reservations. These stereotypes not only affect the native people but also ourselves as non-natives. We get these misconceptions in our head and believe them to be accurate and true. We not only have no idea who the native peoples are but we have even confused them because they try to live up to our standard of what a native person should be."

Tags:Indians, mascots, reservations, sports

Abstract
This paper demonstrates how Hurtado's book successfully diminished popular ideas about the Native American experience in California, replacing stereotypes of submissive native slaves with images of working and raiding Indians who helped to shape California history. Hurtado's Native Californians emerged, not as victims of Anglo society, but as active participants in California's history. This paper also describes how the Indian experience shaped Native American culture today.

From the Paper
"In Albert Hurtado's book, he discusses how native life and culture survived through this time, how the survivors managed to adapt to white society, and how the whites treated the Indians. Hurtado provides an interesting perspective of the California Indians, painting them as active participants in this culture, rather than victims of the dominant white society."

Tags:native, disease, starvation, history, american, mexican, gold, rush, culture, lifestyle, spanish, missions, healing, dancing, singing

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that American Indians historically, have been the pioneers of environmental protection, even though the true authentic image of Native American environmental ethic has been distorted in the wake of romantic environmentalism. The writer looks at how the American Indians have transformed the North American landscape, but mentions that it was always out of rational response to abundance or scarcity. Further, the writer examines the history of the American Indians as it relates to the environment. In this paper, the writer concludes that individually successful Americans need to consider the fact that their acceptability for the Native Americans is necessary for a secured America of tomorrow.

From the Paper
"Environment at large has been subject to small-scale destruction throughout history and people have always considered it as infinitely durable and usable, the largest part of environmental problems has its origin in the economy developing over four centuries of American existence. This period was characetrized by the growth of industries which resulted in emissions that had a negative bearing on the environment. These developments apply pressure on the earth's resources, the processes of production, use, and disposition of things Post Columbian Americans required for their reproduction and expansion. The indirect effects on the environment were taken for granted as environment was considered elastic. However harking back to the early twentieth century, the efforts of Aldo Leopold towards the conservation of environment Wisconsin River were immense, to this date he is regarded as a great environmentalist, amidst mounting industrialization and technology leaving by-products of pollution and exhaustion of natural resources. Doling out with conservative backlash from the white Americans, American Indians have stood by with grace to work for the preservation and purgation of environment."

Tags:indians, pioneers, population, farming

Abstract
This paper discusses treatment of Native American Indians during the Great Depression, contrasting their treatment in California with elsewhere, and also discussing treatment of blacks, immigrants, women, and Hispanics.

From the Paper
"Native American Indians, on the whole, fared rather well during the Great Depression. The economic position of Utah's five Paiute bands of Indians, for example, gradually improved during the ...s and Weber State University Professor, Ronald L. Holt states that; "For many Indians, the depression years were a relatively good period." (Bartholomew) This was due in part to the changes in Indians' rights that came with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal which replaced the old system of allotments under which Indians..."

Tags:Native American Indian, blacks, immigrants, women, Hispanics, Great Depression, California, Hollywood

Abstract
The paper relates that the Creek Indians were the largest in population of the four tribes the English traded with in the South, and they also controlled the largest land mass. The paper asserts that it is important that the Creek Indian tribe is not viewed as a single unit-in fact the term confederacy defines the Creek Indians far better than tribe. The paper relates that the structure of the Creek tribe was village centered and the village was a political structure that functioned independently from other villages in the tribe. The paper further relates that the Creek tribe had a common language, but the tribe's native tongue were an addition to this common language.

From the Paper
"The Creek Indian was the largest tribe in what is now called the Southeastern United States. The first foreign settlers in Creek territories were the Spanish. Missionaries and large garrisons settled along the coast of the south with little success. By the late 1600's English traders had begun trade with the Creek Indians. There were three other tribes the English trade with as well: Choctaw, Chickasaw and Cherokee (Merrell 1999, 106-127). The Creek Indians were the largest in population of the four tribes the English trades with in the South. They also controlled the largest land..."

Tags:indians, white, man, trade