Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of Native-American languages on American English. It begins by discussing the variety, origin and roots of Native-American languages. It then discusses early contact between settlers and Native-Americans and the evidence that has been found to suggest that American English was influenced by this contact, particularly the names of places names that were named after the tribes that occupied the location.

Table of Contents:
The Lumbee
What Does this Mean for Native American Words in American English?

From the Paper
"In conclusion, tribal languages are typically spoken only in places where tribal members are isolated. However, it is doubtful if there are any areas left where the tribal language is spoken exclusively. Typically the tribal language exists alongside English. As the number of native speakers diminishes, so does the usage of that language until it is eventually extinguished. This has been the fate of many native languages. The remnants that remain in American English are testimony to their existence. In some cases they are one of the last remaining references to their existence. The study of native American words in the English language gives us a glimpse into many ancient languages that are long forgotten and can give us clues to the cultures of these people as well. The study of Native language remnants is a testimony to the tribes and peoples that once represented the dominant culture in North America."

Tags:tribal, assimilation, Lumbee, identity

Abstract
This paper explains that Sarah Winnemucca, a member of the Northern Paiute tribe, born in 1844 in western Nevada, the daughter of Chief Winnemucca and granddaughter of Chief Truckee, was one of only two Paiutes in Nevada who could read, write and speak English and thus was the bridge between Native Americans and the settlers. Next, the author describes meeting Sarah Winnemucca, dressed in her traditional garb, and speaking with her about the plight of the Paiute people. The paper relates Sarah Winnemucca's influence on Native American culture in Nevada , especially her school for Paiute children, and the problems she faced with ethno-centric people such as Governor Jewett Adams.

From the Paper
"For several days, I toured the state's many burgeoning silver mines, lead mines, and frontier towns as well as the Nevada-Oregon railroad that had recently been built with a hub in Reno. The frontier land was wild and dotted with numerous white-capped mountains. The governor Jewett Adams had been a farmer and rancher in the region, even before Nevada became a state. Adams met me in Reno when he heard of my interest in touring his state. Adams admitted that lawlessness had been a problem in his state and that their sheriffs had a lot of work cut out for them."

Tags:lectures reservation, broken promises, bannock war, school

Abstract
The writer of paper explores the current situation affecting the majority of the once proud Native Americans who now suffer from alcohol and substance abuse as well as declining general health. This paper historically details the life of Native Americans prior to the arrival of the English. The Native Americans lived in relative harmony with their surroundings and as contributing members to the land. This paper examines how the arrival of the English brought with them domination and a disrespect for the harmonious way of life the Native Americans had adopted. This paper discusses the fact that the English introduced alcohol to the Native-Americans. Prior to the introduction of alcohol the natives were seen as fit, athletic and lean people, whereas the people of today are often seen as obese and sickly. The writer contends and explains why alcohol is not the only problem introduced by the Europeans. This paper examines the the cultural genocide that has occurred among the natives who suffer from higher than average death rates, higher tuberculosis rates and a generally poor overall level of health.

From the Paper
"Alcohol abuse is no the only problem introduced by the Europeans; today as a result of the cultural genocide that has occurred among the Native Americans, people living in these communities often suffer from higher than average general death rates, higher infant mortality and childhood death rates, higher tuberculosis rates and a general poor overall level of health regardless of ones age. In addition there is a generally inaccessibility to adequate health care facilities and a tremendous lack of preventive programs for health improvement among the population, all of which can contribute to an increased abuse of alcohol and other addictive substances. Most natives probably content themselves with living an impoverished lifestyle and have to turn to substances to take their mind off of the poor quality of life and healthy they must endure day after day."

Tags:native, american, health, substance, drugs, alcohol, abuse, english, europe

Abstract
This paper explores the tradition of oralism vs. American Sign Language (ASL) in the West. Specifically the researcher proposes that deaf and hard of hearing students should be afforded opportunities to learn using their native language or American Sign Language. Forcing students to adopt other methods of learning including oralism or Signing Exact English (SEE) may promote frustration and inhibits learning in the classroom. This paper reviews the potential merits and demerits of each tradition, highlighting the significance of providing students with resources to use ASL in the classroom.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Personal Philosophy
The Essential Nature of Human Beings
Basic Meaning or Purpose of Life
Determination of Morality
Constancy of Life: Unchanging or Always Changing?
Philosophy of Education
My Perception of an Educational Philosophy
Why do you need a Philosophy?
What has been the Basis or Source of your Educational Philosophy?
How has your Philosophy Changed or Evolved over Time?
My formal Ideological and Philosophical Orientation
The Purpose of Education, Teaching and Schooling
Are Students Intrinsically Motivated to Learn?
Should Schools Address Human Differences such as Multiple Intelligence, Learning Styles etc. ?
Topics
Knowledge and Content
Knowledge with Knowing
My Conceptual Framework for Improving my Practice
Theoretical Framework for Improving Practice
Skills Competencies Necessary
Educational Skills Required
Communication Skills and Content
Nonverbal Communication Skills
Verbal Communication
Influence of Interpersonal Relationships
Importance of Self-Identity
Peer Relations
Influence of Support Networks
Knowledge and Learning
Direct vs. Indirect Learning
Direct vs. Indirect Communication
Conclusion
Reference

From the Paper
"Many consider American Sign Language (ASL) the standard language beneficial for hard of hearing and deaf citizens. However, oralism shares a rich history much the same as ASL, and many often argue the potential merits and demerits of using one vs. another in an educational and communicational context. Wilcox & Peyton (1999) recognize that ASL is a fully developed language with unique grammar requirements distinguished from the English language (Coltrane, 2006). Oralism contrarily, involves lip reading to understand speech instead of using ASL to communicate with one another (Coltrane, 2006). This study will help review the merits and demerits of each, questioning whether one vs. the other is more beneficial for promoting communication and sharing among the deaf or hard of hearing community, or whether a combination of both may result in less frustrating choices among the hard of hearing and deaf community. "

Tags:American, Sign, Language, oralism, deaf, hearing, impaired, education

Abstract
The paper compares how James Axtell and William Cronon analyze in their respective works, "The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America" and "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England", the essential aspects of the first interaction between the Native-American peoples of North America and the Europeans that colonized them. The paper explains that both authors aim to analyze the way in which this first contact between the Natives and their colonizers influenced the future development of America as a nation. The paper shows how Axtell focuses on the spiritual history of the two nations, while Cronon concentrates on the outer, external aspects of the meeting between the Natives and the colonizers. The paper posits that although the two authors manage their argumentation very well and make very interesting points about the history of the colonization, Cronon's book seems more remarkable in terms of argumentation and originality.

From the Paper
"Axtell's book, as its title indicates, focuses on the way in which the three main ethnicities, the Native Indians, the English and the French attempted a mutual conversion, each struggling to impose its cultural identity over the identity of the other. Axtell thus advocates that ethnohistory is the best instrument for the examination of the confluence between the three cultures, Indian, English and French. He focuses therefore on the way in which each of the three nations perceived the others, and how they struggled to impose their own views over the others. "

Tags:Native, Indians, English, French, identity, culture

Abstract
This paper explains that the different positions about slave trade, geographic considerations, economic conditions, Native-American relationships and religion resulted in the development of separate cultures in the New England and the Mid-Atlantic colonies. The paper discusses that the introduction of tobacco was one economic factor that greatly influenced the economic and social structure of the Jamestown and Virginia colonist. The author points out that for the New England colonists the sea was their source of revenue and culture.

From the Paper
"The area soon became controlled by a handful of large plantation landholders with indentured laborers. Since few British colonists could finance their cost of passage, colonizing agencies fronted transportation costs. In exchange, emigrants agreed to work for the agencies as contract laborers for usually between four and seven years. Often, these contracts were sold to colonists with large estates. Though many indentured servants earned their freedom over time, more wealthy colonists were able to absorb New World land rapidly during early colonization. As experienced in other colonies, indentured servitude created an imbalance of economy and political power as Jamestown and the Chesapeake Bay colonies developed. After indentured emigrants won their freedom, the situation also created a need for manpower, which came in the form of a burgeoning slave trade."

Tags:tobacco, slaves, sea, indenture, plantation

Abstract
This paper examines the role of the culture that existed before the French arrival in the Michigan region of the United States and provides a detailed account of the actual modifications of Indian life after the French arrived. The paper considers the way in which disputes and misunderstandings were solved through law and shows how the issue of the Native-Indians and the French influence over the history of the tribes in the Great Lakes is a matter that is representative for the history of the US. The paper also shows how the Native-American experience pointed out the way in which a local issue such as the conflicts between different tribes in the region could be exploited for economic, gains but at the same time could set the basis for a cultural relation between the Algonquin tribes and the French.

From the Paper
"The history of the American people is the result of numerous influences that have put their mark on what is today the American culture and heritage. The entire array of factors that have determined the unique yet troubled history of the United States belong to numerous cultures and civilization that have remained to this day important landmarks for the definition of the cultural framework of this country. In this sense, the Indians have had a considerable contribution to the establishment of the cultural background as well as of the environment in which later settlers, such as the Europeans would place their mark and in which they would develop a distinctive cultural identity."

Tags:Native-Americans, British, culture, fur, trade, Acadia, Pontiac, Revolution

Abstract
The paper explores the role of the Algonquin Native-American culture that existed before the French arrival, provides a detailed account on the actual modifications to the Indian life after the French arrival and takes into account the way in which disputes and misunderstandings were solved through law. The paper concludes with the assertion that the issue of the Native Indians and the French influence over the history of the tribes in the Great Lakes is indeed a matter that is representative of the history of the US.

Outline:
Introduction
Abstract
Part 1: History and Culture Before the French Arrival
Part 2: Contacts and Relations with the French
Part 3: Political Issues, Treaties and Land Acts
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The history of the American people is the result of numerous influences that have put their mark on what is today the American culture and heritage. The entire array of factors that have determined the unique yet troubled history of the United States belong to numerous cultures and civilization that have remained to this day important landmarks for the definition of the cultural framework of this country. In this sense, the Indians have had a considerable contribution to the establishment of the cultural background as well as of the environment in which later settlers, such as the Europeans would place their mark and in which they would develop a distinctive cultural identity."

Tags:fur, trade, acculturation, colonialism, treaties, British, Pontiac, Revolution

Abstract
The paper discusses how Ebonics is not a dialect which can be passed off as an inferior form of the Standard English now taught in secondary schools across America. The paper explains that the genetic structure of African Americans presents a new insight into how different language can be, regardless of the native language to influence the cultural aspects of African American identity over many life spans. The paper maintains that there should be a basic tolerance for other cultures over all of these arguments and suggests that the white hegemonic society should tolerate Ebonics to create further integration between different races.

From the Paper
"This study will evaluate the importance of Ebonics within America's secondary and post-secondary educational curriculum. By analyzing the cultural integration that African American culture is now being implemented in American schools, one can realize the importance of learning the relationship that the English language has in a historical context. Through history and culture, Ebonics plays a large role in how interracial attitudes and behaviors influence both African American and non African American cultures that constantly inter-mesh within the educational community. In this manner, Ebonics plays a large role in providing interracial language skills, which create more culturally and genetically united policies within American schools. The debate about teaching Ebonics in American secondary and post-secondary schooling is essential to the cultural fabric of education in America."

Tags:ebonics, language, education

Abstract
This paper explains that Margaret Atwood is not merely a writer but also the author of a more formative treatise on Canadian literature, "Survival", which serves as a context for interpreting and understanding the work of Canadian authors, in which she claims that Canada has a distinct national literature, distinguished from American and British standards. The author relates that Atwood argues that the central organizing metaphor or "symbol" for Canadian literature is survival, not merely that act of living through difficult times but rather an entire mind-set, which pervades the people and literature of the nation. The paper states that Atwood, writing from her own experience, lived as a child in the deep bush and observed the difference between what the characters of "Cat's Eye" call the wild and the tame of the world and the characters of "Surfacing" call the natives and the Americans.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Atwood's Career History
Survival: The Theory
Nature and Meaning in "Surfacing"
Survival and Nature in "Cat's Eye"
The Influence of Atwood's Life
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The challenge of surviving society and seeking legitimacy is perhaps the greatest challenge in "Cat's Eye", and yet the society of Toronto against which Elaine struggles is rather tame in comparison with the difficult situations of some of Atwood's other heroines, such as Offred. In "Handmaid's Tale", the great difficulties which patriarchy creates for women who wish to communicate with one another are made less subtle and more blatant. Offred spends months communicating with Ofglen before they begin to be able to communicate more than a few words at a time. She is likewise unable to truly communicate with Serena or with the Marthas. Here the Aunts inform and abuse their fellow women, and paranoia and backstabbing are the norm."

Tags:treatise, survival, heroines, mind-set, experience